TY - BOOK A1 - Binder, Julia A1 - Bembnista, Kamil A1 - Mettenberger, Tobias A1 - Ulrich, Peter A1 - Witting, Antje A1 - Zeißig, Hanna A1 - Zscherneck, Julia T1 - Digitale Pioniere als Schlüsselakteure ländlicher Governance BT - Kommunale Perspektiven auf das Forschungsprojekt „DigPion“ T3 - KWI-Schriften N2 - Zentrale Aufgaben von Kommunen in Deutschland umfassen die Gewährleistung der Daseinsvorsorge, des öffentlichen Verkehrs, Wirtschaftsförderung, Zugang zu ausreichender Breitbandinfrastruktur, gesundheitliche und soziale Betreuung und Zugang zu kulturellem Leben. Kommunen in ländlichen Regionen stehen gleichzeitig vor zahlreichen gesellschaftlichen, wirtschaftlichen, sozialen und politischen Herausforderungen. Neuartige Ansätze und innovative Akteure und Netzwerke werden daher im Kontext der Schaffung von sozialen oder digitalen Innovationen von den Kommunen als Antwort auf diese Herausforderungen begrüßt, stoßen aber auch teilweise auf Barrieren. In dem Sammelband wird von den Herausgebenden die Frage untersucht, wie sich digitale Vorreiter:innen, die wir „Digitale Pioniere“ nennen, in ländlichen Regionen vernetzen, um einen positiven Beitrag zur ländlichen Regionalentwicklung zu leisten. Dabei liegt der Fokus hauptsächlich auf der kommunalpolitischen Ebene und auf der Frage, wie Digitale Pioniere als Schlüsselakteure in der ländlichen Governance agieren. Die Forschungsergebnisse kommunaler Governance sind anhand ländlicher Untersuchungsteilregionen in Baden-Württemberg und Mecklenburg-Vorpommern im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts „DigPion – Digitale Pioniere in der ländlichen Regionalentwicklung“ (2020–2023) erarbeitet worden. Abschließend wird überprüft, wie die Erkenntnisse und erarbeiteten Handlungsempfehlungen für das Bundesland Brandenburg zu übertragen sind. T3 - KWI-Schriften - 14 KW - Digitalisierung KW - Regionalentwicklung KW - Daseinsvorsorge KW - Entrepreneurship KW - lokale Governance KW - ländliche Räume KW - digitalization KW - regional development KW - public services KW - entrepreneurship KW - local governance KW - rural areas Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-613384 SN - 978-3-86956-571-2 SN - 1867-951X SN - 1867-9528 IS - 14 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Kritikos, Alexander A1 - Stier, Claudia T1 - The Influence of Start-up Motivation on Entrepreneurial Performance T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Predicting entrepreneurial development based on individual and business-related characteristics is a key objective of entrepreneurship research. In this context, we investigate whether the motives of becoming an entrepreneur influence the subsequent entrepreneurial development. In our analysis, we examine a broad range of business outcomes including survival and income, as well as job creation, expansion and innovation activities for up to 40 months after business formation. Using self-determination theory as conceptual background, we aggregate the start-up motives into a continuous motivational index. We show – based on a unique dataset of German start-ups from unemployment and non-unemployment – that the later business performance is better, the higher they score on this index. Effects are particularly strong for growth oriented outcomes like innovation and expansion activities. In a next step, we examine three underlying motivational categories that we term opportunity, career ambition, and necessity. We show that individuals driven by opportunity motives perform better in terms of innovation and business expansion activities, while career ambition is positively associated with survival, income, and the probability of hiring employees. All effects are robust to the inclusion of a large battery of covariates that are proven to be important determinants of entrepreneurial performance. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 59 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Push and Pull Theories KW - Start-up Motivation KW - Survival KW - Job Creation KW - Firm Growth KW - Innovation Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-571152 SN - 2628-653X IS - 59 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fossen, Frank M. A1 - Martin, Thorsten T1 - Entrepreneurial dynamics over space and time JF - Regional science and urban economics N2 - Entrepreneurship is a regional and persistent phenomenon. We jointly investigate spatial dependence and serial dynamics of new business formation. Using panel data from all 402 German counties for 1996-2011, we estimate dynamic spatial panel data models of start-up activity in the high-tech and manufacturing industries. We consider regions of different sizes and systematically search for the most suitable spatial weights matrices. We find substantial spatial dependence as well as time persistence of start-up activity, especially in the high-tech industry. This suggests that local start-up activity has positive extemal effects and that entrepreneurship policy could play an efficiency-enhancing role. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - New business formation KW - Spatial dependence KW - Path dependency KW - Persistence KW - Spatial panel Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2018.04.004 SN - 0166-0462 SN - 1879-2308 VL - 70 SP - 204 EP - 214 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konon, Alexander A1 - Fritsch, Michael A1 - Kritikos, Alexander T1 - Business cycles and start-ups across industries BT - An empirical analysis of German regions JF - Journal of Business Venturing Insights N2 - We analyze whether start-up rates in different industries systematically change with business cycle variables. Using a unique data set at the industry level, we mostly find correlations that are consistent with counter-cyclical influences of the business cycle on entries in both innovative and non-innovative industries. Entries into the large-scale industries, including the innovative part of manufacturing, are only influenced by changes in the cyclical component of unemployment, while entries into small-scale industries, like knowledge intensive services, are mostly influenced by changes in the cyclical component of GDP. Thus, our analysis suggests that favorable conditions in terms of high GDP might not be germane for start-ups. Given that both innovative and non-innovative businesses react counter-cyclically in ‘regular’ recessions, business formation may have a stabilizing effect on the economy. KW - New business formation KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Business cycle KW - Manufacturing KW - Services KW - Innovative industries Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2018.04.006 SN - 0883-9026 SN - 1873-2003 VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 742 EP - 761 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Konon, Alexander A1 - Kritikos, Alexander T1 - Prediction based on entrepreneurship-prone personality profiles: BT - sometimes worse than the toss of a coin JF - Small business economics : an international journal N2 - The human personality predicts a wide range of activities and occupational choices-from musical sophistication to entrepreneurial careers. However, which method should be applied if information on personality traits is used for prediction and advice? In psychological research, group profiles are widely employed. In this contribution, we examine the performance of profiles using the example of career prediction and advice, involving a comparison of average trait scores of successful entrepreneurs with the traits of potential entrepreneurs. Based on a simple theoretical model estimated with GSOEP data and analyzed with Monte Carlo methods, we show, for the first time, that the choice of the comparison method matters substantially. We reveal that under certain conditions the performance of average profiles is inferior to the tossing of a coin. Alternative methods, such as directly estimating success probabilities, deliver better performance and are more robust. KW - Advice KW - Personality KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Profiles Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0111-8 SN - 0921-898X SN - 1573-0913 VL - 53 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 20 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sorgner, Alina A1 - Fritsch, Michael A1 - Kritikos, Alexander T1 - Do entrepreneurs really earn less? JF - Small business economics : an international journal N2 - Based on large representative German household survey data, we compare incomes of the self-employed with those of paid employees. We find that the entrepreneurial income gap is largest for those holding a tertiary degree, but in two directions: positive for employers (self-employed with further employees) and negative for solo entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs holding a tertiary degree also face the greatest income variation. However, some solo self-employed earn more than their employed counterparts, in