TY - JOUR A1 - Dombrowski, Sebastian A1 - Ermakova, Tatiana A1 - Fabian, Benjamin T1 - Graph-based analysis of cloud connectivity at the internet protocol level JF - International Journal of Communication Networks and Distributed Systems (IJCNDS) N2 - Internet connectivity of cloud services is of exceptional importance for both their providers and consumers. This article demonstrates the outlines of a method for measuring cloud-service connectivity at the internet protocol level from a client's perspective. For this, we actively collect connectivity data via traceroute measurements from PlanetLab to several major cloud services. Furthermore, we construct graph models from the collected data, and analyse the connectivity of the services based on important graph-based measures. Then, random and targeted node removal attacks are simulated, and the corresponding vulnerability of cloud services is evaluated. Our results indicate that cloud service hosts are, on average, much better connected than average hosts. However, when interconnecting nodes are removed in a targeted manner, cloud connectivity is dramatically reduced. KW - cloud computing KW - connectivity KW - availability KW - reliability KW - internet topology KW - graph analysis KW - complex networks Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1504/IJCNDS.2019.100644 SN - 1754-3916 SN - 1754-3924 VL - 23 IS - 1 SP - 117 EP - 142 PB - Inderscience Enterprises Ltd CY - Geneva ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schneider, Birgit A1 - Walsh, Lynda T1 - The politics of zoom BT - Problems with downscaling climate visualizations JF - Geo: Geography and Environment N2 - Following the mandate in the Paris Agreement for signatories to provide “climate services” to their constituents, “downscaled” climate visualizations are proliferating. But the process of downscaling climate visualizations does not neutralize the political problems with their synoptic global sources—namely, their failure to empower communities to take action and their replication of neoliberal paradigms of globalization. In this study we examine these problems as they apply to interactive climate‐visualization platforms, which allow their users to localize global climate information to support local political action. By scrutinizing the political implications of the “zoom” tool from the perspective of media studies and rhetoric, we add to perspectives of cultural cartography on the issue of scaling from our fields. Namely, we break down the cinematic trope of “zooming” to reveal how it imports the political problems of synopticism to the level of individual communities. As a potential antidote to the politics of zoom, we recommend a downscaling strategy of connectivity, which associates rather than reduces situated views of climate to global ones. KW - climate change KW - climate services KW - climate visualization KW - connectivity KW - downscaling KW - spherical KW - synopticism KW - zoom Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/geo2.70 SN - 2054-4049 VL - 6 IS - 1 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - GEN A1 - Schneider, Birgit A1 - Walsh, Lynda T1 - The politics of zoom BT - Problems with downscaling climate visualizations T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Philosophische Reihe N2 - Following the mandate in the Paris Agreement for signatories to provide “climate services” to their constituents, “downscaled” climate visualizations are proliferating. But the process of downscaling climate visualizations does not neutralize the political problems with their synoptic global sources—namely, their failure to empower communities to take action and their replication of neoliberal paradigms of globalization. In this study we examine these problems as they apply to interactive climate‐visualization platforms, which allow their users to localize global climate information to support local political action. By scrutinizing the political implications of the “zoom” tool from the perspective of media studies and rhetoric, we add to perspectives of cultural cartography on the issue of scaling from our fields. Namely, we break down the cinematic trope of “zooming” to reveal how it imports the political problems of synopticism to the level of individual communities. As a potential antidote to the politics of zoom, we recommend a downscaling strategy of connectivity, which associates rather than reduces situated views of climate to global ones. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Philosophische Reihe - 159 KW - climate change KW - climate services KW - climate visualization KW - connectivity KW - downscaling KW - spherical KW - synopticism KW - zoom Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-424819 SN - 1866-8380 IS - 159 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dalleau, Mayeul A1 - Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie A1 - Gangat, Yassine A1 - Bourjea, Jerome A1 - Lajoie, Gilles A1 - Grimm, Volker T1 - Modeling the emergence of migratory corridors and foraging hot spots of the green sea turtle JF - Ecology and evolution N2 - Environmental factors shape the spatial distribution and dynamics of populations. Understanding how these factors interact with movement behavior is critical for efficient conservation, in particular for migratory species. Adult female green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, migrate between foraging and nesting sites that are generally separated by thousands of kilometers. As an emblematic endangered species, green turtles have been intensively studied, with a focus on nesting, migration, and foraging. Nevertheless, few attempts integrated these behaviors and their trade‐offs by considering the spatial configurations of foraging and nesting grounds as well as environmental heterogeneity like oceanic currents and food distribution. We developed an individual‐based model to investigate the impact of local environmental conditions on emerging migratory corridors and reproductive output and to thereby identify conservation priority sites. The model integrates movement, nesting, and foraging behavior. Despite being largely conceptual, the model captured realistic movement patterns which confirm field studies. The spatial distribution of migratory corridors and foraging hot spots was mostly constrained by features of the regional landscape, such as nesting site locations, distribution of feeding patches, and oceanic currents. These constraints also explained the mixing patterns in regional forager communities. By implementing alternative decision strategies of the turtles, we found that foraging site fidelity and nesting investment, two characteristics of green turtles' biology, are favorable strategies under unpredictable environmental conditions affecting their habitats. Based on our results, we propose specific guidelines for the regional conservation of green turtles as well as future research suggestions advancing spatial ecology of sea turtles. Being implemented in an easy to learn open‐source software, our model can coevolve with the collection and analysis of new data on energy budget and movement into a generic tool for sea turtle research and conservation. Our modeling approach could also be useful for supporting the conservation of other migratory marine animals. KW - connectivity KW - corridors KW - individual-based model KW - migration KW - movement KW - sea turtle Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5552 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 9 IS - 18 SP - 10317 EP - 10342 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - THES A1 - Lozada Gobilard, Sissi Donna T1 - From genes to communities: Assessing plant diversity and connectivity in kettle holes as metaecosystems in agricultural landscapes T1 - Von Genen zu Gemeinschaften: Bewertung der Pflanzenvielfalt und Konnektivität in Söllen als Metaökosystem in Agrarlandschaften N2 - Species assembly from a regional pool into local metacommunities and how they colonize and coexist over time and space is essential to understand how communities response to their environment including abiotic and biotic factors. In highly disturbed landscapes, connectivity of isolated habitat patches is essential to maintain biodiversity and the entire ecosystem functioning. In northeast Germany, a high density of the small water bodies called kettle holes, are good systems to study metacommunities due to their condition as “aquatic islands” suitable for hygrophilous species that are surrounded by in unsuitable matrix of crop fields. The main objective of this thesis was to infer the main ecological processes shaping plant communities and their response to the environment, from biodiversity patterns and key life-history traits involved in connectivity using ecological and genetic approaches; and to provide first insights of the role of kettle holes harboring wild-bee species as important mobile linkers connecting plant communities in this insular system. t a community level, I compared plant diversity patterns and trait composition in ephemeral vs. permanent kettle holes). My results showed that types of kettle holes act as environmental filers shaping plant diversity, community-composition and trait-distribution, suggesting species sorting and niche processes in both types of kettle holes. At a population level, I further analyzed the role of dispersal and reproductive strategies of four selected species occurring in permanent kettle holes. Using microsatellites, I found that breeding system (degree of clonality), is the main factor shaping genetic diversity and genetic divergence. Although, higher gene flow and lower genetic differentiation among populations in wind vs. insect pollinated species was also found, suggesting that dispersal mechanisms played a role related to gene flow and connectivity. For most flowering plants, pollinators play an important role connecting communities. Therefore, as a first insight of the potential mobile linkers of these plant communities, I investigated the diversity wild-bees occurring in these kettle holes. My main results showed that local habitat quality (flower resources) had a positive effect on bee diversity, while habitat heterogeneity (number of natural landscape elements surrounding kettle holes 100–300m), was negatively correlated. This thesis covers from genetic flow at individual and population level to plant community assembly. My results showed how patterns of biodiversity, dispersal and reproduction strategies in plant population and communities can be used to infer ecological processes. In addition, I showed the importance of life-history traits and the relationship between species and their abiotic and biotic interactions. Furthermore, I included a different level of mobile linkers (pollinators) for a better understanding of another level of the system. This integration is essential to understand how communities respond to their surrounding environment and how disturbances such as agriculture, land-use and climate change might affect them. I highlight the need to integrate many scientific areas covering from genes to ecosystems at different spatiotemporal scales for a better understanding, management and conservation of our ecosystems. N2 - Die Zusammenstellung regionaler Artgemeinschaften in eine lokale Metagemeinschaft ist essentiell für das Verständnis artspezifischer Reaktionen auf ihre biotische und abiotische Umwelt als auch, wie sie diese in zeitlichem und räumichem Umfang besiedeln und koexistieren. In fragmentierten Landschaften ist die Verknüpfung isolierter Habitate (Konnektivität) nötig, um die Biodiversität und Funktionalität von Ökosystemen aufrecht zu erhalten. Der Nordosten Deutschlands ist durch eine hohe Dichte von Kleinstgewässern, die solch isolierte Habitate darstellen, charakterisiert. In einer Matrix aus Agrarfeldern dienen diese sogenannten Sölle aquatischen Arten als „Habitatsinsel“. Aufgrund dieser Landschaftsstruktur stellen sie ein geeignetes Untersuchungsgebiet für Metagemeinschaften dar. Das Ziel diser Arbeit ist es ökologische Prozesse zu untersuchen, die zur Vegetationszusammensetzung und deren Reaktion auf sich ändernde Umweltbedingungen führen. Mittels ökologscher und genetischer Methoden wird dies auf der Grundlage von Biodiversitätsmustern und Lebenszyklusmerkmalen untersucht, die in die Konnektivität involviert sind. Auf Pflanzengemeinschaftsebene wurden Diversitätsmuster und Merkmalszusammensetzungen in ephemeren und permanenten Söllen verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die unterschiedlichen Typen von Söllen als Umweltfilter agieren, die die pflanzliche Artenvielfalt, Gemeinschaftszusammensetzung und Merkmalsverteilung beeinflussen. Dies führt zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass „Species-sorting“ und Prozesse der Nichenbildung in beiden Typen von Söllen vorkommen. Auf Populationsebene wird der Ausbreitungsmeachnismus sowie die Reproduktionsstrategie vier verschiedener Pflanzenarten untersucht. Durch Mikrosatellitenanalysen wird gezeigt, dass der Grad der Klonalität den größten Einfluss auf die genetischen Diversität und den Genfluss hat. Zusätzlich weisen molekulare Analysen auf ein geringes Maß an genetischen Unterschieden zwischen Populationen windbestäubter Arten im Vergleich zu insektenbestäubter Arten hin. Dies bedeutet, dass der Ausbreitungsmechanismus einer Art einen grundlegenden Einfluss auf den Genfluss und die Konnektivität von Populationen hat. Für viele blühende Pflanzen, spielen Bestäuber, wie Wildbienen, eine wesentliche Rolle bei der Vernetzung isolierter Habitate. Um das Potential dieser mobilen Linker zu untersuchen, wird die Wildbienendiversität verschiedener Sölle analysiert. Dadurch konnte gezeigt werden, dass die lokale Habitatsqualität (Blütenressourcen) einen positiven Effekt auf die Artenvielfalt hat, während die Habitatsheterogenität (Anzahl von natürlichen Landschaftselementen in unmittelbarer Nähe) eine negative Korrelation aufweist. Diese Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung von Wildbienenpopulationen als mobile Linker zwischen isolierten Habitaten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, wie durch Biodiversitätsmuster, Verbreitungs- und Reproduktionsstrategien pflanzlicher Gemeinschaften auf ökologische Prozesse rückgeschlossen werden kann. Des Weiteren ist die Wichtigkeit der Lebenszyklusmerkmale zwischen Arten und deren Umweltinteraktionen verdeutlicht. Die Berücksichtigung mobiler Linker (Bestäuber) ermöglicht eine zusätzliche Betrachtungsebene. Durch diese Arbeit wird die Notwendigkeit hervorgehoben, verschiedene wissenschaftliche Bereiche, wie Genetik und Ökologie, zu vereinen, um ein allumfassendes Verständnis unserer Ökosysteme zu erlangen und somit zu ihrem Schutz beizutragen. KW - connectivity KW - Konnektivität KW - plant diversity KW - Pflanzendiversitaet Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437684 ER -