TY  - JOUR
A1  - Graeber, Daniel
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
A1  - Seebauer, Johannes
T1  - COVID-19
BT  - a crisis of the female self-employed
JF  - Journal of population economics
N2  - We investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic and the government-mandated measures to contain its spread affect the self-employed — particularly women — in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are about one-third more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. We do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, e.g., the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship.
KW  - self-employed
KW  - COVID-19
KW  - income
KW  - gender
KW  - representative real-time survey data
KW  - decomposition methods
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-021-00849-y
SN  - 0933-1433
SN  - 1432-1475
VL  - 34
IS  - 4
SP  - 1141
EP  - 1187
PB  - Springer
CY  - Berlin
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Andres, Lesley
A1  - Lauterbach, Wolfgang
A1  - Jongbloed, Janine
A1  - Hümme, Hartwig
T1  - Gender, education, and labour market participation across the life course
BT  - a Canada/Germany comparison
JF  - International journal of lifelong education
N2  - In this paper, we employ a comparative life course approach for Canada and Germany to unravel the relationships among general and vocational educational attainment and different life course activities, with a focus on labour market and income inequality by gender. Life course theory and related concepts of 'time,' 'normative patterns,' 'order and disorder,' and 'discontinuities' are used to inform the analyses. Data from the Paths on Life's Way (Paths) project in British Columbia, Canada and the German Pathways from Late Childhood to Adulthood (LifE) which span 28 and 33 years, respectively, are employed to examine life trajectories from leaving school to around age 45. Sequence analysis and cluster analyses portray both within and between country differences - and in particular gender differences - in educational attainment, employment, and other activities across the life course which has an impact on ultimate labour market participation and income levels. 'Normative' life courses that follow a traditional order correspond with higher levels of full-time work and higher incomes; in Germany more so than Canada, these clusters are male dominated. Clusters characterised by 'disordered' and 'discontinuous' life courses in both countries are female dominated and associated with lower income levels.
KW  - Comparative life course trajectories
KW  - education
KW  - gender
KW  - work
KW  - income
KW  - labour market inequality
Y1  - 2021
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/02601370.2021.1924302
SN  - 0260-1370
SN  - 1464-519X
VL  - 40
IS  - 2
SP  - 170
EP  - 189
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - RPRT
A1  - Graeber, Daniel
A1  - Kritikos, Alexander
A1  - Seebauer, Johannes
T1  - COVID-19: a crisis of the female self-employed
T2  - CEPA Discussion Papers
N2  - We investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic, and of the government-mandated measures to contain its spread, affect the self-employed – particularly women – in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are 35% more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. Conversely, we do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, i.e. the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship.
T3  - CEPA Discussion Papers - 27 
KW  - self-employed
KW  - COVID-19
KW  - income
KW  - gender
KW  - representative real-time survey data
KW  - decomposition methods
Y1  - 2021
U6  - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-498108
SN  - 2628-653X
IS  - 27
ER  -