particular those with a university entrance degree as the highest level of education. KW - Income KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Self-employment KW - Germany Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-017-9874-6 SN - 0921-898X SN - 1573-0913 VL - 49 SP - 251 EP - 272 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - THES A1 - Henike, Tassilo T1 - Cognition and entrepreneurial business modelling BT - the impacts of cognitive dispositions, search activities and visual framing BT - Die Einflüsse kognitiver Dispositionen, Suchaktivitäten und visuellen Framings N2 - Although the search for promising business models (BMs) is crucial for every profit-oriented venture, searching for those challenges in particular entrepreneurs. Limited resources, missing expertise and absolute uncertainty call entrepreneurs to strongly rely on their cognition in searching for a promising BM. However, as prior studies have examined cognitive search activities in isolation and neglected cognitive differences, explanations of how cognitive factors affect the BM process and outcomes are thus far insufficient. Addressing the overall question of how BMs emerge, the dissertation contributes to the cognitive perspective in entrepreneurship and BM research. Building on the dual-process theory from cognitive psychology, the micro-foundations of managerial decision-making and insights from framing literature, this dissertation explicitly investigates the impacts of different cognitive dispositions, search activities and visual framing effects. The core assumption is that cognitive dispositions and entrepreneurs’ searches for information determine their BM decision-making. Furthermore, BM visualisations have become popular instruments with which to explain and manage today’s complex business interactions. As they abstract from reality, they can also unfold impacts on the cognitive processes. This dissertation offers new explanations to these aspects and consists of three studies and one reflective article. The first study explores the impacts of differences in search activities and cognitive dispositions in a qualitative study with 70 entrepreneurship students. The second qualitative study explores the cognitive impacts of 103 BM visualisations. Third, a quantitative PLS-SEM experiment with 197 entrepreneurs illuminates the link between BM visualisations and cognition. The reflective article expresses the results’ meaning for the teaching of BMs. In sum, the studies have resulted in a new theory of stabilising factors explaining how cognitive dispositions, search activities and visual framing determine entrepreneurs’ decisions to imitate or deviate from existing BMs. It indicates that the decision depends on the context-dependent strategic orientation and cognitive disposition-dependent cognitive safety, that is the correspondence between characteristics of cognitive dispositions and search activities. Moreover, the studies identified five visual framing effects that are independent of cognitive dispositions and prior experiences. This provides fertile contributions to the literature on BM methods and how BM visualisations affect decisions. Most importantly, BM visualisations provide an emotionally stabilising function to rational entrepreneurs, a cognitively stabilising function to experiential participants and do not affect indifferent participants in general. N2 - Die Suche nach vielversprechenden Geschäftsmodellen (GMen) ist für jedes gewinn-orientierte Unternehmen essenziell. Die Suche fordert vor allem Neugründer heraus. Aufgrund begrenzter Ressourcen, fehlender Erfahrungen und hoher Unsicherheit beruht deren Suche stark auf deren Kognition. Die bisherigen Erklärungen, wie sich kognitive Faktoren auf GM-Prozesse und -Ergebnisse auswirken, sind jedoch unzureichend. Diese vernachlässigen indivi¬duelle Unterschiede und betrachten ausschließlich einzelne, kognitive Suchaktivitäten. Diese Dissertation befasst sich folglich mit der allgemeinen Frage, wie GMe entstehen. Aufbauend auf der Dual-Process-Theorie, den Mikro-Grundlagen der Entscheidungsfindung und Framingeffekten werden die Auswirkungen verschiedener kognitiver Dispositionen, Suchaktivitäten und visueller Framingeffekte auf GM-Prozesse und -Ergebnisse untersucht. Grundlegend bestimmen die kognitive Disposition und Suchaktivitäten den Prozess. Darüber hinaus können auch GM-Visualisierungen Einflüsse entfalten, da sie von der Realität abstrahieren. Die Beantwortung der Frage, welche Einflüsse sie ausüben, ist bedeutend, da sie genutzt werden, um heutige, komplexe Geschäftsbeziehungen zu erklären und zu steuern. Die Dissertation bietet neue Erklärungen zu diesen Aspekten und besteht aus drei Studien und einem Reflexionsartikel. Die erste Studie untersucht die Auswirkungen von Unterschieden bei Suchaktivitäten und kognitiven Dispositionen in einer qualitativen Studie mit 70 Entrepre¬neurship-Studierenden. Die zweite, qualitative Studie untersucht die kognitiven Auswirkungen von 103 GM-Visualisierungen. Drittens beleuchtet ein quantitatives PLS-SEM-Experiment mit 197 Gründern die Beziehung zwischen GM-Visualisierungen und Kognition. Der Reflexions¬artikel beschreibt die Bedeutung der Ergebnisse für die GM-Lehre. Zusammenfassend trägt diese Dissertation zur kognitiven Perspektive der GM- und Ent¬repreneurship-Forschung bei. Die Ergebnisse eröffnen eine neue theoretische Erklärung und erweitern das Wissen über GM-Methoden. Sta¬bilisierende Faktoren wie der Zusammenhang zwischen Disposition und Suchaktivitäten sind Grundvoraussetzung für Gründer, um neuartige GMe zu entwickeln. Diese neue Erkenntnis wird durch das neue Konzept, kognitive Sicherheit, als kontext-unabhängige GM-Auswirkung be¬schrieben. Die strategische Orientierung wirkt sich kontextabhängig aus. Des Weiteren wurden fünf visuelle Framingeffekte identifiziert, die unabhängig von Disposition und Vorwissen Entscheidungen beeinflussen. Am bedeutendsten zeigt sich, dass GM-Visualisierungen emotional-stabilisierende Auswirkungen auf rationale und kognitiv-stabilisierende Auswirkungen auf erfahrungsgetriebene Gründer haben. T2 - Kognition und unternehmerische Geschäftsmodellierung KW - business models KW - cognition KW - visual tools KW - entrepreneurship KW - decision-making KW - Geschäftsmodelle KW - Kognition KW - visuelle Instrumente KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Entscheidungsfindung Y1 - 2019 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Künn, Steffen A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Catching up or Lagging Behind? BT - The Long-Term Business and Innovation Potential of Subsidized Start-Ups out of Unemployment T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from nonunemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 12 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-up Subsidies KW - Business Grow KW - Innovation KW - Job Creation Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437012 SN - 2628-653X IS - 12 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Goethner, Maximilian A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Entrepreneurial Persistence Beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur’s continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly-renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counter forces or enticing alternatives. It is thus a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and to realize potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival we also construct a hybrid persistence measure capturing also the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyze the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We find that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power is concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence, the dominant factors are business characteristics and personality. Finally, we show that results are heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly-unemployed founders do not differ in survival chances, but they are more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 11 KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-ups KW - Persistence KW - Survival Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-434563 SN - 2628-653X IS - 11 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Audretsch, David B. A1 - Hafenstein, Marian A1 - Kritikos, Alexander A1 - Schiersch, Alexander T1 - Firm Size and Innovation in the Service Sector T2 - CEPA Discussion Papers N2 - A rich literature links knowledge inputs with innovative outputs. However, most of what is known is restricted to manufacturing. This paper analyzes whether the three aspects involving innovative activity - R&D; innovative output; and productivity - hold for knowledge intensive services. Combining the models of Crepon et al. (1998) and of Ackerberg et al. (2015), allows for causal interpretation of the relationship between innovation output and labor productivity. We find that knowledge intensive services benefit from innovation activities in the sense that these activities causally increase their labor productivity. Moreover, the firm size advantage found for manufacturing in previous studies nearly disappears for knowledge intensive services. T3 - CEPA Discussion Papers - 4 KW - MSMEs KW - R&D KW - Service Sector KW - Innovation KW - Productivity KW - Entrepreneurship Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-427670 SN - 2628-653X IS - 4 ER - TY - THES A1 - Konon, Alexander T1 - Essays on career choice under risk and ambiguity T1 - Essays über Karrierewahl unter Risiko und Unsicherheit N2 - This dissertation consists of five self-contained essays, addressing different aspects of career choices, especially the choice of entrepreneurship, under risk and ambiguity. In Chapter 2, the first essay develops an occupational choice model with boundedly rational agents, who lack information, receive noisy feedback, and are restricted in their decisions by their personality, to analyze and explain puzzling empirical evidence on entrepreneurial decision processes. In the second essay, in Chapter 3, I contribute to the literature on entrepreneurial choice by constructing a general career choice model on the basis of the assumption that outcomes are partially ambiguous. The third essay, in Chapter 4, theoretically and empirically analyzes the impact of media on career choices, where information on entrepreneurship provided by the media is treated as an informational shock affecting prior beliefs. The fourth essay, presented in Chapter 5, contains an empirical analysis of the effects of cyclical macro variables (GDP and unemployment) on innovative start-ups in Germany. In the fifth, and last, essay in Chapter 6, we examine whether information on personality is useful for advice, using the example of career advice. N2 - Diese Dissertation besteht aus fünf eigenständigen Aufsätzen, die sich mit verschiedenen Aspekten von Berufswahl, insbesondere der Wahl von Entrepreneurship, unter Risiko und Unsicherheit befassen. In Kapitel 2 entwickelt der erste Aufsatz ein Berufswahlmodell mit begrenzt-rationalen Agenten, die eingeschränkte Information haben, Feedback mit Rauschkomponenten erhalten und in ihren Entscheidungen durch ihre Persönlichkeit eingeschränkt sind, um einige bisher unerklärte Charakteristika von unternehmerischen Entscheidungsprozessen zu analysieren und zu erklären. Im zweiten Aufsatz in Kapitel 3 wird die Literatur zur Karrierewahl durch eine neue Perspektive ergänzt. Der Aufsatz konstruiert ein allgemeines Modell auf der Grundlage der Annahme, dass Entscheidungsergebnisse (teilweise) unsicher sind. Der dritte Aufsatz in Kapitel 4 analysiert theoretisch und empirisch die Auswirkung von Medien auf Berufsentscheidungen. Informationen über Entrepreneurship, die von den Medien zur Verfügung gestellt werden, werden als Informationsschocks behandelt, die vorherige Überzeugungen beeinflussen. Der vierte Aufsatz, der in Kapitel 5 vorgestellt wird, enthält eine empirische Analyse der Auswirkungen von zyklischen, regionalen Makrovariablen (Bruttoinlandsprodukt und Arbeitslosigkeit) auf innovative Start-Ups in Deutschland. Im fünften und letzten Aufsatz in Kapitel 6 untersuchen wir am Beispiel der Berufsberatung, ob Informationen über die Persönlichkeit für Vorhersagen und Empfehlungen nützlich sind. KW - ambiguity KW - entrepreneurship KW - Bayesian learning KW - simulation KW - Unsicherheit KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Bayes'sches Lernen KW - Simulationsmodelle Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-416466 ER - TY - THES A1 - Weißenberger, Martin T1 - Start-up subsidies for the unemployed - New evaluation approaches and insights T1 - Gründungsförderung für Arbeitslose - Neue Evaluationsansätze und -ergebnisse N2 - Start-up incentives targeted at unemployed individuals have become an important tool of the Active Labor Market Policy (ALMP) to fight unemployment in many countries in recent years. In contrast to traditional ALMP instruments like training measures, wage subsidies, or job creation schemes, which are aimed at reintegrating unemployed individuals into dependent employment, start-up incentives are a fundamentally different approach to ALMP, in that they intend to encourage and help unemployed individuals to exit unemployment by entering self-employment and, thus, by creating their own jobs. In this sense, start-up incentives for unemployed individuals serve not only as employment and social policy to activate job seekers and combat unemployment but also as business policy to promote entrepreneurship. The corresponding empirical literature on this topic so far has been mainly focused on the individual labor market perspective, however. The main part of the thesis at hand examines the new start-up subsidy (“Gründungszuschuss”) in Germany and consists of four empirical analyses that extend the existing evidence on start-up incentives for unemployed individuals from multiple perspectives and in the following directions: First, it provides the first impact evaluation of the new start-up subsidy in Germany. The results indicate that participation in the new start-up subsidy has significant positive and persistent effects on both reintegration into the labor market as well as the income profiles of participants, in line with previous evidence on comparable German and international programs, which emphasizes the general potential of start-up incentives as part of the broader ALMP toolset. Furthermore, a new innovative sensitivity analysis of the applied propensity score matching approach integrates findings from entrepreneurship and labor market research about the key role of an individual’s personality on start-up decision, business performance, as well as general labor market outcomes, into the impact evaluation of start-up incentives. The sensitivity analysis with regard to the inclusion and exclusion of usually unobserved personality variables reveals that differences in the estimated treatment effects are small in magnitude and mostly insignificant. Consequently, concerns about potential overestimation of treatment effects in previous evaluation studies of similar start-up incentives due to usually unobservable personality variables are less justified, as long as the set of observed control variables is sufficiently informative (Chapter 2). Second, the thesis expands our knowledge about the longer-term business performance and potential of subsidized businesses arising from the start-up subsidy program. In absolute terms, the analysis shows that a relatively high share of subsidized founders successfully survives in the market with their original businesses in the medium to long run. The subsidy also yields a “double dividend” to a certain extent in terms of additional job creation. Compared to “regular”, i.e., non-subsidized new businesses founded by non-unemployed individuals in the same quarter, however, the economic and growth-related impulses set by participants of the subsidy program are only limited with regard to employment growth, innovation activity, or investment. Further investigations of possible reasons for these differences show that differential business growth paths of subsidized founders in the longer run seem to be mainly limited by higher restrictions to access capital and by unobserved factors, such as less growth-oriented business strategies and intentions, as well as lower (subjective) entrepreneurial persistence. Taken together, the program has only limited potential as a business and entrepreneurship policy intended to induce innovation and economic growth (Chapters 3 and 4). And third, an empirical analysis on the level of German regional labor markets yields that there is a high regional variation in subsidized start-up activity relative to overall new business formation. The positive correlation between regular start-up intensity and the share among all unemployed individuals who participate in the start-up subsidy program suggests that (nascent) unemployed founders also profit from the beneficial effects of regional entrepreneurship capital. Moreover, the analysis of potential deadweight and displacement effects from an aggregated regional perspective emphasizes that the start-up subsidy for unemployed individuals represents a market intervention into existing markets, which affects incumbents and potentially produces inefficiencies and market distortions. This macro perspective deserves more attention and research in the future (Chapter 5). N2 - Die Gründungsförderung für Arbeitslose ist inzwischen in vielen Ländern fester Bestandteil der Aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik (ALMP) zur Bekämpfung der Arbeitslosigkeit. Im Gegensatz zu traditionellen ALMP-Instrumenten wie Fortbildungs- und Qualifikationsmaßnahmen, Lohnsubventionen oder Arbeitsbeschaffungsmaßnahmen ist das Ziel der Gründungsförderung keine Wiedereingliederung der Arbeitslosen in eine abhängige Beschäftigung, sondern ein Arbeitsmarktwiedereintritt in Selbständigkeit. Somit verfolgt dieses Instrument als ALMP-Maßnahme grundsätzlich nicht nur arbeitsmarkt- und sozialpolitische Ziele, sondern stellt indirekt auch eine Politik zur allgemeinen Förderung von Entrepreneurship und Existenzgründungen dar. Die zugehörige empirische Literatur war in der Vergangenheit jedoch hauptsächlich auf individuelle Arbeitsmarkteffekte dieser Programme konzentriert. Die vorliegende Dissertation beschäftigt sich eingehend mit dem deutschen Gründungszuschuss und besteht aus vier eigenständigen empirischen Studien, die die bestehende Evidenz zu Gründungsförderprogrammen für Arbeitslose durch folgende neue Erkenntnisse aus verschiedenen Perspektiven ergänzen und erweitern: Erstens zeigt die erstmalige kausale Wirkungsanalyse des Gründungszuschusses, dass das untersuchte Programm positive und langfristig anhaltende individuelle Fördereffekte auf Arbeitsmarktreintegration und Erwerbseinkommen für teilnehmende Arbeitslose aufweist. Die sehr vorteilhaften empirischen Befunde bestätigen ähnliche nationale und internationale Ergebnisse zu vergleichbaren Programmen und setzen sich damit von den insgesamt durchwachsenen Evaluationsergebnissen traditioneller ALMP-Maßnahmen ab. Dies unterstreicht das grundsätzliche Potential der Gründungsförderung von Arbeitslosen im Rahmen des ALMP-Instrumentariums. Eine innovative Sensitivitätsanalyse des verwendeten Propensity Score Matching Ansatzes ergibt zudem, dass die Ergebnisse der Programmevaluation nur geringfügig auf die (Nicht-)Berücksichtigung von üblicherweise unbeobachteten Persönlichkeitsvariablen reagieren, deren starker Einfluss auf Gründungsentscheidungen, Unternehmensentwicklungen und Arbeitsmarkterfolge in der Literatur breit dokumentiert ist. Die Gefahr und das Ausmaß einer potentiellen Verzerrung der Ergebnisse durch das Auslassen dieser Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen ist somit bei vergleichbaren Studien grundsätzlich als eher gering einzustufen, sofern die Liste der übrigen Kontrollvariablen informativ genug ist (Kapitel 2). Zweitens zeigt die empirische Analyse der Entrepreneurship-Perspektive, dass ein hoher Anteil an den durch den Gründungszuschuss geförderten Gründungen aus Arbeitslosigkeit auch mittel- bis langfristig erfolgreich im Markt etabliert ist und eine „doppelte Dividende“ der Förderung in Form von zusätzlicher Beschäftigung in den Unternehmen in begrenztem Umfang erzielt wird. Allerdings sind die geförderten Unternehmungen im Vergleich zu „regulären“ Gründungen, die von nicht-arbeitslosen Gründerpersonen im gleichen Quartal gegründet wurden, unterdurchschnittlich innovativ, investieren weniger und setzen geringere Impulse für Wachstum. Weiterführende Untersuchungen zeigen auf, dass mögliche Gründe dafür Restriktionen bei der Kapitalbeschaffung, weniger wachstums- und innovationsorientierte Unternehmensvorhaben und -strategien, sowie eine weniger stark ausgeprägte unternehmerische (subjektive) Persistenz bei einem Teil der arbeitslosen Gründer sind. Dies impliziert, dass sich die Gründungsförderung von Arbeitslosen nur in bedingtem Maße als Entrepreneurship-Maßnahme im engeren Sinne eignet, die Wachstums- und Innovationspotenziale freisetzt (Kapitel 3 und 4). Drittens lässt sich anhand einer empirischen Analyse auf Ebene regionaler Arbeitsmärkte feststellen, dass eine hohe regionale Variation in der relativen Bedeutung der Gründungsförderung am gesamten Gründungsgeschehen besteht. Die positive Korrelation zwischen regulärer Gründungsaktivität und dem Anteil arbeitsloser Gründerpersonen an allen potentiell teilnahmeberechtigten Arbeitslosen deutet darauf hin, dass positive Effekte von regionalem Entrepreneurshipkapital auch für arbeitslose Gründerpersonen wirksam sind. Zudem zeigt die empirische Analyse potentieller Mitnahme- und Verdrängungseffekte, dass Gründungsförderungen für Arbeitslose immer auch Eingriffe in bestehende Märkte sind, die direkte Auswirkungen auf existierende Unternehmen haben. Diese Makro-Ebene insbesondere ist noch untererforscht und verdient weitere Aufmerksamkeit (Kapitel 5). KW - Gründungsförderung KW - Arbeitslosigkeit KW - Arbeitsmarktpolitik KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Gründungszuschuss KW - business support KW - unemployment KW - labor market policy KW - entrepreneurship KW - start-up subsidy Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406362 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Hogenacker, Jens A1 - Kuenn, Steffen A1 - Wiessner, Frank T1 - Subsidized start-ups out of unemployment: a comparison to regular business start-ups JF - Small business economics : an international journal N2 - Offering unemployed individuals a subsidy to become self-employed is a widespread active labor market policy strategy. Previous studies have illustrated its high effectiveness to help participants escaping unemployment and improving their labor market prospects compared to other unemployed individuals. However, the examination of start-up subsidies from a business perspective has only received little attention to date. Using a new dataset based on a survey allows us to compare subsidized start-ups out of unemployment with regular business founders, with respect to not only personal characteristics but also business outcomes. The results indicate that previously unemployed entrepreneurs face disadvantages in variables correlated with entrepreneurial ability and access to capital. Nineteen months after start-up, the subsidized businesses experience higher survival, but lag behind regular business founders in terms of income, business growth and innovation. Moreover, we show that expected deadweight effects related to start-up subsidies occur on a (much) lower scale than usually assumed. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Start-up subsidies KW - Evaluation KW - Deadweight effects KW - Innovation Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-015-9646-0 SN - 0921-898X SN - 1573-0913 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 165 EP - 190 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Fossen, Frank A1 - Kritikos, Alexander T1 - Personality characteristics and the decisions to become and stay self-employed JF - Small business economics : an international journal N2 - Based on a large, representative German household panel, we investigate to what extent the personality of individuals influences the entry decision into and the exit decision from self-employment. We reveal that some traits, such as openness to experience, extraversion, and risk tolerance affect entry, but different ones, such as agreeableness or different parameter values of risk tolerance, affect exit from self-employment. Only locus of control has a similar influence on the entry and exit decisions. The explanatory power of all observed traits among all observable variables amounts to 30 %, with risk tolerance, locus of control, and openness having the highest explanatory power. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Personality KW - Big five KW - Risk tolerance KW - Locus of control Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-013-9514-8 SN - 0921-898X SN - 1573-0913 VL - 42 IS - 4 SP - 787 EP - 814 PB - Springer CY - Dordrecht ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Caliendo, Marco A1 - Fossen, Frank A1 - Kritikos, Alexander T1 - Trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity Do these traits impact entrepreneurial dynamics? JF - Journal of economic psychology : research in economic psychology and behavioral economics N2 - Experimental evidence reveals that there is a strong willingness to trust and to act in both positively and negatively reciprocal ways. So far it is rarely analyzed whether these variables of social cognition influence everyday decision making behavior. We focus on entrepreneurs who are permanently facing exchange processes in the interplay with investors, sellers, and buyers, as well as needing to trust others and reciprocate with their network. We base our analysis on the German Socio-Economic Panel with its recently introduced questions about trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity to examine the extent that these variables influence the entrepreneurial decision processes. More specifically, we analyze whether (i) the willingness to trust other people influences the probability of starting a business; (ii) trust, positive reciprocity, and negative reciprocity influence the exit probability of entrepreneurs; and (iii) willingness to trust and to act reciprocally influences the probability of being an entrepreneur versus an employee or a manager. Our findings reveal that, in particular, trust impacts entrepreneurial development. Interestingly, entrepreneurs are more trustful than employees, but much less trustful than managers. KW - Entrepreneurship KW - Trust KW - Reciprocity Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2011.01.005 SN - 0167-4870 VL - 33 IS - 2 SP - 394 EP - 409 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER -