TY  - JOUR
A1  - Englert, Chris
A1  - Wolff, Wanja
T1  - Ego depletion and persistent performance in a cycling task
JF  - International journal of sport and exercise psychology
N2  - We tested the assumption that persistent performance in an exhausting indoor cycling task would depend on momentarily available self-control strength (N = 20 active participants). In a within-subjects design (two points of measurement, exactly seven days apart), participants' self-control strength was experimentally manipulated (depletion: yes vs. no; order counterbalanced) via the Stroop test before the participants performed a cycling task. In line with our hypothesis, hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) revealed that participants consistently performed worse over a period of 18 minutes when they were ego depleted. In addition, HLM analysis revealed that depleted participants invested less effort in the cycling task, as indicated by their lower heart rate. This effect escalated over time, as indicated by a time x condition interaction. These results indicate that self-control strength is necessary to obtain an optimal level of performance in endurance tasks requiring high levels of persistence. Practical implications are discussed.
KW  - Cycling
KW  - Ego-depletion
KW  - Hierarchical linear modeling
KW  - Self-control
KW  - Self-regulation
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.7352/IJSP2015.46.137
SN  - 0047-0767
VL  - 46
IS  - 2
SP  - 137
EP  - 151
PB  - Pozzi
CY  - Roma
ER  - 
TY  - INPR
A1  - Baur, Heiner
A1  - Hoffmann, Jan
A1  - Reichmuth, Anne
A1  - Müller, Steffen
A1  - Mayer, Frank
T1  - Influence of carbon fiber foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution in cycling
T2  - Sportverletzung, Sportschaden : Grundlagen, Prävention, Rehabilitation
N2  - Background: Several equipment interventions like optimizing seat position or optimizing shoe/insole/pedal interface are suggested to reduce overuse injury in cycling. Data analyzing clinical or biomechanical effects of those interventions is sparse. Foot orthoses out of carbon fiber are one possibility to alter the interface between foot and pedal. The aim of this study was therefore to analyze plantar pressure distribution in carbon fiber foot orthoses in comparison to standard insoles of commercially available cycling shoes. Materials and Methods: 11 pain-free triathletes (Age: 29 +/- 9, 1.77 +/- 0.04 m, 68 5 kg) were tested on a cycle ergometer at 60 and 90 rotations per minute (rpm) at workloads of 200 and 300 Watts. Subjects wore in randomized order a cycling shoe with its standard insole (control condition CO) or the shoe with carbon fiber foot orthoses (Condition CA). Mean peak pressure out of 30 movement cycles were extracted for the total foot and specific foot regions (rear, mid, fore foot (medial, central, lateral) and toe region). Three-factor ANOVAs (factor foot orthoses, rpm, workload) for repeated measures (alpha = 0.05) were used to analyze the main question of a foot orthoses effect on peak in-shoe plantar pressure. Results: Peak pressures in the total foot were in a range of 70-75 kPa for 200 Watts (W) (300 W: 85-110 kPa). The carbon fiber foot orthoses reduced peak pressures by -4,1% compared to the standard insole (p = 0,10). In the foot regions rear(-16,6%, p<0.001), mid (-20,0%, p<0.001) and fore foot (-5.9%, p < 0.03)CA reduced peak pressure compared to CO. In the toe region, peak pressure was higher in CA (+16,2%) compared to CO (p<0,001). The lateral fore foot showed higher peak pressures in CA (+34%) and CO (+59%) compared to medial and central fore foot. Conclusion: Carbon fiber can serve as a suitable material for foot orthoses manufacturing in cycling. Plantar pressures do not increase due to the stiffness of the carbon. Individual customization may have the potential to reduce peak pressure in certain foot areas.
KW  - Carbon
KW  - Cycling
KW  - Foot orthoses
KW  - In-shoe measurement
KW  - Plantar Pressure Distribution
Y1  - 2012
SN  - 0932-0555
VL  - 26
IS  - 1
SP  - 12
EP  - 17
PB  - Thieme
CY  - Stuttgart
ER  -