TY - GEN A1 - Woting, Anni A1 - Blaut, Michael T1 - The intestinal microbiota in metabolic disease T2 - Nutrients N2 - Gut bacteria exert beneficial and harmful effects in metabolic diseases as deduced from the comparison of germfree and conventional mice and from fecal transplantation studies. Compositional microbial changes in diseased subjects have been linked to adiposity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. Promotion of an increased expression of intestinal nutrient transporters or a modified lipid and bile acid metabolism by the intestinal microbiota could result in an increased nutrient absorption by the host. The degradation of dietary fiber and the subsequent fermentation of monosaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) is one of the most controversially discussed mechanisms of how gut bacteria impact host physiology. Fibers reduce the energy density of the diet, and the resulting SCFA promote intestinal gluconeogenesis, incretin formation and subsequently satiety. However, SCFA also deliver energy to the host and support liponeogenesis. Thus far, there is little knowledge on bacterial species that promote or prevent metabolic disease. Clostridium ramosum and Enterococcus cloacae were demonstrated to promote obesity in gnotobiotic mouse models, whereas bifidobacteria and Akkermansia muciniphila were associated with favorable phenotypes in conventional mice, especially when oligofructose was fed. How diet modulates the gut microbiota towards a beneficial or harmful composition needs further research. Gnotobiotic animals are a valuable tool to elucidate mechanisms underlying diet-host-microbe interactions. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 448 KW - intestinal microbiota KW - obesity KW - diabetes KW - metabolic syndrome KW - energy harvest KW - diet KW - absorption KW - bile acids KW - low-grade inflammation KW - SCFA Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407687 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - SRT-Joy - computer-assisted self-regulation training for obese children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial N2 - Background: Obesity is not only a highly prevalent disease but also poses a considerable burden on children and their families. Evidence is increasing that a lack of self-regulation skills may play a role in the etiology and maintenance of obesity. Our goal with this currently ongoing trial is to examine whether training that focuses on the enhancement of self-regulation skills may increase the sustainability of a complex lifestyle intervention. Methods/Design: In a multicenter, prospective, parallel group, randomized controlled superiority trial, 226 obese children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 years will be allocated either to a newly developed computer-training program to improve their self-regulation abilities or to a placebo control group. Randomization occurs centrally and blockwise at a 1:1 allocation ratio for each center. This study is performed in pediatric inpatient rehabilitation facilities specialized in the treatment of obesity. Observer-blind assessments of outcome variables take place at four times: at the beginning of the rehabilitation (pre), at the end of the training in the rehabilitation (post), and 6 and 12 months post-rehabilitation intervention. The primary outcome is the course of BMI-SDS over 1 year after the end of the inpatient rehabilitation. Secondary endpoints are the self-regulation skills. In addition, health-related quality of life, and snack intake will be analyzed. Discussion: The computer-based training programs might be a feasible and attractive tool to increase the sustainability of the weight loss reached during inpatient rehabilitation. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 364 KW - obesity KW - randomized-controlled trial KW - computer-assisted self-regulation training KW - children KW - adolescents KW - weight Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401793 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - John, Cathleen A1 - Grune, Jana A1 - Ott, Christiane A1 - Nowotny, Kerstin A1 - Deubel, Stefanie A1 - Kühne, Arne A1 - Schubert, Carola A1 - Kintscher, Ulrich A1 - Regitz-Zagrosek, Vera A1 - Grune, Tilman T1 - Sex Differences in Cardiac Mitochondria in the New Zealand Obese Mouse JF - Frontiers in Endocrinology N2 - Background: Obesity is a risk factor for diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and cardiovascular disorders. Diabetes itself contributes to cardiac damage. Thus, studying cardiovascular events and establishing therapeutic intervention in the period of type T2DM onset and manifestation are of highest importance. Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to impaired cardiac function. Methods: An adequate animal model for studying pathophysiology of T2DM is the New Zealand Obese (NZO) mouse. These mice were maintained on a high-fat diet (HFD) without carbohydrates for 13 weeks followed by 4 week HFD with carbohydrates. NZO mice developed severe obesity and only male mice developed manifest T2DM. We determined cardiac phenotypes and mitochondrial function as well as cardiomyocyte signaling in this model. Results: The development of an obese phenotype and T2DM in male mice was accompanied by an impaired systolic function as judged by echocardiography and MyH6/7 expression. Moreover, the mitochondrial function only in male NZO hearts was significantly reduced and ERK1/2 and AMPK protein levels were altered. Conclusions: This is the first report demonstrating that the cardiac phenotype in male diabetic NZO mice is associated with impaired cardiac energy function and signaling events. KW - NZO KW - heart KW - obesity KW - mitochondrial function KW - echocardiography KW - systolic function Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2018.00732 SN - 1664-2392 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Jopp, Eilin A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - Prevention and anthropology JF - Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie N2 - Screening is an important issue in medicine and is used to early identify unrecognised diseases in persons who are apparently in good health. Screening strongly relies on the concept of "normal values". Normal values are defined as values that are frequently observed in a population and usually range within certain statistical limits. Screening for obesity should start early as the prevalence of obesity consolidates already at early school age. Though widely practiced, measuring BMI is not the ultimate solution for detecting obesity. Children with high BMI may be "robust" in skeletal dimensions. Assessing skeletal robustness and in particularly assessing developmental tempo in adolescents are also important issues in health screening. Yet, in spite of the necessity of screening investigations, appropriate reference values are often missing. Meanwhile, new concepts of growth diagrams have been developed. Stage line diagrams are useful for tracking developmental processes over time. Functional data analyses have efficiently been used for analysing longitudinal growth in height and assessing the tempo of maturation. Convenient low-cost statistics have also been developed for generating synthetic national references. KW - screening KW - obesity KW - skeletal robustness KW - developmental tempo Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/0003-5548/2014/0384 SN - 0003-5548 VL - 71 IS - 1-2 SP - 135 EP - 141 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Krstic, Jelena A1 - Reinisch, Isabel A1 - Schupp, Michael A1 - Schulz, Tim Julius A1 - Prokesch, Andreas T1 - p53 functions in adipose tissue metabolism and homeostasis JF - International journal of molecular sciences N2 - As a tumor suppressor and the most frequently mutated gene in cancer, p53 is among the best-described molecules in medical research. As cancer is in most cases an age-related disease, it seems paradoxical that p53 is so strongly conserved from early multicellular organisms to humans. A function not directly related to tumor suppression, such as the regulation of metabolism in nontransformed cells, could explain this selective pressure. While this role of p53 in cellular metabolism is gradually emerging, it is imperative to dissect the tissue-and cell-specific actions of p53 and its downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on studies reporting p53's impact on adipocyte development, function, and maintenance, as well as the causes and consequences of altered p53 levels in white and brown adipose tissue (AT) with respect to systemic energy homeostasis. While whole body p53 knockout mice gain less weight and fat mass under a high-fat diet owing to increased energy expenditure, modifying p53 expression specifically in adipocytes yields more refined insights: (1) p53 is a negative regulator of in vitro adipogenesis; (2) p53 levels in white AT are increased in diet-induced and genetic obesity mouse models and in obese humans; (3) functionally, elevated p53 in white AT increases senescence and chronic inflammation, aggravating systemic insulin resistance; (4) p53 is not required for normal development of brown AT; and (5) when p53 is activated in brown AT in mice fed a high-fat diet, it increases brown AT temperature and brown AT marker gene expression, thereby contributing to reduced fat mass accumulation. In addition, p53 is increasingly being recognized as crucial player in nutrient sensing pathways. Hence, despite existence of contradictory findings and a varying density of evidence, several functions of p53 in adipocytes and ATs have been emerging, positioning p53 as an essential regulatory hub in ATs. Future studies need to make use of more sophisticated in vivo model systems and should identify an AT-specific set of p53 target genes and downstream pathways upon different (nutrient) challenges to identify novel therapeutic targets to curb metabolic diseases KW - p53 KW - adipose tissue KW - metabolic syndrome KW - obesity KW - adipogenesis KW - insulin resistance Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092622 SN - 1422-0067 VL - 19 IS - 9 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Krstic, Jelena A1 - Reinisch, Isabel A1 - Schupp, Michael A1 - Schulz, Tim Julius A1 - Prokesch, Andreas T1 - p53 functions in adipose tissue metabolism and homeostasis T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - As a tumor suppressor and the most frequently mutated gene in cancer, p53 is among the best-described molecules in medical research. As cancer is in most cases an age-related disease, it seems paradoxical that p53 is so strongly conserved from early multicellular organisms to humans. A function not directly related to tumor suppression, such as the regulation of metabolism in nontransformed cells, could explain this selective pressure. While this role of p53 in cellular metabolism is gradually emerging, it is imperative to dissect the tissue-and cell-specific actions of p53 and its downstream signaling pathways. In this review, we focus on studies reporting p53's impact on adipocyte development, function, and maintenance, as well as the causes and consequences of altered p53 levels in white and brown adipose tissue (AT) with respect to systemic energy homeostasis. While whole body p53 knockout mice gain less weight and fat mass under a high-fat diet owing to increased energy expenditure, modifying p53 expression specifically in adipocytes yields more refined insights: (1) p53 is a negative regulator of in vitro adipogenesis; (2) p53 levels in white AT are increased in diet-induced and genetic obesity mouse models and in obese humans; (3) functionally, elevated p53 in white AT increases senescence and chronic inflammation, aggravating systemic insulin resistance; (4) p53 is not required for normal development of brown AT; and (5) when p53 is activated in brown AT in mice fed a high-fat diet, it increases brown AT temperature and brown AT marker gene expression, thereby contributing to reduced fat mass accumulation. In addition, p53 is increasingly being recognized as crucial player in nutrient sensing pathways. Hence, despite existence of contradictory findings and a varying density of evidence, several functions of p53 in adipocytes and ATs have been emerging, positioning p53 as an essential regulatory hub in ATs. Future studies need to make use of more sophisticated in vivo model systems and should identify an AT-specific set of p53 target genes and downstream pathways upon different (nutrient) challenges to identify novel therapeutic targets to curb metabolic diseases. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1047 KW - p53 KW - adipose tissue KW - metabolic syndrome KW - obesity KW - adipogenesis KW - insulin resistance Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-469069 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1047 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hauffe, Robert A1 - Rath, Michaela A1 - Agyapong, Wilson A1 - Jonas, Wenke A1 - Vogel, Heike A1 - Schulz, Tim Julius A1 - Schwarz, Maria A1 - Kipp, Anna Patricia A1 - Blüher, Matthias A1 - Kleinridders, André T1 - Obesity Hinders the Protective Effect of Selenite Supplementation on Insulin Signaling JF - Antioxidants N2 - The intake of high-fat diets (HFDs) containing large amounts of saturated long-chain fatty acids leads to obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The trace element selenium, as a crucial part of antioxidative selenoproteins, can protect against the development of diet-induced insulin resistance in white adipose tissue (WAT) by increasing glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and insulin receptor (IR) expression. Whether selenite (Se) can attenuate insulin resistance in established lipotoxic and obese conditions is unclear. We confirm that GPX3 mRNA expression in adipose tissue correlates with BMI in humans. Cultivating 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in palmitate-containing medium followed by Se treatment attenuates insulin resistance with enhanced GPx3 and IR expression and adipocyte differentiation. However, feeding obese mice a selenium-enriched high-fat diet (SRHFD) only resulted in a modest increase in overall selenoprotein gene expression in WAT in mice with unaltered body weight development, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. While Se supplementation improved adipocyte morphology, it did not alter WAT insulin sensitivity. However, mice fed a SRHFD exhibited increased insulin content in the pancreas. Overall, while selenite protects against palmitate-induced insulin resistance in vitro, obesity impedes the effect of selenite on insulin action and adipose tissue metabolism in vivo. KW - selenite KW - insulin KW - adipose tissue KW - obesity KW - insulin resistance Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050862 SN - 2076-3921 VL - 11 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 5 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Hauffe, Robert A1 - Rath, Michaela A1 - Agyapong, Wilson A1 - Jonas, Wenke A1 - Vogel, Heike A1 - Schulz, Tim Julius A1 - Schwarz, Maria A1 - Kipp, Anna Patricia A1 - Blüher, Matthias A1 - Kleinridders, André T1 - Obesity Hinders the Protective Effect of Selenite Supplementation on Insulin Signaling T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The intake of high-fat diets (HFDs) containing large amounts of saturated long-chain fatty acids leads to obesity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and insulin resistance. The trace element selenium, as a crucial part of antioxidative selenoproteins, can protect against the development of diet-induced insulin resistance in white adipose tissue (WAT) by increasing glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) and insulin receptor (IR) expression. Whether selenite (Se) can attenuate insulin resistance in established lipotoxic and obese conditions is unclear. We confirm that GPX3 mRNA expression in adipose tissue correlates with BMI in humans. Cultivating 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes in palmitate-containing medium followed by Se treatment attenuates insulin resistance with enhanced GPx3 and IR expression and adipocyte differentiation. However, feeding obese mice a selenium-enriched high-fat diet (SRHFD) only resulted in a modest increase in overall selenoprotein gene expression in WAT in mice with unaltered body weight development, glucose tolerance, and insulin resistance. While Se supplementation improved adipocyte morphology, it did not alter WAT insulin sensitivity. However, mice fed a SRHFD exhibited increased insulin content in the pancreas. Overall, while selenite protects against palmitate-induced insulin resistance in vitro, obesity impedes the effect of selenite on insulin action and adipose tissue metabolism in vivo. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1267 KW - selenite KW - insulin KW - adipose tissue KW - obesity KW - insulin resistance Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-561709 SN - 1866-8372 SP - 1 EP - 16 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Castaño Martínez, María Teresa A1 - Schumacher, Fabian A1 - Schumacher, Silke A1 - Kochlik, Bastian A1 - Weber, Daniela A1 - Grune, Tilman A1 - Biemann, Ronald A1 - McCann, Adrian A1 - Abraham, Klaus A1 - Weikert, Cornelia A1 - Kleuse, Burkhard A1 - Schürmann, Annette A1 - Laeger, Thomas T1 - Methionine restriction prevents onset of type 2 diabetes in NZO mice JF - The FASEB journal : the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology N2 - Dietary methionine restriction (MR) is well known to reduce body weight by increasing energy expenditure (EE) and insulin sensitivity. An elevated concentration of circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been implicated as a potential underlying mechanism. The aims of our study were to test whether dietary MR in the context of a high-fat regimen protects against type 2 diabetes in mice and to investigate whether vegan and vegetarian diets, which have naturally low methionine levels, modulate circulating FGF21 in humans. New Zealand obese (NZO) mice, a model for polygenic obesity and type 2 diabetes, were placed on isocaloric high-fat diets (protein, 16 kcal%; carbohydrate, 52 kcal%; fat, 32 kcal%) that provided methionine at control (Con; 0.86% methionine) or low levels (0.17%) for 9 wk. Markers of glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity were analyzed. Among humans, low methionine intake and circulating FGF21 levels were investigated by comparing a vegan and a vegetarian diet to an omnivore diet and evaluating the effect of a short-term vegetarian diet on FGF21 induction. In comparison with the Con group, MR led to elevated plasma FGF21 levels and prevented the onset of hyperglycemia in NZO mice. MR-fed mice exhibited increased insulin sensitivity, higher plasma adiponectin levels, increased EE, and up-regulated expression of thermogenic genes in subcutaneous white adipose tissue. Food intake and fat mass did not change. Plasma FGF21 levels were markedly higher in vegan humans compared with omnivores, and circulating FGF21 levels increased significantly in omnivores after 4 d on a vegetarian diet. These data suggest that MR induces FGF21 and protects NZO mice from high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance and type 2 diabetes. The normoglycemic phenotype in vegans and vegetarians may be caused by induced FGF21. MR akin to vegan and vegetarian diets in humans may offer metabolic benefits via increased circulating levels of FGF21 and merits further investigation.-Castano-Martinez, T., Schumacher, F., Schumacher, S., Kochlik, B., Weber, D., Grune, T., Biemann, R., McCann, A., Abraham, K., Weikert, C., Kleuser, B., Schurmann, A., Laeger, T. Methionine restriction prevents onset of type 2 diabetes in NZO mice. KW - energy expenditure KW - hyperglycemia KW - obesity KW - vegan KW - vegetarian Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201900150R SN - 0892-6638 SN - 1530-6860 VL - 33 IS - 6 SP - 7092 EP - 7102 PB - Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology CY - Bethesda ER - TY - GEN A1 - Püschel, Gerhard Paul A1 - Klauder, Julia A1 - Henkel-Oberländer, Janin T1 - Macrophages, Low-Grade Inflammation, Insulin Resistance and Hyperinsulinemia: A Mutual Ambiguous Relationship in the Development of Metabolic Diseases T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Metabolic derangement with poor glycemic control accompanying overweight and obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages, which present a very heterogeneous population of cells, play a key role in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis, but functional alterations in the resident macrophage pool as well as newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are important drivers in the development of low-grade inflammation. While metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and tissue damage may trigger or advance pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages, the inflammation itself contributes to the development of insulin resistance and the resulting hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages express insulin receptors whose downstream signaling networks share a number of knots with the signaling pathways of pattern recognition and cytokine receptors, which shape macrophage polarity. The shared knots allow insulin to enhance or attenuate both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophage responses. This supposedly physiological function may be impaired by hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance in macrophages. This review discusses the mutual ambiguous relationship of low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and the insulin-dependent modulation of macrophage activity with a focus on adipose tissue and liver. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1279 KW - NAFLD/MAFLD KW - type 2 diabetes KW - obesity KW - vicious cycle KW - TLR signaling KW - M1/M2 differentiation KW - Akt pathway Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-570106 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1279 SP - 1 EP - 30 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Püschel, Gerhard A1 - Klauder, Julia A1 - Henkel-Oberländer, Janin T1 - Macrophages, low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia BT - A mutual ambiguous relationship in the development of metabolic diseases JF - Journal of Clinical Medicine : open access journal N2 - Metabolic derangement with poor glycemic control accompanying overweight and obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages, which present a very heterogeneous population of cells, play a key role in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis, but functional alterations in the resident macrophage pool as well as newly recruited monocyte-derived macrophages are important drivers in the development of low-grade inflammation. While metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and tissue damage may trigger or advance pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages, the inflammation itself contributes to the development of insulin resistance and the resulting hyperinsulinemia. Macrophages express insulin receptors whose downstream signaling networks share a number of knots with the signaling pathways of pattern recognition and cytokine receptors, which shape macrophage polarity. The shared knots allow insulin to enhance or attenuate both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophage responses. This supposedly physiological function may be impaired by hyperinsulinemia or insulin resistance in macrophages. This review discusses the mutual ambiguous relationship of low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and the insulin-dependent modulation of macrophage activity with a focus on adipose tissue and liver. KW - NAFLD/MAFLD KW - type 2 diabetes KW - obesity KW - vicious cycle KW - TLR signaling KW - M1/M2 differentiation KW - Akt pathway Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11154358 SN - 2077-0383 VL - 11 IS - 15 SP - 1 EP - 30 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ER - TY - THES A1 - Schell, Mareike T1 - Investigating the effect of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on emotional behavior in diet-induced obese C57BL/6N mice T1 - Untersuchung der Wirkung von Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG bei Störungen des emotionalen Verhaltens in einem Mausmodell Diät-induzierter Adipositas N2 - The prevalence of depression and anxiety is increased in obese patients compared to healthy humans, which is partially due to a shared pathogenesis, including insulin resistance and inflammation. These factors are also linked to intestinal dysbiosis. Additionally, the chronic consumption of diets rich in saturated fats results in body weight gain, hormonal resistances and unfavorable changes in the microbiome composition. The intake of Lactobacilli has already been shown to improve dysbiosis along with metabolism and mood. Yet, the beneficial role and the underlying mechanism of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) to improve emotional behavior in established diet-induced obese conditions are, so far, unknown. To characterize the role of LGG in diet-induced obesity, female and male C57BL/6N mice were fed a semi-synthetic low-fat diet (LFD, 10 % kcal from fat) or a conventional high-fat diet (HFD, 45 % kcal from fat) for initial 6 weeks, which was followed by daily oral gavage of vehicle or 1x10^8 CFU of LGG until the end of the experiment. Mice were subjected to basic metabolic and extensive behavioral phenotyping, with a focus on emotional behavior. Moreover, composition of cecal gut microbiome, metabolomic profile in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid was investigated and followed by molecular analyses. Both HFD-feeding and LGG application resulted in sex-specific differences. While LGG prevented the increase of plasma insulin, adrenal gland weight and hyperactivity in diet-induced obese female mice, there was no regulation of anxiodepressive-like behavior. In contrast, metabolism of male mice did not benefit from LGG application, but strikingly, LGG decreased specifically depressive-like behavior in the Mousetail Suspension Test which was confirmed by the Splash Test characterizing motivation for ’self-care’. The microbiome analysis in male mice revealed that HFD-feeding, but not LGG application, altered cecal microbiome composition, indicating a direct effect of LGG on behavioral regulation. However, in female mice, both HFD-feeding and LGG application resulted in changes of microbiome composition, which presumably affected metabolism. Moreover, as diet-induced obese female mice unexpectedly did not exhibit anxiodepressive-like behavior, follow-up analyses were conducted in male mice. Here, HFD-feeding significantly altered abundance of plasma lipids whereas LGG decreased branched chain amino acids which associated with improved emotional behavior. In nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and VTA/SN, which belong to the dopaminergic system, LGG restored HFD-induced decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, on gene expression level. Lastly, transcriptome analysis in the NAcc identified gene expression of cholecystokinin as a potential mediator of the effect of LGG on HFD-induced emotional alterations. In summary, this thesis revealed the beneficial effects of LGG application on emotional alterations in established diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, both HFD-feeding and LGG treatment exhibited sex-specific effects, resulting in metabolic improvements in female mice while LGG application mitigated depressive-like behavior in obese male mice along with a molecular signature of restored dopamine synthesis and neuropeptide signaling. N2 - n adipösen Patienten liegt eine erhöhte Prävalenz von Depressionen und Angsterkrankungen vor. Dies liegt unter anderem an einer gemeinsamen Pathogenese, der eine Insulinresistenz sowie ein chronischer Entzündungszustand zugrunde liegen. Diese Faktoren sind mit einer intestinalen Dysbiose assoziiert, die auch durch eine Fehlernährung, beispielsweise mit einer fettreichen Diät, hervorgerufen werden kann. Es konnte bereits gezeigt werden, dass die Aufnahme von Laktobazillen nicht nur eine Dysbiose und den Stoffwechsel verbessert, sondern sich auch positiv auf das Gemüt auswirken kann. Ob jedoch Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG in der Lage ist, in einem Zustand der etablierten ernährungsbedingten Fettleibigkeit das emotionale Verhalten zu verbessern und welche Mechanismen zugrunde liegen, ist noch ungeklärt. Um die Rolle von LGG bei ernährungsbedingter Fettleibigkeit zu charakterisieren, wurden weibliche und männliche C57BL/6N Mäuse mit einer semi-synthetischen Niedrigfettdiät (LFD, 10 % kcal aus Fett) oder einer konventionellen Hochfettdiät (HFD, 45 % kcal aus Fett) für die ersten 6 Wochen gefüttert, um den Zustand einer Adipositas zu etablieren. Anschließend haben die Mäuse eine tägliche perorale Applikation eines Vehikels oder 1x10^8 KBE LGG bis zum Versuchsende erhalten. Die Mäuse wurden einer allgemeinen metabolischen Charakterisierung und einer umfassenden Verhaltensphänotypisierung unterzogen, die Aufschlüsse über das emotionale Verhalten liefern sollen. Darüber hinaus wurde die Zusammensetzung des Darmmikrobioms bestimmt, im Plasma und in der Zerebrospinalflüssigkeit das Metabolitprofil untersucht und durch molekulare Analysen ergänzt. Sowohl die HFD-Fütterung als auch die LGG-Applikation führten zu geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschieden. Während LGG den diätinduzierten Anstieg von Plasmainsulin, ein erhöhtes Nebennierengewicht und Hyperaktivität in weiblichen Mäusen verhinderte, wurde das emotionale Verhalten nicht reguliert. Im Gegensatz dazu profitierte der Stoffwechsel männlicher Mäuse nicht von der LGG-Anwendung, jedoch war LGG in der Lage, spezifisch das depressiv-ähnliches Verhalten zu verbessern, was durch eine Analyse des zielgerichteten Verhaltens bestätigt wurde. Die Mikrobiomanalyse ergab, dass die Diät, jedoch nicht LGG, die Zusammensetzung des Darmmikrobioms in männlichen Mäusen verändert, was auf eine direkte Rolle von LGG in der Verhaltensregulation hindeutet. Im Vergleich dazu war das Darmmikrobiom in weiblichen Mäusen durch die Diät als auch durch LGG verändert, was zu den positiven Veränderungen der Stoffwechselparameter geführt haben könnte. Da weibliche Mäuse weder durch die HFD-Fütterung noch durch die LGG-Gabe einen Effekt auf emotionales Verhalten aufwiesen, wurden die Folgeanalysen bei männlichen Mäusen durchgeführt. Während die HFD-Fütterung das Vorkommen von Plasmalipiden veränderte, lagen aufgrund der LGG-Gabe verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren verringert vor, was mit einem verbessertem emotionalen Verhalten assoziierte. In den dopaminergen Gehirnregionen Nucleus Accumbens (NAcc) und VTA/SN revertierte LGG die HFD-induzierte Reduktion der Tyrosinhydroxylase Genexpression, des geschwindigkeitsbegrenzenden Enzyms in der Dopaminsynthese. Abschließend wurde eine Transkriptomanalyse mittels RNA Sequencing durchgeführt, welche die Genexpression von Cholezystokinin im NAcc als potenzieller Mediator in der Wirkung von LGG bei HFD-induzierten emotionalen Veränderungen identifizierte. Zusammenfassend konnten in dieser Arbeit die positiven Auswirkungen der LGG-Gabe auf emotionales Verhalten bei etablierter ernährungsbedingter Fettleibigkeit gezeigt werden.. Sowohl die HFD-Fütterung als auch die LGG-Gabe führten zu geschlechtsspezifischen Effekten, was zu Stoffwechselverbesserungen bei weiblichen Mäusen führte, während die LGG-Gabe das depressiv-ähnliche Verhalten bei männlichen Mäusen abschwächte. Zudem wurden auf Genexpressionsebene Tyrosinhydroxylase und Cholezystokinin identifiziert, die potentiell den Effekt von LGG auf das emotionale Verhalten in einem Modell etablierter ernährungsbedingter Fettleibigkeit vermitteln. KW - obesity KW - insulin resistance KW - probiotics KW - lactobacillus KW - depression KW - emotionality Y1 - 2022 ER - TY - THES A1 - Bishop, Christopher Allen T1 - Influence of dairy intake on odd-chain fatty acids and energy metabolism T1 - Einfluss der Milchaufnahme auf ungeradkettige Fettsäuren und Energiestoffwechsel N2 - As of late, epidemiological studies have highlighted a strong association of dairy intake with lower disease risk, and similarly with an increased amount of odd-chain fatty acids (OCFA). While the OCFA also demonstrate inverse associations with disease incidence, the direct dietary sources and mode of action of the OCFA remain poorly understood. The overall aim of this thesis was to determine the impact of two main fractions of dairy, milk fat and milk protein, on OCFA levels and their influence on health outcomes under high-fat (HF) diet conditions. Both fractions represent viable sources of OCFA, as milk fats contain a significant amount of OCFA and milk proteins are high in branched chain amino acids (BCAA), namely valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile), which can produce propionyl-CoA (Pr-CoA), a precursor for endogenous OCFA synthesis, while leucine (Leu) does not. Additionally, this project sought to clarify the specific metabolic effects of the OCFA heptadecanoic acid (C17:0). Both short-term and long-term feeding studies were performed using male C57BL/6JRj mice fed HF diets supplemented with milk fat or C17:0, as well as milk protein or individual BCAA (Val; Leu) to determine their influences on OCFA and metabolic health. Short-term feeding revealed that both milk fractions induce OCFA in vivo, and the increases elicited by milk protein could be, in part, explained by Val intake. In vitro studies using primary hepatocytes further showed an induction of OCFA after Val treatment via de novo lipogenesis and increased α-oxidation. In the long-term studies, both milk fat and milk protein increased hepatic and circulating OCFA levels; however, only milk protein elicited protective effects on adiposity and hepatic fat accumulation—likely mediated by the anti-obesogenic effects of an increased Leu intake. In contrast, Val feeding did not increase OCFA levels nor improve obesity, but rather resulted in glucotoxicity-induced insulin resistance in skeletal muscle mediated by its metabolite 3-hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB). Finally, while OCFA levels correlated with improved health outcomes, C17:0 produced negligible effects in preventing HF-diet induced health impairments. The results presented herein demonstrate that the beneficial health outcomes associated with dairy intake are likely mediated through the effects of milk protein, while OCFA levels are likely a mere association and do not play a significant causal role in metabolic health under HF conditions. Furthermore, the highly divergent metabolic effects of the two BCAA, Leu and Val, unraveled herein highlight the importance of protein quality. N2 - In den letzten Jahren haben epidemiologische Studien einen Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verzehr von Milchprodukten und einem geringeren Krankheitsrisiko sowie einem erhöhten Gehalt an ungeradzahligen Fettsäuren (OCFA) aufgezeigt. Während die OCFA ebenfalls mit einem verminderten Krankheitsrisiko assoziiert sind, ist über die direkten diätetischen Quellen und die physiologische Rolle der OCFA noch wenig bekannt. Das Hauptziel dieser Arbeit war die Untersuchung der Bedeutung der beiden Hauptfraktionen von Milchprodukten, Milchfett und Milchprotein, für den OCFA-Gehalt und ihren Einfluss auf die Gesundheit unter den Bedingungen einer fettreichen Ernährung (HF). Beide Fraktionen sind mögliche OCFA-Quellen, da Milchfette selber signifikante Mengen an OCFA enthalten und Milchproteine einen hohen Anteil an verzweigtkettigen Aminosäuren (BCAA) haben, nämlich Valin (Val) und Isoleucin (Ile), aus denen Propionyl-CoA (Pr-CoA), eine Vorstufe für die endogene OCFA-Synthese, gebildet werden kann, während das für Leucin (Leu) nicht der Fall ist. Außerdem sollten in diesem Projekt die spezifischen metabolischen Auswirkungen der OCFA Heptadecansäure (C17:0) geklärt werden. Dazu wurden Kurzzeit- und Langzeit-Fütterungsstudien mit männlichen C57BL/6JRj-Mäusen durchgeführt, die mit HF-Diäten gefüttert wurden, die mit Milchfett oder C17:0 sowie mit Milchprotein oder einzelnen BCAA (Val; Leu) supplementiert wurden, um deren Einfluss auf die OCFA und die metabolische Gesundheit zu untersuchen. Kurzzeitstudien zeigten, dass beide Milchfraktionen OCFA induzieren, wobei die Erhöhungen durch Milchprotein teilweise durch die Val-Aufnahme erklärt werden konnten. Studien mit primären Hepatozyten zeigten außerdem eine Induktion von OCFA nach Val-Behandlung durch de-novo-Lipogenese und eine erhöhte α-Oxidation. In den Langzeitstudien erhöhten Milchfett und Milchprotein die hepatischen und zirkulierenden OCFA-Spiegel; allerdings hatte nur Milchprotein eine schützende Wirkung auf Adipositas und hepatische Fettansammlung, wahrscheinlich vermittelt durch eine erhöhte Leu-Aufnahme. Im Gegensatz dazu hatte die Val-Supplementierung keinen Einfluss auf die OCFA-Spiegel oder die Entwicklung von Adipositas, führte jedoch zu einer durch Glukotoxizität induzierten Insulinresistenz im Skelettmuskel, vermittelt durch den Val-Metaboliten 3-Hydroxyisobutyrat (3-HIB). Die C17:0-Supplementierung schließlich hatte keine Auswirkungen auf die HF-Diät-induzierte Adipositas und assoziierten Gesundheitsbeeinträchtigungen. Die hier vorgestellten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die mit dem Verzehr von Milchprodukten verbundenen positiven gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen wahrscheinlich durch die Wirkung von Milchprotein vermittelt werden, während der OCFA-Gehalt wahrscheinlich nur eine Assoziation darstellt und keine signifikante kausale Rolle für die metabolische Gesundheit unter HF-Bedingungen spielt. Die hier aufgeklärten deutlich unterschiedlichen metabolischen Auswirkungen der beiden BCAA Leu und Val unterstreichen zudem die Bedeutung der Proteinqualität. KW - odd chain fatty acids KW - branched chain amino acids KW - protein KW - dairy intake KW - obesity KW - verzweigtkettige Aminosäuren KW - Milcheinnahme KW - Adipositas KW - ungeradkettige Fettsäuren KW - Protein Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-561541 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Sadowska, Aleksandra A1 - Hausmann, Oliver Nic A1 - Wuertz-Kozak, Karin T1 - Inflammaging in the intervertebral disc T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Degeneration of the intervertebral disc – triggered by ageing, mechanical stress, traumatic injury, infection, inflammation and other factors – has a significant role in the development of low back pain. Back pain not only has a high prevalence, but also a major socio-economic impact. With the ageing population, its occurrence and costs are expected to grow even more in the future. Disc degeneration is characterized by matrix breakdown, loss in proteoglycans and thus water content, disc height loss and an increase in inflammatory molecules. The accumulation of cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1 , IL-8 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-, together with age-related immune deficiency, leads to the so-called inflammaging – low-grade, chronic inflammation with a crucial role in pain development. Despite the relevance of these molecular processes, current therapies target symptoms, but not underlying causes. This review describes the biological and biomechanical changes that occur in a degenerated disc, discusses the connection between disc degeneration and inflammaging, highlights factors that enhance the inflammatory processes in disc pathologies and suggests future research avenues. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 519 KW - Intervertebral disc KW - chronic inflammation KW - inflammaging KW - senescence KW - mechanical loading KW - matrix fragmentation KW - obesity KW - Propionibacterium acnes Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-414081 IS - 519 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sun, Sheng-Yun A1 - Huang, Jin A1 - Meng, Min-Jie A1 - Lu, Jia-Hai A1 - Hocher, Berthold A1 - Liu, Kang-Li A1 - Yang, Qin-He A1 - Zhu, Xiao-Feng T1 - Improvement of lipid profile and reduction of body weight by Shan He Jian Fei Granules in high fat diet-induced obese rats JF - Clinical laboratory : the peer reviewed journal for clinical laboratories and laboratories related to blood transfusion N2 - Background: The goal was to study lipid profiles (TG, TC, LDL, HDL), effects on serum leptin, and fat tissue adiponectin, and resistin as well as body weight effects of Shan He Jian Fei Granules (SHJFG) in rats on a high fat diet. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into five groups: normal control group fed with normal fat diet, rats on high fat diet receiving low dosage, middle dosage, high dosage of Shan He Jian Fei Granules (SHJFG) as well as a high fat diet group receiving placebo. Rats were treated for 8 weeks. Body weight and naso-anal length of each rat were recorded and Lee's index was calculated. Serum TG, TC, LDL, HDL and leptin concentrations were analyzed. The gene expressions of adiponectin and resistin in adipose tissues were tested by RT-PCR. Results: Compared to the high-fat diet group, body weights, Lee's indexes, weight of fat tissues and serum TG, TC, LDL and leptin of SHJFG groups significantly decreased (p<0.05), whereas mRNA expressions of adiponectin and resistin of SHJFG groups significantly increased (p<0.05). Conclusions: SHJFG could significantly lower body weight and serum TG, TC, and LDL of obese rats. The effects of SHJFG in lowering leptin synthesis and raising mRNA expression of adiponectin and resistin in fat tissues may act as part of the mechanisms in lowering body weight of obese rats. Further studies are needed to demonstrate whether SHJFG may also reduce overall cardiovascular morbidity and mortality like other lipid lowering drugs. KW - obesity KW - high-fat diet KW - Shan He Jian Fei Granules (SHJFG) KW - lipid KW - adiponectin KW - resistin KW - leptin Y1 - 2012 SN - 1433-6510 VL - 58 IS - 1-2 SP - 81 EP - 87 PB - Clin Lab Publ., Verl. Klinisches Labor CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - THES A1 - Kasch, Juliane T1 - Impact of maternal high-fat consumption on offspring exercise performance, skeletal muscle energy metabolism, and obesity susceptibility T1 - Einfluss der maternalen Ernährung auf den Energiestoffwechsel des Skelettmuskels, die Ausdauerleistung und die Adipositasentwicklung der Nachkommen N2 - Background: Obesity is thought to be the consequence of an unhealthy nutrition and a lack of physical activity. Although the resulting metabolic alterations such as impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity can usually be improved by physical activity, some obese patients fail to enhance skeletal muscle metabolic health with exercise training. Since this might be largely heritable, maternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation is hypothesized to impair offspring skeletal muscle physiology. Objectives: This PhD thesis aims to investigate the consequences of maternal high-fat diet (mHFD) consumption on offspring skeletal muscle physiology and exercise performance. We could show that maternal high-fat diet during gestation and lactation decreases the offspring’s training efficiency and endurance performance by influencing the epigenetic profile of their skeletal muscle and altering the adaptation to an acute exercise bout, which in long-term, increases offspring obesity susceptibility. Experimental setup: To investigate this issue in detail, we conducted several studies with a similar maternal feeding regime. Dams (C57BL/6J) were either fed a low-fat diet (LFD; 10 energy% from fat) or high-fat diet (HFD; 40 energy% from fat) during pregnancy and lactation. After weaning, male offspring of both maternal groups were switched to a LFD, on which they remained until sacrifice in week 6, 15 or 25. In one study, LFD feeding was followed by HFD provision from week 15 until week 25 to elucidate the effects on offspring obesity susceptibility. In week 7, all mice were randomly allocated to a sedentary group (without running wheel) or an exercised group (with running wheel for voluntary exercise training). Additionally, treadmill endurance tests were conducted to investigate training performance and efficiency. In order to uncover regulatory mechanisms, each study was combined with a specific analytical setup, such as whole genome microarray analysis, gene and protein expression analysis, DNA methylation analyses, and enzyme activity assays. Results: mHFD offspring displayed a reduced training efficiency and endurance capacity. This was not due to an altered skeletal muscle phenotype with changes in fiber size, number, and type. DNA methylation measurements in 6 week old offspring showed a hypomethylation of the Nr4a1 gene in mHFD offspring leading to an increased gene expression. Since Nr4a1 plays an important role in the regulation of skeletal muscle energy metabolism and early exercise adaptation, this could affect offspring training efficiency and exercise performance in later life. Investigation of the acute response to exercise showed that mHFD offspring displayed a reduced gene expression of vascularization markers (Hif1a, Vegfb, etc) pointing towards a reduced angiogenesis which could possibly contribute to their reduced endurance capacity. Furthermore, an impaired glucose utilization of skeletal muscle during the acute exercise bout by an impaired skeletal muscle glucose handling was evidenced by higher blood glucose levels, lower GLUT4 translocation and diminished Lactate dehydrogenase activity in mHFD offspring immediately after the endurance test. These points towards a disturbed use of glucose as a substrate during endurance exercise. Prolonged HFD feeding during adulthood increases offspring fat mass gain in mHFD offspring compared to offspring from low-fat fed mothers and also reduces their insulin sensitivity pointing towards a higher obesity and diabetes susceptibility despite exercise training. Consequently, mHFD reduces offspring responsiveness to the beneficial effects of voluntary exercise training. Conclusion: The results of this PhD thesis demonstrate that mHFD consumption impairs the offspring’s training efficiency and endurance capacity, and reduced the beneficial effects of exercise on the development of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in the offspring. This might be due to changes in skeletal muscle epigenetic profile and/or an impaired skeletal muscle angiogenesis and glucose utilization during an acute exercise bout, which could contribute to a disturbed adaptive response to exercise training. N2 - Hintergrund: Übergewicht ist die Folge einer ungesunden Ernährung und einem Mangel an körperlicher Aktivität. Obwohl die daraus resultierenden metabolischen Veränderungen wie die beeinträchtigte Glukose-Homöostase und die Insulinsensitivität in der Regel durch körperliche Aktivität verbessert werden können, sind einige adipöse Patienten nicht in der Lage ihren Skelettmuskel-Metabolismus durch regelmäßiges Training zu verbessern. Da dies weitgehend vererbbar sein könnte, wird vermutet, dass die maternale Ernährung während der Gestation und Laktation einen beeinträchtigten Energiestoffwechsel des Skelettmuskels der Nachkommen begünstigt. Ziel: Ziel dieser Dissertation war es, den Einfluss der maternalen Hochfett-Diät (mHFD) auf den Skelettmuskel des Nachkommens zu untersuchen. Wir konnten zeigen, dass eine mHFD während der Gestation und Laktation die Trainingseffizienz und die Ausdauerleistung der Nachkommen verringert, verursacht durch die Veränderung des epigenetischen Profils des Skelettmuskels der Nachkommen und der verminderten Anpassung an eine akute Trainingsleistung, was langfristig die Anfälligkeit für die Entwicklung einer Adipositas im Nachkommen erhöht. Experimentelles Setup: Um dieses Thema ausführlich zu erforschen, hatten wir ein komplexes Studiendesign. Allen vier Studien ging dasselbe maternale Fütterungsregime voraus. Weibliche C57BL/6J Mäuse wurden entweder mit einer Niedrigfett-Diät (LFD; 10 Energie% aus Fett) oder Hochfett-Diät (HFD; 40 Energie% aus Fett) während der Gestation und Laktation gefüttert. Nach Absatz wurden die männlichen Nachkommen beider Gruppen auf eine LFD umgestellt, auf der sie bis zum Ende der jeweiligen Studie in der Woche 6, 15 oder 25 blieben. In einer Studie folgte auf die LFD-Fütterung eine HFD-Versorgung von Woche 15 bis Woche 25, um den Einfluss der maternalen Diät auf die Entwicklung einer Adipositas der Nachkommen aufzuklären. In der 7. Woche wurden alle Mäuse zufällig einer sesshaften Gruppe (ohne Laufrad) oder einer Trainingsgruppe (mit Laufrad für freiwilliges Trainingstraining) zugewiesen. Darüber hinaus wurden Laufband-Ausdauertests durchgeführt, um die Trainingsleistung und -effizienz zu untersuchen. Um die regulatorischen Mechanismen aufzudecken, wurde jede Studie mit einem spezifischen analytischen Aufbau kombiniert, wie z. B. einer Mikroarray-Analyse, Gen- und Protein-Expressionsanalysen, DNA-Methylierungsanalysen und Enzymaktivitäts-Assays. Ergebnisse: mHFD Nachkommen zeigten eine reduzierte Trainingseffizienz und Ausdauerkapazität. Dies ist nicht auf einen veränderten Skelettmuskel-Phänotyp mit Veränderungen der Muskelfasergröße, der Anzahl und der Muskelfasertypen zurückzuführen. DNA-Methylierungsmessungen bei 6 Wochen alten Nachkommen zeigten eine Hypomethylierung des Nr4a1-Gens in mHFD-Nachkommen, was wiederum in einer erhöhten Genexpression resultierte. Da Nr4a1 eine wichtige Rolle bei der Regulierung des Skelettmuskel-Energiestoffwechsels und der frühen Trainingsanpassung spielt, könnte dies die Trainingseffizienz und -leistung der Nachkommen im späteren Leben beeinflussen. Bei der Untersuchung der Reaktion auf eine akute Ausdauerleistung zeigten die mHFD-Nachkommen eine reduzierte Genexpression von Vaskularisierungsmarkern (Hif1a, Vegfb usw.), die auf eine reduzierte Angiogenese hindeuteten, welche eine Ursache für ihre verminderte Ausdauerkapazität darstellen könnte. Darüber hinaus wurde eine beeinträchtigte Glucoseverwertung des Skelettmuskels während des akuten Ausdauertrainings durch eine beeinträchtigte Glucose-Nutzung des Skelettmuskels mit erhöhten Blutzuckerwerten, einer verminderten GLUT4-Translokation und Laktatdehydrogenase-Aktivität in mHFD-Nachkommen unmittelbar nach dem Ausdauertest gezeigt. Dies weist auf eine gestörte Verwertung der Glucose als Substrat während des Ausdauertrainings hin. Länger andauernde HFD-Fütterung während des Erwachsenenalters erhöht die Fettmasse in mHFD-Nachkommen im Vergleich zu mLFD-Nachkommen und verringert zudem ihre Insulinsensitivität, was Hinweise auf eine erhöhte Adipositas- und Diabetes-Anfälligkeit gibt. Folglich führt die mHFD zu einer verminderten Anpassung der Nachkommen an die positiven Effekte des freiwilligen Laufrad-Trainings. Schlussfolgerung: Die Ergebnisse dieser Dissertation zeigen, dass der mHFD-Konsum die Trainingseffizienz und Ausdauerkapazität der Nachkommen beeinträchtigt, was die Adipositas- und Diabetes-Anfälligkeit im Erwachsenenalter erhöhen kann. Dies könnte auf Veränderungen im epigenetischen Profil des Skelettmuskels und/oder Beeinträchtigungen der Angiogenese und Glukoseverwertung im Skelettmuskel während eines akuten Ausdauertrainings zurückzuführen sein, was zu einer gestörten Anpassung der Nachkommen an das Training beitragen könnte. KW - maternal diet KW - offspring KW - exercise performance KW - skeletal muscle KW - obesity KW - maternale Ernährung KW - Nachkommen KW - Ausdauerleistung KW - Skelettmuskel KW - Adipositas Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-409703 ER - TY - THES A1 - Polemiti, Elli T1 - Identifying risk of microvascular and macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes T1 - Identifizierung des Risikos mikrovaskulärer und makrovaskulärer Komplikationen bei Typ-2-Diabetes BT - findings from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Potsdam Study BT - Ergebnisse der europäischen prospektiven Krebsforschung und Ernährungs-Potsdamer Studie N2 - Diabetes is hallmarked by high blood glucose levels, which cause progressive generalised vascular damage, leading to microvascular and macrovascular complications. Diabetes-related complications cause severe and prolonged morbidity and are a major cause of mortality among people with diabetes. Despite increasing attention to risk factors of type 2 diabetes, existing evidence is scarce or inconclusive regarding vascular complications and research investigating both micro- and macrovascular complications is lacking. This thesis aims to contribute to current knowledge by identifying risk factors – mainly related to lifestyle – of vascular complications, addressing methodological limitations of previous literature and providing comparative data between micro- and macrovascular complications. To address this overall aim, three specific objectives were set. The first was to investigate the effects of diabetes complication burden and lifestyle-related risk factors on the incidence of (further) complications. Studies suggest that diabetes complications are interrelated. However, they have been studied mainly independently of individuals’ complication burden. A five-state time-to-event model was constructed to examine the longitudinal patterns of micro- (kidney disease, neuropathy and retinopathy) and macrovascular complications (myocardial infarction and stroke) and their association with the occurrence of subsequent complications. Applying the same model, the effect of modifiable lifestyle factors, assessed alone and in combination with complication load, on the incidence of diabetes complications was studied. The selected lifestyle factors were body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, smoking status, physical activity, and intake of coffee, red meat, whole grains, and alcohol. Analyses were conducted in a cohort of 1199 participants with incident type 2 diabetes from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam, who were free of vascular complications at diabetes diagnosis. During a median follow-up time of 11.6 years, 96 cases of macrovascular complications (myocardial infarction and stroke) and 383 microvascular complications (kidney disease, neuropathy and retinopathy) were identified. In multivariable-adjusted models, the occurrence of a microvascular complication was associated with a higher incidence of further micro- (Hazard ratio [HR] 1.90; 95% Confidence interval [CI] 0.90, 3.98) and macrovascular complications (HR 4.72; 95% CI 1.25, 17.68), compared with persons without a complication burden. In addition, participants who developed a macrovascular event had a twofold higher risk of future microvascular complications (HR 2.26; 95% CI 1.05, 4.86). The models were adjusted for age, sex, state duration, education, lifestyle, glucose-lowering medication, and pre-existing conditions of hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Smoking was positively associated with macrovascular disease, while an inverse association was observed with higher coffee intake. Whole grain and alcohol intake were inversely associated with microvascular complications, and a U-shaped association was observed for red meat intake. BMI and waist circumference were positively associated with microvascular events. The associations between lifestyle factors and incidence of complications were not modified by concurrent complication burden, except for red meat intake and smoking status, where the associations were attenuated among individuals with a previous complication. The second objective was to perform an in-depth investigation of the association between BMI and BMI change and risk of micro- and macrovascular complications. There is an ongoing debate on the association between obesity and risk of macrovascular and microvascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes, with studies suggesting a protective effect among people with overweight or obesity. These findings, however, might be limited due to suboptimal control for smoking, pre-existing chronic disease, or short-follow-up. After additional exclusion of persons with cancer history at diabetes onset, the associations between pre-diagnosis BMI and relative annual change between pre- and post-diagnosis BMI and incidence of complications were evaluated in multivariable-adjusted Cox models. The analyses were adjusted for age, sex, education, smoking status and duration, physical activity, alcohol consumption, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and family history of diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Among 1083 EPIC-Potsdam participants, 85 macrovascular and 347 microvascular complications were identified during a median follow-up period of 10.8 years. Higher pre-diagnosis BMI was associated with an increased risk of total microvascular complications (HR per 5 kg/m2 1.21; 95% CI 1.07, 1.36), kidney disease (HR 1.39; 95% CI 1.21, 1.60) and neuropathy (HR 1.12; 95% CI 0.96, 1.31); but no association was observed for macrovascular complications (HR 1.05; 95% CI 0.81, 1.36). Effect modification was not evident by sex, smoking status, or age groups. In analyses according to BMI change categories, BMI loss of more than 1% indicated a decreased risk of total microvascular complications (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.47, 0.80), kidney disease (HR 0.57; 95% CI 0.40, 0.81) and neuropathy (HR 0.73; 95% CI 0.52, 1.03), compared with participants with a stable BMI. No clear association was observed for macrovascular complications (HR 1.04; 95% CI 0.62, 1.74). The impact of BMI gain on diabetes-related vascular disease was less evident. Associations were consistent across strata of age, sex, pre-diagnosis BMI, or medication but appeared stronger among never-smokers than current or former smokers. The last objective was to evaluate whether individuals with a high-risk profile for diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) also have a greater risk of complications. Within the EPIC-Potsdam study, two accurate prognostic tools were developed, the German Diabetes Risk Score (GDRS) and the CVD Risk Score (CVDRS), which predict the 5-year type 2 diabetes risk and 10-year CVD risk, respectively. Both scores provide a non-clinical and clinical version. Components of the risk scores include age, sex, waist circumference, prevalence of hypertension, family history of diabetes or CVD, lifestyle factors, and clinical factors (only in clinical versions). The association of the risk scores with diabetes complications and their discriminatory performance for complications were assessed. In crude Cox models, both versions of GDRS and CVDRS were positively associated with macrovascular complications and total microvascular complications, kidney disease and neuropathy. Higher GDRS was also associated with an elevated risk of retinopathy. The discrimination of the scores (clinical and non-clinical) was poor for all complications, with the C-index ranging from 0.58 to 0.66 for macrovascular complications and from 0.60 to 0.62 for microvascular complications. In conclusion, this work illustrates that the risk of complication development among individuals with type 2 diabetes is related to the existing complication load, and attention should be given to regular monitoring for future complications. It underlines the importance of weight management and adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviours, including high intake of whole grains, moderation in red meat and alcohol consumption and avoidance of smoking to prevent major diabetes-associated complications, regardless of complication burden. Risk scores predictive for type 2 diabetes and CVD were related to elevated risks of complications. By optimising several lifestyle and clinical factors, the risk score can be improved and may assist in lowering complication risk. N2 - Diabetes ist durch einen hohen Blutzuckerspiegel gekennzeichnet, der eine fortschreitende allgemeine Gefäßschädigung verursacht, die zu mikro- und makrovaskulären Komplikationen führt. Diabetesbedingte Komplikationen verursachen eine schwere und langanhaltende Morbidität und sind eine der Hauptursachen für die Mortalität von Menschen mit Diabetes. Trotz der zunehmenden Aufmerksamkeit der Erforschung der Risikofaktoren des Typ-2-Diabetes, ist die vorhandene Studienlage in Bezug auf vaskuläre Komplikationen nicht ein-deutig und nicht ausreichend. Diese Arbeit soll zum aktuellen Wissensstand beitragen, indem sie Risikofaktoren – hauptsächlich lebensstilbedingte Faktoren – für vaskuläre Komplikationen identifiziert, methodische Schwächen bisheriger Studien adressiert und vergleichende Daten zwischen mikro- und makrovaskulären Komplikationen liefert. Um dieses übergeordnete Ziel zu erreichen, wurden drei spezifische Ziele gesetzt. Das erste war die Untersuchung des Einflusses der Diabetes-Komplikationslast und lebensstilbezogener Risikofaktoren auf das Auftreten weiterer Komplikationen. Studien legen nahe, dass Diabeteskomplikationen in Wechselbeziehung zueinanderstehen. Allerdings wurden sie bisher hauptsächlich unabhängig von der individuellen Komplikationslast untersucht. Es wurde daher ein fünfstufiges Time-to-Event-Modell konstruiert, um die longitudinalen Muster von mikro- und makrovaskulären Komplikationen und deren Zusammenhang mit dem Auftreten von Folgekomplikationen zu untersuchen. Unter Anwendung desselben Modells wurde die Auswirkung modifizierbarer Lebensstilfaktoren, die allein und in Kombination mit der Komplikationslast untersucht wurden, auf das Auftreten von Diabeteskomplikatio-nen untersucht. Die ausgewählten Risikofaktoren waren der Body-Mass-Index (BMI), der Taillenumfang, der Raucherstatus, die körperliche Aktivität und der Konsum von Kaffee, rotem Fleisch, Vollkornprodukten und Alkohol. Die Analysen wurden in einer Kohorte von 1199 Teilnehmern mit neu diagnostiziertem Typ-2-Diabetes aus der European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Potsdam durchgeführt, die zum Zeitpunkt der Diabetesdiagnose frei von vaskulären Komplikationen waren. Während einer Nachbeobachtungszeit von 11,6 Jahren wurden 96 Fälle mit makrovaskulären Komplikati-onen (Myokardinfarkt und Schlaganfall) und 383 Fälle mit mikrovaskulären Komplikationen (Nierenerkrankungen, Neuropathie und Retinopathie) identifiziert. Das Auftreten einer mikrovaskulären Komplikation war mit einer höheren Inzidenz weiterer mikrovaskulärer Ereignisse (Hazard Ratio [HR] 1,90; 95% Konfidenzintervall [CI] 0,90, 3,98) und makrovaskulärer Komplikationen (HR 4,72; 95% CI 1,25, 17,68) assoziiert, verglichen mit Personen ohne Komplikationen. Darüber hinaus hatten Teilnehmende, die ein makrovaskuläres Ereignis entwickelten, ein doppelt so hohes Risiko für mikrovaskuläre Komplikationen (HR 2,26; 95% CI 1,05, 4,86). Die Modelle wurden für Alter, Geschlecht, Komplikationsdauer, Bildung, Lebensstil, glukosesenkende Medikamente und Vorerkrankungen wie Bluthochdruck und Dyslipidämie adjustiert. Rauchen war posi-tiv mit makrovaskulären Erkrankungen assoziiert, während eine inverse Assoziation für einen höheren Kaffeekonsum beobachtet wurde. Vollkorn- und Alkoholkonsum waren invers mit mikrovaskulären Komplikationen assoziiert, und eine U-förmige Assoziation wurde für den Konsum von rotem Fleisch beobachtet. BMI und Taillenumfang waren positiv mit mikrovaskulären Ereignissen assoziiert. Die Zusammenhänge zwischen Lebensstilfaktoren und Komplikationen wurden durch gleichzeitige Komplikationsbelastung nicht verändert, mit Ausnahme für den Verzehr von rotem Fleisch und dem Raucherstatus, dort waren die Assoziationen bei Personen mit Komplikationen abgeschwächt. Das zweite Ziel war die Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs zwischen BMI und BMI-Änderung und dem Risiko für mikro- und makrovaskuläre Komplikationen. Es gibt eine anhaltende Debatte über den Zusammenhang zwischen Adipositas und dem Risiko für makrovaskuläre und mikrovaskuläre Folgeerkrankungen bei Typ-2-Diabetes, bei der einige Studien einen protektiven Zusammenhang bei Menschen mit Übergewicht oder Adipositas nahelegen. Diese Ergebnisse könnten auf methodische Schwächen zurückzuführen sein, einschließlich einer suboptimalen Adjustierung für Rauchen, bestehende chronische Erkrankungen und eine kurze Nachbeobachtungszeit. Nach zusätzlichem Ausschluss von Personen mit einer bestehenden Krebserkrankung zu Diabetesbeginn, wurden die Zusam-menhänge zwischen BMI vor der Diagnose und die relative jährliche Veränderung zwischen BMI vor und nach der Diagnose hinsichtlich der Inzidenz von Komplikationen in Cox-Modellen ausgewertet. Die Analysen wurden für Alter, Geschlecht, Bildung, Raucherstatus und -dauer, körperliche Aktivität, Alkoholkonsum, Einhaltung der mediterranen Ernährung und Familienanamnese von Diabetes und kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen (CVD) adjustiert. Unter den 1083 Teilnehmern wurden 85 makrovaskuläre und 347 mikrovaskuläre Komplikationen während einer Nachbeobachtungszeit von 10,8 Jahren identifiziert. Ein höherer BMI vor der Diagnose war mit einem erhöhten Risiko für mikrovaskuläre Komplikationen insgesamt (HR pro 5 kg/m2 1,21; 95% CI 1,07, 1,36), Nierenerkrankungen (HR 1,39; 95% CI 1,21, 1,60) und Neuropathie (HR 1,12; 95% CI 0,96, 1,31) assozi-iert; für makrovaskuläre Komplikationen wurde jedoch kein Zusammenhang beobachtet (HR 1,05; 95% CI 0,81, 1,36). Analysen nach BMI-Kategorien bestätigten diese Ergebnisse. Es gab keine Hinweise für Effektmodifikation mit Geschlecht, Raucherstatus oder Alter. In den Analysen für BMI-Änderung zeigte sich, dass eine BMI-Abnahme von mehr als 1 % mit einem verringerten Risiko für mikrovaskuläre Komplikationen (HR 0,62; 95% CI 0,47, 0,80), Nierenerkrankungen (HR 0,57; 95% CI 0,40, 0,81) und Neuropathie (HR 0,73; 95% CI 0,52, 1,03) verbunden war, verglichen mit Teilnehmern mit einem stabilen BMI. Für makrovaskuläre Komplikationen wurde kein eindeutiger Zusammenhang beobachtet (HR 1,04; 95% CI 0,62, 1,74). Die Assoziationen waren in den Strata nach Alter, Ge-schlecht, BMI vor der Diagnose oder Medikation hinweg konsistent, schienen aber bei lebenslangen Nichtrauchern stärker zu sein als bei Rauchern oder ehemaligen Rauchern. Das letzte Ziel war es zu untersuchen, ob Personen mit einem Hochrisikoprofil für Di-abetes und CVD auch ein höheres Risiko für Komplikationen haben. Im Rahmen der EPIC-Potsdam-Studie wurden zwei präzise Prognoseinstrumente entwickelt, der German Diabetes Risk Score (GDRS) und der CVD Risk Score (CVDRS), die das 5-Jahres-Risiko für Typ-2-Diabetes bzw. das 10-Jahres-Risiko für CVD vorhersagen. Beide Scores sind als nicht-klinische und klinische Version verfügbar. Zu den Komponenten der Risikoscores gehören Alter, Geschlecht, Taillenumfang, Prävalenz von Bluthochdruck, familiäre Krankheitsvorgeschichte (Diabetes oder CVD), modifizierbare Lebensstilfaktoren und klinische Parameter (nur in den klinischen Versionen). Die Assoziation der Risikoscores mit Diabeteskomplikationen und ihre Diskriminierungsfähigkeit für Komplikationen wurden bewertet. In unadjustierten Cox-Modellen waren beide Versionen (GDRS und CVDRS) positiv mit makrovaskulären Komplikationen und insgesamt mit mikrovaskulären Komplikatio-nen, Nierenerkrankungen und Neuropathie in Personen mit Typ-2-Diabetes assoziiert. Ein höherer GDRS war auch mit einem erhöhten Risiko für eine Retinopathie assoziiert. Die Diskriminierung der Scores (klinisch und nicht-klinisch) war für alle Komplikationen gering, wobei der C-Index für makrovaskuläre Komplikationen von 0,58 bis 0,66 und für mikrovaskuläre Komplikationen von 0,60 bis 0,62 reichte. Zusammenfassend zeigt diese Arbeit, dass das Risiko für die Entwicklung von Komplikati-onen bei Personen mit Typ-2-Diabetes mit der bestehenden Komplikationslast zusammenhängt und dass eine regelmäßige Überwachung von zukünftigen Komplikationen wichtig ist. Sie unterstreicht die Bedeutung des Gewichtsmanagements und der Einhaltung gesunder Lebensgewohnheiten, einschließlich eines hohen Verzehrs von Vollkornprodukten, eines moderaten Konsums von rotem Fleisch und Alkohol, sowie des Verzichts auf das Rauchen, um schwere diabetesassoziierte Komplikationen, unabhängig von der Komplikationslast, zu verhindern. Die Risiko-Scores für Typ-2-Diabetes und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen waren mit einem erhöhten Komplikations-Risiko assoziiert. Durch die Optimierung des Lebens-stils und der klinischen Faktoren kann der Risikoscore verbessert werden, was das Auftreten von diabetesassoziierten Komplikationen verringern könnte. KW - type 2 diabetes KW - microvascular complications KW - macrovascular complications KW - nephropathy KW - neuropathy KW - retinopathy KW - CVD KW - myocardial infarction KW - stroke KW - lifestyle KW - diet KW - obesity KW - BMI KW - weight loss KW - risk scores KW - coffee KW - whole grains KW - physical activity KW - red meat KW - smoking KW - alcohol intake KW - Body-Mass-Index KW - Herzkreislauferkrankungen KW - Alkoholkonsum KW - Kaffee KW - Diät KW - Lebensstil KW - makrovaskuläre Komplikationen KW - mikrovaskuläre Komplikationen KW - Herzinfarkt KW - Nephropathie KW - Neuropathie KW - Adipositas KW - körperliche Aktivität KW - rotes Fleisch KW - Retinopathie KW - Risikobewertungen KW - Rauchen KW - Schlaganfall KW - Typ 2 Diabetes KW - Gewichtsverlust KW - Vollkorn Y1 - 2022 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-571038 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Blaut, Michael T1 - Gut microbiota and energy balance BT - Role in obesity T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - The microbial community populating the human digestive tract has been linked to the development of obesity, diabetes and liver diseases. Proposed mechanisms on how the gut microbiota could contribute to obesity and metabolic diseases include: (1) improved energy extraction from diet by the conversion of dietary fibre to SCFA; (2) increased intestinal permeability for bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in response to the consumption of high-fat diets resulting in an elevated systemic LPS level and low-grade inflammation. Animal studies indicate differences in the physiologic effects of fermentable and non-fermentable dietary fibres as well as differences in long-and short-term effects of fermentable dietary fibre. The human intestinal microbiome is enriched in genes involved in the degradation of indigestible polysaccharides. The extent to which dietary fibres are fermented and in which molar ratio SCFA are formed depends on their physicochemical properties and on the individual microbiome. Acetate and propionate play an important role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Acetate serves as a substrate for de novo lipogenesis in liver, whereas propionate can be utilised for gluconeogenesis. The conversion of fermentable dietary fibre to SCFA provides additional energy to the host which could promote obesity. However, epidemiologic studies indicate that diets rich in fibre rather prevent than promote obesity development. This may be due to the fact that SCFA are also ligands of free fatty acid receptors (FFAR). Activation of FFAR leads to an increased expression and secretion of enteroendocrine hormones such as glucagon-like-peptide 1 or peptide YY which cause satiety. In conclusion, the role of SCFA in host energy balance needs to be re-evaluated. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 602 KW - gut microbiota KW - dietary fibre KW - energy extraction KW - SCFA KW - obesity KW - mouse studies Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-414462 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 602 SP - 227 EP - 234 ER - TY - THES A1 - Brachs, Maria T1 - Genome wide expression analysis and metabolic mechanisms predicting body weight maintenance T1 - Genomweite Expressions-Analyse und metabolische Mechanismen bestimmen den Körpergewichtserhalt N2 - Obesity is a major health problem for many developing and industrial countries. Increasing rates reach almost 50 % of the population in some countries and related metabolic diseases including cardiovascular events and T2DM are challenging the health systems. Adiposity, an increase in body fat mass, is a major hallmark of obesity. Adipose tissue is long known not only to store lipids but also to influence whole-body metabolism including food intake, energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity. Adipocytes can store lipids and thereby protect other tissue from lipotoxic damage. However, if the energy intake is higher than the energy expenditure over a sustained time period, adipose tissue will expand. This can lead to an impaired adipose tissue function resulting in higher levels of plasma lipids, which can affect other tissue like skeletal muscle, finally leading to metabolic complications. Several studies showed beneficial metabolic effects of weight reduction in obese subjects immediately after weight loss. However, weight regain is frequently observed along with potential negative effects on cardiovascular risk factors and a high intra-individual response. We performed a body weight maintenance study investigating the mechanisms of weight maintenance after intended WR. Therefore we used a low caloric diet followed by a 12-month life-style intervention. Comprehensive phenotyping including fat and muscle biopsies was conducted to investigate hormonal as well as metabolic influences on body weight regulation. In this study, we showed that weight reduction has numerous potentially beneficial effects on metabolic parameters. After 3-month WR subjects showed significant weight and fat mass reduction, lower TG levels as well as higher insulin sensitivity. Using RNA-Seq to analyse whole fat and muscle transcriptome a strong impact of weight reduction on adipose tissue gene expression was observed. Gene expression alterations over weight reduction included several cellular metabolic genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism as well as insulin signalling and regulatory pathways. These changes were also associated with anthropometric parameters assigning body composition. Our data indicated that weight reduction leads to a decreased expression of several lipid catabolic as well as anabolic genes. Long-term body weight maintenance might be influenced by several parameters including hormones, metabolic intermediates as well as the transcriptional landscape of metabolic active tissues. Our data showed that genes involved in biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids might influence the BMI 18-month after a weight reduction phase. This was further supported by analysing metabolic parameters including RQ and FFA levels. We could show that subjects maintaining their lost body weight had a higher RQ and lower FFA levels, indicating increased metabolic flexibility in subjects. Using this transcriptomic approach we hypothesize that low expression levels of lipid synthetic genes in adipose tissue together with a higher mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle tissue might be beneficial in terms of body weight maintenance. N2 - Die Adipositas hat sich in den letzten Jahren zu einem deutlichen Gesundheitsproblem in Industrie- und Entwicklungsländern entwickelt. So sind in einigen Länder bis zu 50 % der Bevölkerung übergewichtig und Begleiterkrankungen wie Herzkreislauferkrankungen und Typ 2 Diabetes belasten das Gesundheitssystem. Ein Anstieg der Körperfettmasse spielt bei der Adipositas eine große Rolle. Mittlerweile ist bekannt, dass Fettgewebe nicht nur Lipide speichert, sondern auch den Gesamtmetabolismus wie Nahrungsaufnahme, Energieumsatz und Insulinsensitivität beeinflusst. Lipide werden in Adipozyten gespeichert und verhindern so eine vermehrte Fetteinlagerung in andere Gewebe. Somit stellt das Fettgewebe ein wichtiges Organ dar, das andere periphere Gewebe vor dem toxischen Effekt erhöhter Lipidspiegel schütz. Ist über einen längeren Zeitraum die Energiezufuhr höher als der Energieverbrauch, kommt es zu einer Expansion des Fettgewebes. Dies kann im weiteren Verlauf zu einer Dysfunktion der Adipozyten und des Fettgewebes führen. Erhöhte Lipidspiegel können dann nicht mehr im Fettgewebe gespeichert werden und es kommt zu einer Anreicherung in der Peripherie. Vor allem das Muskelgewebe und die Leber sind hiervon betroffen, was zu weiteren metabolischen Komplikationen führt. Eine Gewichtsreduktion führt in adipösen Personen zu einer Verbesserung zahlreicher metabolischer Parameter. Diverse Studien zeigten jedoch, dass nur ein geringer Anteil dieser Personen in der Lage waren, das reduzierte Körpergewicht zu erhalten. Diese Wiederzunahme des Körpergewichts führt unter anderem zu einer Erhöhung des kardiovaskulären Risikos. Im Allgemeinen ist eine hohe Variabilität bei der Gewichtsreduktion und der Wiederzunahme zu beobachten. Diese Arbeit basiert auf Daten einer Studie, die Effekte einer Gewichtsreduktion auf den Gewichtserhalt untersucht. Nach einer 3-monatigen Gewichtsreduktion mittels einer niederkalorischen Diät wurden die Probanden in Kontroll- und Interventionsgruppe eingeteilt. Anthropometrische sowie metabolische Parameter inklusive Muskel- und Fettgewebsbiopsien wurden erfasst. In dieser Studie konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine Gewichtsreduktion verschiedenste positive Auswirkungen auf den Metabolismus der Teilnehmer hat. Die Probanden zeigten nach 3-monatiger Gewichtsreduktion eine signifikante Reduktion des Körpergewichts und der Fettmasse, erniedrigte Triglyzerid Spiegel und eine verbesserte Insulinsensitivität. Mittels RNA-Seq konnten wir zusätzlich zeigen, dass eine Gewichtsreduktion deutliche Auswirkungen auf das Transkriptom des Fettgewebes besitzt. Unter anderem wurden Genexpressionsveränderungen im Bereich zell-metabolischer Gene wie Lipid- und Glukosestoffwechsel als auch im Bereich des Insulinsignalweges und regulatorischer Gene ermittelt. Diese Expressionsveränderungen zeigten auch einen Zusammenhang mit dem BMI. Unsere Daten weisen darauf hin, dass eine Gewichtsreduktion zu einer Erniedrigung der Expression von Genen im Fettstoffwechsel führt. Ein langfristiger Gewichtserhalt wird durch zahlreiche Parameter wie Hormone, Stoffwechselintermediate und vermutlich auch den transkriptionellen Zustand im metabolisch aktiven Gewebe beeinflusst. Die hier gezeigten Daten deuten darauf hin, dass Gene beteiligt in der Biosynthese von ungesättigten Fettsäuren den BMI 18 Monate nach einer Gewichtsreduktion beeinflussen. Weitere Analysen in Bezug auf den RQ und die FFA Spiegel bestätigen diese Daten. Wir konnten zeigen, dass der Gewichtserhalt mit einem erhöhten RQ und niedrigen FFA Spiegel korrelierten. Dies könnte auf eine erhöhte metabolische Flexibilität in Personen mit Gewichtserhalt hinweisen. Aufgrund dieser Daten spekulieren wir, dass eine niedrige Expression von Lipidsynthese-Genen im Fettgewebe zusammen mit einer erhöhten mitochondrialen Aktivität im Skeletmuskel einen positiven Einfluss auf einen langfristigen Gewichtserhalt besitzt. KW - obesity KW - body weight loss KW - RNA Sequencing KW - body weight maintenance KW - Adipositas KW - Körpergewichtsverlust KW - RNA Sequenzierung KW - Körpergewichsterhalt Y1 - 2015 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100767 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Gmeiner, Michaela A1 - Morawietz, Marisa A1 - Rinck, Mike T1 - Evaluation of an approach-avoidance training intervention for children and adolescents with obesity BT - a randomized placebo-controlled prospective trial JF - European eating disorders review : the professional journal of the Eating Disorders Associatio N2 - This study evaluated the efficacy of approach-avoidance training as an additional treatment for children and adolescents with obesity seeking inpatient treatment. Two hundred thirty-two participants (8-16years, 53.9% girls) were randomly assigned either to multisession approach-avoidance (IG) or to placebo training (CG). As outcomes, cognitive biases post intervention, body mass index, eating behaviour, food intake, self-regulation, and weight-related quality of life were assessed, also at 6- and 12-month follow-up. Modification of approach-avoidance bias was observed, but lacked in transfer over sessions and in generalization to attention and association bias. After 6months, the IG reported less problematic food consumption, higher self-regulation, and higher quality of life; effects did not persist until the 12-month follow-up; no significant interaction effects were observed regarding weight course. Despite there was no direct effect on weight course, approach-avoidance training seems to be associated with promising effects on important pillars for weight loss. Further research concerning clinical effectiveness is warranted. KW - approach-avoidance training KW - child KW - cognitive bias modification KW - intervention KW - obesity Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/erv.2607 SN - 1072-4133 SN - 1099-0968 VL - 26 IS - 5 SP - 472 EP - 482 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Vickers, Steven P. A1 - Cheetham, Sharon C. A1 - Birmingham, Gareth D. A1 - Rowley, Helen L. A1 - Headland, Katie R. A1 - Dickinson, Keith A1 - Grempler, Rolf A1 - Hocher, Berthold A1 - Mark, Michael A1 - Klein, Thomas T1 - Effects of the DPP-4 Inhibitor, Linagliptin, in Diet-Induced obese rats a comparison in Naive and Exenatide-Treated Animals JF - Clinical laboratory : the peer reviewed journal for clinical laboratories and laboratories related to blood transfusion N2 - Background: To assess the chronic effect of the DPP-4 inhibitor, linagliptin, alone, in combination with exenatide, and during exenatide withdrawal, in diet-induced obese (DIO) rats. Methods: Female Wistar rats were exposed to a cafeteria diet to induce obesity. Animals were then dosed with vehicle or linagliptin (3 mg/kg PO) orally once-daily for a 28 day period. In a subsequent study, rats received exenatide (either 3 or 30 mu g/kg/day) or vehicle by osmotic mini-pump for 28 days. In addition, groups of animals were dosed orally with linagliptin either alone or in combination with a 3 mu g/kg/day exenatide dose for the study duration. In a final study, rats were administered exenatide (30 mu g/kg/day) or vehicle by osmotic mini-pump for eleven days. Subsequently, exenatide-treated animals were transferred to vehicle or continued exenatide infusion for a further ten days. Animals transferred from exenatide to vehicle were also dosed orally with either vehicle or linagliptin. In all studies, body weight, food and water intake were recorded daily and relevant plasma parameters and carcass composition were determined. Results: In contrast to exenatide, linagliptin did not significantly reduce body weight or carcass fat in DIO rats versus controls. Linagliptin augmented the effect of exenatide to reduce body fat when given in combination but did not affect the body weight response. In rats withdrawn from exenatide, weight regain was observed such that body weight was not significantly different to controls. Linagliptin reduced weight regain after withdrawal of exenatide such that a significant difference from controls was evident. Conclusions: These data demonstrate that linagliptin does not significantly alter body weight in either untreated or exenatide-treated DIO rats, although it delays weight gain after exenatide withdrawal. This finding may suggest the utility of DPP-4 inhibitors in reducing body weight during periods of weight gain. KW - Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitor KW - Linagliptin KW - obesity KW - weight loss Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2011.110919 SN - 1433-6510 VL - 58 IS - 7-8 SP - 787 EP - 799 PB - Clin Lab Publ., Verl. Klinisches Labor CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Zitzmann, Jana T1 - Does an Age-Specific Treatment Program Augment the Efficacy of a Cognitive-Behavioral Weight Loss Program in Adolescence and Young Adulthood? Results from a Controlled Study BT - Results from a Controlled Study T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Research on weight-loss interventions in emerging adulthood is warranted. Therefore, a cognitive-behavioral group treatment (CBT), including development-specific topics for adolescents and young adults with obesity (YOUTH), was developed. In a controlled study, we compared the efficacy of this age-specific CBT group intervention to an age-unspecific CBT group delivered across ages in an inpatient setting. The primary outcome was body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) over the course of one year; secondary outcomes were health-related and disease-specific quality of life (QoL). 266 participants aged 16 to 21 years (65% females) were randomized. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol analyses (PPA) were performed. For both group interventions, we observed significant and clinically relevant improvements in BMI-SDS and QoL over the course of time with small to large effect sizes. Contrary to our hypothesis, the age-specific intervention was not superior to the age-unspecific CBT-approach. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 584 KW - adolescents KW - emerging adults KW - behavioral weight loss KW - obesity KW - controlled trial KW - quality of life Y1 - 2019 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-439424 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 584 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Zitzmann, Jana T1 - Does an Age-Specific Treatment Program Augment the Efficacy of a Cognitive-Behavioral Weight Loss Program in Adolescence and Young Adulthood? BT - Results from a Controlled Study JF - Nutrients N2 - Research on weight-loss interventions in emerging adulthood is warranted. Therefore, a cognitive-behavioral group treatment (CBT), including development-specific topics for adolescents and young adults with obesity (YOUTH), was developed. In a controlled study, we compared the efficacy of this age-specific CBT group intervention to an age-unspecific CBT group delivered across ages in an inpatient setting. The primary outcome was body mass index standard deviation score (BMI-SDS) over the course of one year; secondary outcomes were health-related and disease-specific quality of life (QoL). 266 participants aged 16 to 21 years (65% females) were randomized. Intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol analyses (PPA) were performed. For both group interventions, we observed significant and clinically relevant improvements in BMI-SDS and QoL over the course of time with small to large effect sizes. Contrary to our hypothesis, the age-specific intervention was not superior to the age-unspecific CBT-approach. KW - adolescents KW - emerging adults KW - behavioral weight loss KW - obesity KW - controlled trial KW - quality of life Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11092053 SN - 2072-6643 VL - 2019 IS - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kröller, Katja T1 - Childhood overweight and obesity BT - maternal perceptions of the time for engaging in child weight management N2 - Background: There is an increasing awareness of the impact of parental risk perception on the weight course of the child and the parent's readiness to engage in preventive efforts, but only less is known about factors related to the parental perception of the right time for the implementation of preventive activities. The aim of this study was to examine parental perceptions of the appropriate time to engage in child weight management strategies, and the factors associated with different weight points at which mothers recognize the need for preventive actions. Methods: 352 mothers with children aged 2-10 years took part in the study. We assessed mothers' perceptions of the actual and preferred weight status of their child, their ability to identify overweight and knowledge of its associated health risks, as well as perceptions of the right time for action to prevent overweight in their child. A regression analysis was conducted to examine whether demographic and weight related factors as well as the maternal general risk perception were associated with recognizing the need to implement prevention strategies. Results: Although most of the parents considered a BMI in the 75th to 90th percentile a valid reason to engage in the prevention of overweight, 19% of the mothers were not willing to engage in prevention until their child reached the 97th percentile. Whereas the child's sex and the identification of an elevated BMI were significant predictors for parents' recognition of the 75th percentile as right point to engage in prevention efforts, an inability to recognize physical health risks associated with overweight silhouettes emerged as a significant factor predicting which parents would delay prevention efforts until a child's BMI reached the 97th percentile. Conclusion: Parental misperceptions of overweight and associated health risks constitute unfavorable conditions for preventive actions. Feedback on the health risks associated with overweight could help increase maternal readiness for change. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 340 KW - maternal perception KW - need for action KW - prevention KW - obesity KW - overweight KW - children Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400954 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Göldel, Julia M. A1 - Kamrath, Clemens A1 - Minden, Kirsten A1 - Wiegand, Susanna A1 - Lanzinger, Stefanie A1 - Sengler, Claudia A1 - Weihrauch-Blüher, Susann A1 - Holl, Reinhard W. A1 - Tittel, Sascha René A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Access to Healthcare for Children and Adolescents with a Chronic Health Condition during the COVID-19 Pandemic: First Results from the KICK-COVID Study in Germany JF - Children N2 - This study examines the access to healthcare for children and adolescents with three common chronic diseases (type-1 diabetes (T1D), obesity, or juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)) within the 4th (Delta), 5th (Omicron), and beginning of the 6th (Omicron) wave (June 2021 until July 2022) of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in a cross-sectional study using three national patient registries. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire was given to parents of pediatric patients (<21 years) during the routine check-ups. The questionnaire contains self-constructed items assessing the frequency of healthcare appointments and cancellations, remote healthcare, and satisfaction with healthcare. In total, 905 parents participated in the T1D-sample, 175 in the obesity-sample, and 786 in the JIA-sample. In general, satisfaction with healthcare (scale: 0–10; 10 reflecting the highest satisfaction) was quite high (median values: T1D 10, JIA 10, obesity 8.5). The proportion of children and adolescents with canceled appointments was relatively small (T1D 14.1%, JIA 11.1%, obesity 20%), with a median of 1 missed appointment, respectively. Only a few parents (T1D 8.6%; obesity 13.1%; JIA 5%) reported obstacles regarding health services during the pandemic. To conclude, it seems that access to healthcare was largely preserved for children and adolescents with chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. KW - chronic health condition KW - children and adolescents KW - health care KW - COVID-19 pandemic KW - diabetes KW - rheumatic diseases KW - obesity Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/children10010010 SN - 2227-9067 VL - 10 SP - 1 EP - 11 PB - MDPI CY - Basel, Schweiz ET - 1 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Göldel, Julia M. A1 - Kamrath, Clemens A1 - Minden, Kirsten A1 - Wiegand, Susanna A1 - Lanzinger, Stefanie A1 - Sengler, Claudia A1 - Weihrauch-Blüher, Susann A1 - Holl, Reinhard W. A1 - Tittel, Sascha René A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Access to Healthcare for Children and Adolescents with a Chronic Health Condition during the COVID-19 Pandemic: First Results from the KICK-COVID Study in Germany T2 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - This study examines the access to healthcare for children and adolescents with three common chronic diseases (type-1 diabetes (T1D), obesity, or juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA)) within the 4th (Delta), 5th (Omicron), and beginning of the 6th (Omicron) wave (June 2021 until July 2022) of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany in a cross-sectional study using three national patient registries. A paper-and-pencil questionnaire was given to parents of pediatric patients (<21 years) during the routine check-ups. The questionnaire contains self-constructed items assessing the frequency of healthcare appointments and cancellations, remote healthcare, and satisfaction with healthcare. In total, 905 parents participated in the T1D-sample, 175 in the obesity-sample, and 786 in the JIA-sample. In general, satisfaction with healthcare (scale: 0–10; 10 reflecting the highest satisfaction) was quite high (median values: T1D 10, JIA 10, obesity 8.5). The proportion of children and adolescents with canceled appointments was relatively small (T1D 14.1%, JIA 11.1%, obesity 20%), with a median of 1 missed appointment, respectively. Only a few parents (T1D 8.6%; obesity 13.1%; JIA 5%) reported obstacles regarding health services during the pandemic. To conclude, it seems that access to healthcare was largely preserved for children and adolescents with chronic health conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 812 KW - chronic health condition KW - children and adolescents KW - health care KW - COVID-19 pandemic KW - diabetes KW - rheumatic diseases KW - obesity Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-578363 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 812 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mumm, Rebekka A1 - Hermanussen, Michael T1 - A short note on the BMI and on secular changes in BMI JF - Human biology and public health N2 - Human size changes over time with worldwide secular trends in height, weight, and body mass index (BMI). There is general agreement to relate the state of nutrition to height and weight, and to ratios of weight-to-height. The BMI is a ratio. It is commonly used to classify underweight, overweight and obesity in adults. Yet, the BMI is inappropriate to provide any immediate information on body composition. It is accepted that the BMI is “a simple index to classify underweight, overweight and obesity in adults”. It is stated that “policies, programmes and investments need to be “nutrition-sensitive”, which means they must have positive impacts on nutrition”. It is also stated that “a need for policies that address all forms of malnutrition by making healthy foods accessible and affordable, while restricting unhealthy foods through fiscal and regulatory restrictions“. But these statements are neither warranted by arithmetic considerations, nor by historic evidence. Measuring the BMI is an appropriate screening tool for detecting an unusual weight-to-height ratio, but the BMI is an inappropriate tool for estimating body composition, or suggesting medical and health policy decisions. KW - body mass index KW - secular trend KW - weight-to-height ratio KW - malnutrition KW - obesity Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.52905/hbph.v2.17 SN - 2748-9957 IS - 2 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER -