TY - JOUR A1 - Rodriguez-Villagra, Odir Antonio A1 - Göthe, Katrin A1 - Oberauer, Klaus A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Working memory capacity in a go/no-go task - age differences in interference, processing speed, and attentional control JF - Developmental psychology N2 - We tested the limits of working-memory capacity (WMC) of young adults, old adults, and children with a memory-updating task. The task consisted of mentally shifting spatial positions within a grid according to arrows, their color signaling either only go (control) or go/no-go conditions. The interference model (IM) of Oberauer and Kliegl (2006) was simultaneously fitted to the data of all groups. In addition to the 3 main model parameters (feature overlap, noise, and processing rate), we estimated the time for switching between go and no-go steps as a new model parameter. In this study, we examined the IM parameters across the life span. The IM parameter estimates show that (a) conditions were not different in interference by feature overlap and interference by confusion; (b) switching costs time; (c) young adults and children were less susceptible than old adults to interference due to feature overlap; (d) noise was highest for children, followed by old and young adults; (e) old adults differed from children and young adults in lower processing rate; and (f) children and old adults had a larger switch cost between go steps and no-go steps. Thus, the results of this study indicated that across age, the IM parameters contribute distinctively for explaining the limits of WMC. KW - working memory capacity KW - interference model KW - inhibition KW - children KW - old adults and young adults Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030883 SN - 0012-1649 VL - 49 IS - 9 SP - 1683 EP - 1696 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaouachi, Mehdi A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Makhlouf, Issam A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Behm, David G. A1 - Chaouachi, Anis T1 - Within Session Sequence of Balance and Plyometric Exercises Does Not Affect Training Adaptations with Youth Soccer Athletes JF - Journal of sports science & medicine N2 - The integration of balance and plyometric training has been shown to provide significant improvements in sprint, jump, agility, and other performance measures in young athletes. It is not known if a specific within session balance and plyometric exercise sequence provides more effective training adaptations. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of using a sequence of alternating pairs of exercises versus a block (series) of all balance exercises followed by a block of plyometric exercises on components of physical fitness such as muscle strength, power, speed, agility, and balance. Twenty-six male adolescent soccer players ( 13.9 +/- 0.3 years) participated in an 8-week training program that either alternated individual balance (e. g., exercises on unstable surfaces) and plyometric (e. g., jumps, hops, rebounds) exercises or performed a block of balance exercises prior to a block of plyometric exercises within each training session. Pre- and post-training measures included proxies of strength, power, agility, sprint, and balance such as countermovement jumps, isometric back and knee extension strength, standing long jump, 10 and 30-m sprints, agility, standing stork, and Y-balance tests. Both groups exhibited significant, generally large magnitude (effect sizes) training improvements for all measures with mean performance increases of approximately > 30%. There were no significant differences between the training groups over time. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining balance and plyometric exercises within a training session on components of physical fitness with young adolescents. The improved performance outcomes were not significantly influenced by the within session exercise sequence. KW - Power KW - strength KW - jumps KW - sprints KW - balance KW - children Y1 - 2017 SN - 1303-2968 VL - 16 SP - 125 EP - 136 PB - Department of Sports Medicine, Medical Faculty of Uludag University CY - Bursa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Li, Jianghong A1 - Bünning, Mareike A1 - Kaiser, Till A1 - Hipp, Lena T1 - Who suffered most? BT - parental stress and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany JF - Journal of family research N2 - Objective: This study examines gender and socioeconomic inequalities in parental psychological wellbeing (parenting stress and psychological distress) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany. Background: The dramatic shift of childcare and schooling responsibility from formal institutions to private households during the pandemic has put families under enormous stress and raised concerns about caregivers' health and wellbeing. Despite the overwhelming media attention to families’ wellbeing, to date limited research has examined parenting stress and parental psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly in Germany. Method: We analyzed four waves of panel data (N= 1,771) from an opt-in online survey, which was conducted between March 2020 and April 2021. Multivariable OLS regressions were used to estimate variations in the pandemic's effects on parenting stress and psychological distress by various demographic and socioeconomic characteristics. Results: Overall, levels of parenting stress and psychological distress increased during the pandemic. During the first and third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, mothers, parents with children younger than 11 years, parents with two or more children, parents working from home as well as parents with financial insecurity experienced higher parenting stress than other sociodemographic groups. Moreover, women, respondents with lower incomes, single parents, and parents with younger children experienced higher levels of psychological distress than other groups. Conclusion: Gender and socioeconomic inequalities in parents' psychological wellbeing increased among the study participants during the pandemic. KW - COVID-19 KW - parenting stress KW - gender inequality KW - mental health KW - psychological distress KW - Germany KW - children Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.20377/jfr-704 SN - 2699-2337 VL - 34 IS - 1 SP - 281 EP - 309 PB - University of Bamberg Press CY - Bamberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Ursina A1 - Ernst, Dominique A1 - Schott, Silvia A1 - Riera, Claudia A1 - Hattendorf, Jan A1 - Romkes, Jacqueline A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Göpfert, Beat A1 - Kriemler, Susi T1 - Validation of two accelerometers to determine mechanical loading of physical activities in children JF - Journal of sports sciences N2 - The purpose of this study was to assess the validity of accelerometers using force plates (i.e., ground reaction force (GRF)) during the performance of different tasks of daily physical activity in children. Thirteen children (10.1 (range 5.4-15.7)years, 3 girls) wore two accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+ (ACT), GENEA (GEN)) at the hip that provide raw acceleration signals at 100Hz. Participants completed different tasks (walking, jogging, running, landings from boxes of different height, rope skipping, dancing) on a force plate. GRF was collected for one step per trial (10 trials) for ambulatory movements and for all landings (10 trials), rope skips and dance procedures. Accelerometer outputs as peak loading (g) per activity were averaged. ANOVA, correlation analyses and Bland-Altman plots were computed to determine validity of accelerometers using GRF. There was a main effect of task with increasing acceleration values in tasks with increasing locomotion speed and landing height (P<0.001). Data from ACT and GEN correlated with GRF (r=0.90 and 0.89, respectively) and between each other (r=0.98), but both accelerometers consistently overestimated GRF. The new generation of accelerometer models that allow raw signal detection are reasonably accurate to measure impact loading of bone in children, although they systematically overestimate GRF. KW - bone KW - impact loading KW - children KW - physical activity KW - ground reaction force Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2015.1004638 SN - 0264-0414 SN - 1466-447X VL - 33 IS - 16 SP - 1702 EP - 1709 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - THES A1 - Jovanovic, Nenad T1 - The comprehension of the passive voice by different populations and the effects of structural priming on this process N2 - This thesis investigates the comprehension of the passive voice in three distinct populations. First, the comprehension of passives by adult German speakers was studied, followed by an examination of how German-speaking children comprehend the structure. Finally, bilingual Mandarin-English speakers were tested on their comprehension of the passive voice in English, which is their L2. An integral part of testing the comprehension in all three populations is the use of structural priming. In each of the three distinct parts of the research, structural priming was used for a specific reason. In the study involving adult German speakers, productive and receptive structural priming was directly compared. The goal was to see the effect the two priming modalities have on language comprehension. In the study on German-acquiring children, structural priming was an important tool in answering the question regarding the delayed acquisition of the passive voice. Finally, in the study on the bilingual population, cross-linguistic priming was used to investigate the importance of word order in the priming effect, since Mandarin and English have different word orders in passive voice sentences. N2 - Diese Doktorarbeit untersucht das Verständnis von Passivsätzen in drei spezifischen Populationen. Zunächst wurde das Passivverständnis von erwachsenen deutschen Muttersprachlern erforscht, gefolgt von einer Untersuchung des Verständnisses von Passivsätzen deutschsprachiger Kinder. Schließlich wurden bilinguale Mandarin-Sprecher hinsichtlich ihres Verständnisses von Passivsätzen in der englischen Sprache, welche ihre Zweitsprache darstellt, getestet. Ein wesentlicher Bestandteil der Untersuchung des Sprachverständnisses in allen drei Populationen ist der Gebrauch des Structural Priming. In jedem der drei verschiedenen Teile der Untersuchung gab es spezifische Gründe, die Methode des Structural Priming anzuwenden. So wurden in der Studie mit deutschen erwachsenen Muttersprachlern Productive und Receptive Structural Priming unmittelbar mit einander verglichen. Das Ziel war es, die Wirkung von zwei verschiedenen Priming-Modalitäten auf das Sprachverständnis herauszufinden. In der Studie mit deutschsprachigen Kindern war Structural Priming ein wichtiges Hilfsmittel, um die Frage nach dem verzögerten Erwerb des Passivverständnisses zu beantworten. In der Studie der bilingualen Population schließlich wurde Cross-Linguistik (sprachübergreifendes) Priming genutzt um die Bedeutung des Satzbaus auf den Priming-Effekt zu untersuchen, da Mandarin und Englisch in Passivsätzen einen unterschiedlichen Satzbau verwenden. T2 - Das Verständnis von Passivkonstruktionen in verschiedenen Populationen unter Einfluss von strukturellem Priming KW - priming KW - eye-tracing KW - syntax KW - comprehension KW - cross-linguistic KW - passive voice KW - acquisition KW - children KW - bilingual KW - Erwerb KW - cross-linguistisch KW - Augenblickmessung KW - Passive KW - Priming KW - Syntax KW - Verständnis KW - Kinder KW - bilingual Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475900 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Calvano, Claudia A1 - Becker, Sebastian A1 - Friedt, Michael A1 - Hudert, Christian A1 - Posovszky, Carsten A1 - Schier, Maike A1 - Wegscheider, Karl T1 - Stop the pain : study protocol for a randomized-controlled trial N2 - Background: Functional abdominal pain (FAP) is not only a highly prevalent disease but also poses a considerable burden on children and their families. Untreated, FAP is highly persistent until adulthood, also leading to an increased risk of psychiatric disorders. Intervention studies underscore the efficacy of cognitive behavioral treatment approaches but are limited in terms of sample size, long-term follow-up data, controls and inclusion of psychosocial outcome data. Methods/Design: In a multicenter randomized controlled trial, 112 children aged 7 to 12 years who fulfill the Rome III criteria for FAP will be allocated to an established cognitive behavioral training program for children with FAP (n = 56) or to an active control group (focusing on age-appropriate information delivery; n = 56). Randomization occurs centrally, blockwise and is stratified by center. This study is performed in five pediatric gastroenterology outpatient departments. Observer-blind assessments of outcome variables take place four times: pre-, post-, 3- and 12-months post-treatment. Primary outcome is the course of pain intensity and frequency. Secondary endpoints are health-related quality of life, pain-related coping and cognitions, as well as selfefficacy. Discussion: This confirmatory randomized controlled clinical trial evaluates the efficacy of a cognitive behavioral intervention for children with FAP. By applying an active control group, time and attention processes can be controlled, and long-term follow-up data over the course of one year can be explored. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 363 KW - FAP KW - randomized controlled trial KW - cognitive behavioral intervention KW - children KW - pain Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401451 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - SRT-Joy - computer-assisted self-regulation training for obese children and adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial N2 - Background: Obesity is not only a highly prevalent disease but also poses a considerable burden on children and their families. Evidence is increasing that a lack of self-regulation skills may play a role in the etiology and maintenance of obesity. Our goal with this currently ongoing trial is to examine whether training that focuses on the enhancement of self-regulation skills may increase the sustainability of a complex lifestyle intervention. Methods/Design: In a multicenter, prospective, parallel group, randomized controlled superiority trial, 226 obese children and adolescents aged 8 to 16 years will be allocated either to a newly developed computer-training program to improve their self-regulation abilities or to a placebo control group. Randomization occurs centrally and blockwise at a 1:1 allocation ratio for each center. This study is performed in pediatric inpatient rehabilitation facilities specialized in the treatment of obesity. Observer-blind assessments of outcome variables take place at four times: at the beginning of the rehabilitation (pre), at the end of the training in the rehabilitation (post), and 6 and 12 months post-rehabilitation intervention. The primary outcome is the course of BMI-SDS over 1 year after the end of the inpatient rehabilitation. Secondary endpoints are the self-regulation skills. In addition, health-related quality of life, and snack intake will be analyzed. Discussion: The computer-based training programs might be a feasible and attractive tool to increase the sustainability of the weight loss reached during inpatient rehabilitation. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 364 KW - obesity KW - randomized-controlled trial KW - computer-assisted self-regulation training KW - children KW - adolescents KW - weight Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401793 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Makhlouf, Issam A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Chaouachi, Anis T1 - SEQUENCING EFFECTS OF BALANCE AND PLYOMETRIC TRAINING ON PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE IN YOUTH SOCCER ATHLETES JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA N2 - Balance training may have a preconditioning effect on subsequent power training with youth. There are no studies examining whether the sequencing of balance and plyometric training has additional training benefits. The objective was to examine the effect of sequencing balance and plyometric training on the performance of 12- to 13-year-old athletes. Twenty-four young elite soccer players trained twice per week for 8 weeks either with an initial 4 weeks of balance training followed by 4 weeks of plyometric training (BPT) or 4 weeks of plyometric training proceeded by 4 weeks of balance training (PBT). Testing was conducted pre- and posttraining and included medicine ball throw; horizontal and vertical jumps; reactive strength; leg stiffness; agility; 10-, 20-, and 30-m sprints; Standing Stork balance test; and Y-Balance test. Results indicated that BPT provided significantly greater improvements with reactive strength index, absolute and relative leg stiffness, triple hop test, and a trend for the Y-Balance test (p = 0.054) compared with PBT. Although all other measures had similar changes for both groups, the average relative improvement for the BPT was 22.4% (d = 1.5) vs. 15.0% (d = 1.1) for the PBT. BPT effect sizes were greater with 8 of 13 measures. In conclusion, although either sequence of BPT or PBT improved jumping, hopping, sprint acceleration, and Standing Stork and Y-Balance, BPT initiated greater training improvements in reactive strength index, absolute and relative leg stiffness, triple hop test, and the Y-Balance test. BPT may provide either similar or superior performance enhancements compared with PBT. KW - children KW - adolescents KW - power KW - jumps KW - sprints Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000001425 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 30 SP - 3278 EP - 3289 PB - Elsevier CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - THES A1 - Fühner, Thea Heidi T1 - Secular trends, age, sex, and timing of school enrollment effects on physical fitness in children and adolescents T1 - Effekte von säkularen Trends, Alter, Geschlecht und Zeitpunkt der Einschulung auf die körperliche Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen N2 - The relevance of physical fitness for children’s and adolescents’ health is indisputable and it is crucial to regularly assess and evaluate children’s and adolescents’ individual physical fitness development to detect potential negative health consequences in time. Physical fitness tests are easy-to-administer, reliable, and valid which is why they should be widely used to provide information on performance development and health status of children and adolescents. When talking about development of physical fitness, two perspectives can be distinguished. One perspective is how the physical fitness status of children and adolescents changed / developed over the past decades (i.e., secular trends). The other perspective covers the analyses how physical fitness develops with increasing age due to growth and maturation processes. Although, the development of children’s and adolescents’ physical fitness has been extensively described and analyzed in the literature, still some questions remain to be uncovered that will be addressed in the present doctoral thesis. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have examined secular trends in children’s and adolescents’ physical fitness. However, considering that those analyses are by now 15 years old and that updates are available only to limited components of physical fitness, it is time to re-analyze the literature and examine secular trends for selected components of physical fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory endurance, muscle strength, proxies of muscle power, and speed). Fur-thermore, the available studies on children’s development of physical fitness as well as the ef-fects of moderating variables such as age and sex have been investigated within a long-term ontogenetic perspective. However, the effects of age and sex in the transition from pre-puberty to puberty in the ninth year of life using a short-term ontogenetic perspective and the effect of timing of school enrollment on children’s development of physical fitness have not been clearly identified. Therefore, the present doctoral thesis seeks to complement the knowledge of children’s and adolescents’ physical fitness development by updating secular trend analysis in selected components of physical fitness, by examining short-term ontogenetic cross-sectional developmental differences in children`s physical fitness, and by comparing physical fitness of older- and younger-than-keyage children versus keyage-children. These findings provide valuable information about children’s and adolescents’ physical fitness development to help prevent potential deficits in physical fitness as early as possible and consequently ensure a holistic development and a lifelong healthy life. Initially, a systematic review to provide an ‘update’ on secular trends in selected components of physical fitness (i.e., cardiorespiratory endurance, relative muscle strength, proxies of muscle power, speed) in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis statement guidelines. To examine short-term ontogenetic cross-sectional developmental differences and to compare physical fitness of older- and younger-than-keyage children versus keyage-children physical fitness data of 108,295 keyage-children (i.e., aged 8.00 to 8.99 years), 2,586 younger-than-keyage children (i.e., aged 7.00 to 7.99 years), and 26,540 older-than-keyage children (i.e., aged 9.00 to 9.99 years) from the third grade were analyzed. Physical fitness was assessed through the EMOTIKON test battery measuring cardiorespiratory endurance (i.e., 6-min-run test), coordina-tion (i.e., star-run test), speed (i.e., 20-m linear sprint test), and proxies of lower (i.e., standing long jump test) and upper limbs (i.e., ball-push test) muscle power. Statistical inference was based on Linear Mixed Models. Findings from the systematic review revealed a large initial improvement and an equally large subsequent decline between 1986 and 2010 as well as a stabilization between 2010 and 2015 in cardiorespiratory endurance, a general trend towards a small improvement in relative muscle strength from 1972 to 2015, an overall small negative quadratic trend for proxies of muscle power from 1972 to 2015, and a small-to-medium improvement in speed from 2002 to 2015. Findings from the cross-sectional studies showed that even in a single prepubertal year of life (i.e., ninth year) physical fitness performance develops linearly with increasing chronological age, boys showed better performances than girls in all physical fitness components, and the components varied in the size of sex and age effects. Furthermore, findings revealed that older-than-keyage children showed poorer performance in physical fitness compared to keyage-children, older-than-keyage girls showed better performances than older-than-keyage boys, and younger-than-keyage children outperformed keyage-children. Due to the varying secular trends in physical fitness, it is recommended to promote initiatives for physical activity and physical fitness for children and adolescents to prevent adverse effects on health and well-being. More precisely, public health initiatives should specifically consider exercising cardiorespiratory endurance and muscle strength because both components showed strong positive associations with markers of health. Furthermore, the findings implied that physical education teachers, coaches, or researchers can utilize a proportional adjustment to individually interpret physical fitness of prepubertal school-aged children. Special attention should be given to the promotion of physical fitness of older-than-keyage children because they showed poorer performance in physical fitness than keyage-children. Therefore, it is necessary to specifically consider this group and provide additional health and fitness programs to reduce their deficits in physical fitness experienced during prior years to guarantee a holistic development. N2 - Die Relevanz der körperlichen Fitness für die Gesundheit von Kindern und Jugendlichen ist unbestritten und es ist von entscheidender Bedeutung, den individuellen körperlichen Fitnesszustand von Kindern und Jugendlichen regelmäßig zu untersuchen und zu bewerten, um mögliche negative gesundheitliche Folgen rechtzeitig zu erkennen. Tests zur Bewertung der körperlichen Fitness sind einfach durchzuführen, reliabel und valide, weshalb sie in großem Umfang eingesetzt werden sollten, um Informationen über die Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness und den Gesundheitszustand von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu erhalten. Bei der Betrachtung der Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness lassen sich zwei Perspektiven unterscheiden. Die eine Perspektive untersucht, wie sich die körperliche Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen in den letzten Jahrzehnten verändert bzw. entwickelt hat (sog. säkulare Trends). Die andere Perspektive analysiert, wie sich die körperliche Fitness mit zunehmendem Alter aufgrund von Wachstums- und Reifungsprozessen entwickelt. Obwohl die Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen in der Literatur ausführlich beschrieben und analysiert wurde, sind noch einige Fragen offen, welche in der vorliegenden Doktorarbeit adressiert werden. Frühere systematische Überblicksbeiträge und Meta-Analysen haben säkulare Trends in der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen untersucht. Da diese Analysen jedoch mittlerweile 15 Jahre alt sind und Aktualisierungen nur für ausgewählte Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness zur Verfügung stehen, ist es notwendig, die Literatur neu zu analysieren und säkulare Trends für ausgewählte Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness (d. h. aerobe Ausdauer, relative Muskelkraft, Schnellkraft und Schnelligkeit) zu untersuchen. Darüber hinaus wurden die verfügbaren Studien über die Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern sowie die Effekte moderierender Variablen wie Alter und Geschlecht in einer langfristigen ontogenetischen Perspektive untersucht. Die Effekte von Alter und Geschlecht beim Übergang von der Vorpubertät zur Pubertät im neunten Lebensjahr unter einer kurzfristigen ontogenetischen Perspektive und die Effekte des Zeitpunkts der Einschulung auf die Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern sind jedoch bislang nicht eindeutig identifiziert worden. Die vorliegende Doktorarbeit hat daher das Ziel, den Wissensstand über die Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen zu ergänzen, indem säkulare Trendanalysen ausgewählter Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness aktualisiert werden, kurzfristige ontogenetische Entwicklungsunterschiede in der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern im Querschnitt untersucht werden und die körperliche Fitness von älteren und jüngeren Kindern im Vergleich zu Stichtagskindern analysiert wird. Diese Erkenntnisse liefern wertvolle Informationen über die Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern und Jugendlichen, um möglichen Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness so früh wie möglich vorzubeugen und damit eine ganzheitliche Entwicklung und ein lebenslanges gesundes Leben zu gewährleisten. Zunächst wurde ein systematischer Überblicksbeitrag verfasst, um den Wissenstand der säkularen Trends bei ausgewählten Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness (d. h. aerobe Ausdauer, relative Muskelkraft, Schnellkraft, Schnelligkeit) bei Kindern und Jugendlichen gemäß den PRISMA Richtlinien zu aktualisieren. Um kurzfristige ontogenetische Entwicklungsunterschiede im Querschnitt zu untersuchen und die körperliche Fitness von älteren und jüngeren Kindern im Vergleich zu Stichtagskindern zu analysieren, wurden die Daten zur körperlichen Fitness von 108.295 Stichtagskindern (d. h. im Alter von 8,00 bis 8,99 Jahren), 2.586 jüngeren Kindern (d. h. im Alter von 7,00 bis 7,99 Jahren) und 26.540 älteren Kindern (d. h. im Alter von 9,00 bis 9,99 Jahren) aus der dritten Klasse analysiert. Die körperliche Fitness wurde anhand der EMOTIKON-Testbatterie zur Messung der aeroben Ausdauer (d. h. 6-min-Lauf), der Koordi-nation (d. h. Sternlauf), der Schnelligkeit (d. h. 20-m-Sprint) sowie der Schnellkraft der unteren (d. h. Standweitsprung) und oberen Extremitäten (d. h. Medizinballstoßen) erhoben. Die statistische Inferenz basierte auf Linear Mixed Models. Die Ergebnisse des systematischen Überblickbeitrags zeigten eine starke anfängliche Verbesserung und einen ebenso starken Rückgang zwischen 1986 und 2010 sowie eine Stabilisierung zwischen 2010 und 2015 bei der aeroben Ausdauer. Zudem war ein allgemeiner Trend zu einer geringen Verbesserung der relativen Muskelkraft zwischen 1972 und 2015, ein insgesamt geringer negativer quadratischer Trend bei der Schnellkraft zwischen 1972 und 2015 sowie eine geringe bis mittlere Verbesserung der Schnelligkeit zwischen 2002 und 2015 zu verzeichnen. Die Ergebnisse der Querschnittsstudien legten dar, dass sich die körperliche Fitness selbst in einem einzigen präpubertären Lebensjahr (d. h. neuntes Lebensjahr) mit zunehmendem chronologischen Alter linear entwickelt, dass Jungen in allen untersuchten Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness bessere Leistungen zeigten als Mädchen und dass sich die Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness in der Stärke der Alters- und Geschlechtseffekte stark unterschieden. Darüber hinaus zeigten die Ergebnisse, dass Kinder, die älter als Stichtagskinder sind, im Vergleich zu Stichtagskindern schlechtere Leistungen zeigten; Mädchen, die älter als Stichtagskinder sind, bessere Leistungen zeigten als Jungen, die älter als Stichtagskinder sind; und Kinder, die jünger als Stichtagskinder sind, bessere Leistungen zeigten als Stichtagskinder. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen säkularen Trends bei der körperlichen Fitness wird empfohlen, Initiativen für körperliche Aktivität und körperliche Fitness bei Kindern und Jugendlichen zu fördern, um negative Auswirkungen auf die Gesundheit und das Wohlbefinden zu verhindern. Insbesondere sollten Initiativen im Bereich der öffentlichen Gesundheit speziell das Training der aeroben Ausdauer und der Muskelkraft berücksichtigen, da beide Komponenten starke positive Assoziationen mit Gesundheitsmarkern aufweisen. Darüber hinaus legen die Ergebnisse nahe, dass Sportlehrkräfte, Trainer und Trainerinnen oder Wissenschaftler und Wissenschaftlerinnen eine proportionale Anpassung nutzen können, um die körperliche Fitness von Kindern im vorpubertären Schulalter individuell zu interpretieren. Ein besonderes Augenmerk sollte auf die Förderung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern, die älter als Stichtagskinder sind, gelegt werden, da diese schlechtere Leistungen in der körperlichen Fitness zeigten als Stichtagskinder. Daher ist es notwendig, diese Gruppe besonders zu berücksichtigen und zusätzliche Gesundheits- und Fitnessprogramme anzubieten, um ihre Defizite in der körperlichen Fitness abzubauen und eine ganzheitliche Entwicklung zu gewährleisten. KW - physical fitness KW - children KW - adolescents KW - primary school KW - secular trends KW - age KW - sex KW - timing of school enrollment KW - körperliche Fitness KW - Kinder KW - Jugendliche KW - Grundschule KW - säkulare Trends KW - Alter KW - Geschlecht KW - Zeitpunkt der Einschulung Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-588643 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Posovszky, Carsten A1 - Roesler, Vreni Helen A1 - Becker, Sebastian A1 - Iven, Enno A1 - Hudert, Christian A1 - Ebinger, Friedrich A1 - Calvano, Claudia A1 - Warschburger, Petra T1 - Roles of Lactose and Fructose Malabsorption and Dietary Outcomes in Children Presenting with Chronic Abdominal Pain JF - Nutrients N2 - Intolerance to lactose or fructose is frequently diagnosed in children with chronic abdominal pain (CAP). However, the causal relationship remains a matter of discussion. A cohort of 253 patients, aged 7-12 years, presenting with unexplained CAP received standardized diagnostics. Additional diagnostic tests were performed based on their medical history and physical and laboratory investigations. Fructose and lactose hydrogen breath tests (H2BT) as well as empiric diagnostic elimination diets were performed in 135 patients reporting abdominal pain related to the consumption of lactose or fructose to evaluate carbohydrate intolerance as a potential cause of CAP. Carbohydrate malabsorption by H2BT was found in 55 (41%) out of 135 patients. An abnormal increase in H2BT was revealed in 30% (35/118) of patients after fructose consumption and in 18% (20/114) of patients after lactose administration. Forty-six percent (25/54) reported pain relief during a diagnostic elimination diet. In total, 17 patients had lactose malabsorption, 29 fructose malabsorption, and nine combined carbohydrate malabsorption. Carbohydrate intolerance as a cause of CAP was diagnosed at follow-up in only 18% (10/55) of patients with malabsorption after the elimination of the respective carbohydrate. Thus, carbohydrate malabsorption appears to be an incidental finding in children with functional abdominal pain disorders, rather than its cause. Therefore, testing of carbohydrate intolerance should only be considered in children with a strong clinical suspicion and with the goal to prevent long-term unnecessary dietary restrictions in children suffering from CAP. KW - chronic abdominal pain KW - children KW - fructose malabsorption KW - lactose intolerance KW - hydrogen breath test KW - functional abdominal pain disorders Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11123063 SN - 2072-6643 VL - 11 IS - 12 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Zuber, Isabelle A1 - Kohn, Juliane A1 - Poltz, Nadine A1 - Wyschkon, Anne A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - von Aster, Michael G. T1 - Relation Between Mathematical Performance, Math Anxiety, and Affective Priming in Children With and Without Developmental Dyscalculia JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Many children show negative emotions related to mathematics and some even develop mathematics anxiety. The present study focused on the relation between negative emotions and arithmetical performance in children with and without developmental dyscalculia (DD) using an affective priming task. Previous findings suggested that arithmetic performance is influenced if an affective prime precedes the presentation of an arithmetic problem. In children with DD specifically, responses to arithmetic operations are supposed to be facilitated by both negative and mathematics-related primes (= negative math priming effect). We investigated mathematical performance, math anxiety, and the domain-general abilities of 172 primary school children (76 with DD and 96 controls). All participants also underwent an affective priming task which consisted of the decision whether a simple arithmetic operation (addition or subtraction) that was preceded by a prime (positive/negative/neutral or mathematics-related) was true or false. Our findings did not reveal a negative math priming effect in children with DD. Furthermore, when considering accuracy levels, gender, or math anxiety, the negative math priming effect could not be replicated. However, children with DD showed more math anxiety when explicitly assessed by a specific math anxiety interview and showed lower mathematical performance compared to controls. Moreover, math anxiety was equally present in boys and girls, even in the earliest stages of schooling, and interfered negatively with performance. In conclusion, mathematics is often associated with negative emotions that can be manifested in specific math anxiety, particularly in children with DD. Importantly, present findings suggest that in the assessed age group, it is more reliable to judge math anxiety and investigate its effects on mathematical performance explicitly by adequate questionnaires than by an affective math priming task. KW - developmental dyscalculia KW - mathematics KW - affective priming KW - calculation KW - arithmetic KW - anxiety KW - gender KW - children Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00263 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 9 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Zuber, Isabelle A1 - Kohn, Juliane A1 - Poltz, Nadine A1 - Wyschkon, Anne A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - von Aster, Michael G. T1 - Relation between mathematical performance, math anxiety, and affective priming in children with and without developmental dyscalculia T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Many children show negative emotions related to mathematics and some even develop mathematics anxiety. The present study focused on the relation between negative emotions and arithmetical performance in children with and without developmental dyscalculia (DD) using an affective priming task. Previous findings suggested that arithmetic performance is influenced if an affective prime precedes the presentation of an arithmetic problem. In children with DD specifically, responses to arithmetic operations are supposed to be facilitated by both negative and mathematics-related primes (= negative math priming effect). We investigated mathematical performance, math anxiety, and the domain-general abilities of 172 primary school children (76 with DD and 96 controls). All participants also underwent an affective priming task which consisted of the decision whether a simple arithmetic operation (addition or subtraction) that was preceded by a prime (positive/negative/neutral or mathematics-related) was true or false. Our findings did not reveal a negative math priming effect in children with DD. Furthermore, when considering accuracy levels, gender, or math anxiety, the negative math priming effect could not be replicated. However, children with DD showed more math anxiety when explicitly assessed by a specific math anxiety interview and showed lower mathematical performance compared to controls. Moreover, math anxiety was equally present in boys and girls, even in the earliest stages of schooling, and interfered negatively with performance. In conclusion, mathematics is often associated with negative emotions that can be manifested in specific math anxiety, particularly in children with DD. Importantly, present findings suggest that in the assessed age group, it is more reliable to judge math anxiety and investigate its effects on mathematical performance explicitly by adequate questionnaires than by an affective math priming task. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 684 KW - developmental dyscalculia KW - mathematics KW - affective priming KW - calculation KW - arithmetic KW - anxiety KW - gender KW - children Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-460671 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 684 ER - TY - GEN A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Performance- and healthrelated benefits of youth resistance training T1 - Leistungs- und gesundheitsbezogene Wirkungen von Krafttraining mit Heranwachsenden T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - There is ample evidence that youth resistance training (RT) is safe, joyful, and effective for different markers of performance (e.g., muscle strength, power, linear sprint speed) and health (e.g., injury prevention). Accordingly, the first aim of this narrative review is to present and discuss the relevance of muscle strength for youth physical development. The second purpose is to report evidence on the effectiveness of RT on muscular fitness (muscle strength, power, muscle endurance), on movement skill performance and injury prevention in youth. There is evidence that RT is effective in enhancing measures of muscle fitness in children and adolescents, irrespective of sex. Additionally, numerous studies indicate that RT has positive effects on fundamental movement skills (e.g., jumping, running, throwing) in youth regardless of age, maturity, training status, and sex. Further, irrespective of age, sex, and training status, regular exposure to RT (e.g., plyometric training) decreases the risk of sustaining injuries in youth. This implies that RT should be a meaningful element of youths’ exercise programming. This has been acknowledged by global (e.g., World Health Organization) and national (e.g., National Strength and Conditioning Association) health- and performance-related organizations which is why they recommended to perform RT as an integral part of weekly exercise programs to promote muscular strength, fundamental movement skills, and to resist injuries in youth. N2 - Die aktuelle Literatur zum Krafttraining mit Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigt eindrücklich, dass ein altersgerechtes und fachlich angeleitetes Krafttraining eine sichere, freudvolle und effektive Maßnahme für die Leistungsentwicklung (z. B. Muskelkraft, Schnellkraft, Sprintgeschwindigkeit) und Gesundheitserhaltung (z. B. Verletzungsprävention) von Heranwachsenden darstellt. Einerseits ist es das Ziel dieses narrativen Übersichtsartikels, die Relevanz der Muskelkraft für die körperliche Entwicklung von Heranwachsenden zu diskutieren. Andererseits sollen aktuelle Befunde zur Effektivität von Krafttraining auf die muskuläre Fitness (Maximal-/Schnellkraft, Kraftausdauer), elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten (z.B. Springen, Rennen, Werfen) sowie die Verletzungsprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben werden. Die aktuelle Literatur belegt, dass Krafttraining die Muskelkraft, die Schnellkraft und die Kraftausdauer von Kindern und Jugendlichen unabhängig vom Geschlecht verbessern kann. Weiterhin zeigen Studien, dass trainingsbedingte Verbesserungen der muskulären Fitness auf elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten transferieren. Diese Wirkungen sind unabhängig vom Alter, der biologischen Reife, dem Trainingsstatus und dem Geschlecht der Trainierenden. Zudem verringert regelmäßiges Krafttraining das Verletzungsrisiko der Heranwachsenden unabhängig von Alter, Geschlecht und Trainingsstatus. Aufgrund dieses breiten Wirkungsspektrums sollte Krafttraining ein elementarer Bestandteil des Trainings von Heranwachsenden darstellen. Nationale (National Strength and Conditioning Association) sowie internationale (Weltgesundheitsorganisation) gesundheits- und leistungsorientierte Standesgesellschaften haben die positiven Wirkungen von Krafttraining erkannt und in ihre Bewegungsempfehlungen für Kinder und Jugendliche übernommen. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 730 KW - muscle strength KW - muscle power KW - strength training KW - children KW - adolescents KW - Maximalkraft KW - Schnellkraft KW - Widerstandstraining KW - Kinder KW - Jugendliche Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-526912 SN - 1866-8364 IS - 3 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaabene, Helmi A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Performance- and healthrelated benefits of youth resistance training T1 - Leistungs- und gesundheitsbezogene Wirkungen von Krafttraining mit Heranwachsenden JF - Sports Orthopaedics and Traumatology N2 - Performance- and healthrelated benefits of yoThere is ample evidence that youth resistance training (RT) is safe, joyful, and effective for different markers of performance (e.g., muscle strength, power, linear sprint speed) and health (e.g., injury prevention). Accordingly, the first aim of this narrative review is to present and discuss the relevance of muscle strength for youth physical development. The second purpose is to report evidence on the effectiveness of RT on muscular fitness (muscle strength, power, muscle endurance), on movement skill performance and injury prevention in youth. There is evidence that RT is effective in enhancing measures of muscle fitness in children and adolescents, irrespective of sex. Additionally, numerous studies indicate that RT has positive effects on fundamental movement skills (e.g., jumping, running, throwing) in youth regardless of age, maturity, training status, and sex. Further, irrespective of age, sex, and training status, regular exposure to RT (e.g., plyometric training) decreases the risk of sustaining injuries in youth. This implies that RT should be a meaningful element of youths’ exercise programming. This has been acknowledged by global (e.g., World Health Organization) and national (e.g., National Strength and Conditioning Association) health- and performance-related organizations which is why they recommended to perform RT as an integral part of weekly exercise programs to promote muscular strength, fundamental movement skills, and to resist injuries in youth.uth resistance training N2 - Die aktuelle Literatur zum Krafttraining mit Kindern und Jugendlichen zeigt eindrücklich, dass ein altersgerechtes und fachlich angeleitetes Krafttraining eine sichere, freudvolle und effektive Maßnahme für die Leistungsentwicklung (z. B. Muskelkraft, Schnellkraft, Sprintgeschwindigkeit) und Gesundheitserhaltung (z. B. Verletzungsprävention) von Heranwachsenden darstellt. Einerseits ist es das Ziel dieses narrativen Übersichtsartikels, die Relevanz der Muskelkraft für die körperliche Entwicklung von Heranwachsenden zu diskutieren. Andererseits sollen aktuelle Befunde zur Effektivität von Krafttraining auf die muskuläre Fitness (Maximal-/Schnellkraft, Kraftausdauer), elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten (z.B. Springen, Rennen, Werfen) sowie die Verletzungsprävention bei Kindern und Jugendlichen beschrieben werden. Die aktuelle Literatur belegt, dass Krafttraining die Muskelkraft, die Schnellkraft und die Kraftausdauer von Kindern und Jugendlichen unabhängig vom Geschlecht verbessern kann. Weiterhin zeigen Studien, dass trainingsbedingte Verbesserungen der muskulären Fitness auf elementare Bewegungsfertigkeiten transferieren. Diese Wirkungen sind unabhängig vom Alter, der biologischen Reife, dem Trainingsstatus und dem Geschlecht der Trainierenden. Zudem verringert regelmäßiges Krafttraining das Verletzungsrisiko der Heranwachsenden unabhängig von Alter, Geschlecht und Trainingsstatus. Aufgrund dieses breiten Wirkungsspektrums sollte Krafttraining ein elementarer Bestandteil des Trainings von Heranwachsenden darstellen. Nationale (National Strength and Conditioning Association) sowie internationale (Weltgesundheitsorganisation) gesundheits- und leistungsorientierte Standesgesellschaften haben die positiven Wirkungen von Krafttraining erkannt und in ihre Bewegungsempfehlungen für Kinder und Jugendliche übernommen. KW - muscle strength KW - muscle power KW - strength training KW - children KW - adolescents KW - Maximalkraft KW - Schnellkraft KW - Widerstandstraining KW - Kinder KW - Jugendliche Y1 - 2020 VL - 36 IS - 3 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - INPR A1 - Kucian, Karin A1 - Plangger, Fabienne A1 - O'Gorman, Ruth A1 - von Aster, Michael G. T1 - Operational momentum effect in children with and without developmental dyscalculia T2 - Frontiers in psychology KW - developmental dyscalculia KW - operational momentum KW - children KW - learning disability KW - numerical cognition KW - mental number line KW - symbolic calculation KW - attention Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00847 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 4 IS - 45 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Pospisil, Christina A1 - Czernitzki, Anna-Franziska A1 - Scheffler, Christiane T1 - No association between nutrition and body height in German kindergarten children BT - a pilot study JF - Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie N2 - Anthropologists all over the world are discussing influences on individual height including quantity and quality of nutrition. To examine whether a relationship between nutritional components and height can be found this pilot study has been developed. The research samples consisted of 44 children (age 3–6 years) attending two different kindergartens in Germany. Height measurements were taken for each child. Furthermore the parents had to fill out a 24-hour questionnaire to document their children’s eating habits during the weekend. In order to standardize the measured height values z-scores were calculated with reference to the average height of the overall cohort. The results of correlation analysis indicate that height is not significantly related to any of the main nutritional components as protein (r = –0.148), carbohydrates (r = 0.126), fat (r = 0.107), fibre (r = –0.289), vitamin (r = 0.050), calcium (r = 0.110), potassium (r = 0.189) and overall calorie intake (r = 0.302). In conclusion, it can be stated that the quality of nutrition may not have a strong influence on individual height. However, due to the small sample size further research should be provided with a larger cohort of children to verify the present results. KW - nutritional components KW - individual body height KW - children KW - Germany Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2017/0704 SN - 0003-5548 SN - 2363-7099 VL - 74 IS - 3 SP - 199 EP - 202 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - CHAP A1 - Bergert, Cora A1 - Köster, Antonia A1 - Krasnova, Hanna A1 - Turel, Ofir T1 - Missing out on life BT - parental perceptions of children’s mobile technology use T2 - Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik : WI2020 Zentrale Tracks N2 - Mobile devices have become an integral part of everyday life due to their portability. As literature shows, technology use is not only beneficial but also has dark sides, such as addiction. Parents face the need to balance perceived benefits and risks of children’s exposure to mobile technologies. However, no study has uncovered what kind of benefits and concerns parents consider when implementing technology-related rules. We built on qualitative responses of 300 parents of children aged two to thirteen to explore concerns about, and perceived benefits of children’s smartphone and tablet usage, as well as the rules parents have developed regarding technology use. Findings point to concerns regarding children’s development, as well as benefits for both children and parents, and ultimately to new insights about mobile technology mediation. These results provide practical guidance for parents, physicians and mobile industry stakeholders, trying to ensure that children are acting responsibly with mobile technology. KW - mobile technology KW - smartphone KW - parental mediation KW - rules KW - children Y1 - 2020 SN - 978-3-95545-335-0 U6 - https://doi.org/10.30844/wi_2020_f1-bergert SP - 568 EP - 583 PB - GITO Verlag für Industrielle Informationstechnik und Organisation CY - Berlin ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lu, Yong-Ping A1 - Zeng, De-Ying A1 - Chen, You-Peng A1 - Liang, Xu-Jing A1 - Xu, Jie-Ping A1 - Huang, Si-Min A1 - Lai, Zhi-Wei A1 - Wen, Wang-Rong A1 - von Websky, Karoline A1 - Hocher, Berthold T1 - Low birth weight is associated with lower respiratory tract infections in children with hand, foot, and mouth disease JF - Clinical laboratory : the peer reviewed journal for clinical laboratories and laboratories related to blood transfusion N2 - Background: Low birth weight (LBW) might be a risk factor for acquiring lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) associated with disease related complications in early childhood. HFMD, a frequent viral infection in southern China, is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in children. We analyzed whether LBW is a risk factor for children with HFMD to develop lower respiratory tract infections. Methods: A total of 298 children with HFMD, admitted to a hospital in Qingyuan city, Guangdong province, were recruited. Demographic data and clinical parameters such as serum glucose level and inflammatory markers including peripheral white blood cell count, serum C-reactive protein, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were routinely collected on admission. Birth weight data were derived from birth records. Results: Mean birth weight (BW) was 167 g lower in patients with HFMD and LRTIs as compared to patients with solely HFMD (p = 0.022) and the frequency of birth weight below the tenth percentile was significantly higher in patients with HFMD and LRTIs (p = 0.002). Conclusions: The results of the study show that low birth weight is associated with a higher incidence of lower respiratory tract infections in young children with HFMD. KW - hand KW - foot and mouth disease (HFMD) KW - low birth weight (LBW) KW - lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) KW - pneumonia KW - children Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2012.120725 SN - 1433-6510 VL - 59 IS - 9-10 SP - 985 EP - 992 PB - Clin Lab Publ., Verl. Klinisches Labor CY - Heidelberg ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fitjar, Camilla L. A1 - Rønneberg, Vibeke A1 - Nottbusch, Guido A1 - Torrance, Mark T1 - Learning handwriting BT - factors affecting pen-movement fluency in beginning writers JF - Frontiers in psychology / Frontiers Research Foundation N2 - Skilled handwriting of single letters is associated not only with a neat final product but also with fluent pen-movement, characterized by a smooth pen-tip velocity profile. Our study explored fluency when writing single letters in children who were just beginning to learn to handwrite, and the extent to which this was predicted by the children's pen-control ability and by their letter knowledge. 176 Norwegian children formed letters by copying and from dictation (i.e., in response to hearing letter sounds). Performance on these tasks was assessed in terms of the counts of velocity inversions as the children produced sub-letter features that would be produced by competent handwriters as a single, smooth (ballistic) action. We found that there was considerable variation in these measures across writers, even when producing well-formed letters. Children also copied unfamiliar symbols, completed various pen-control tasks (drawing lines, circles, garlands, and figure eights), and tasks that assessed knowledge of letter sounds and shapes. After controlling for pen-control ability, pen-movement fluency was affected by letter knowledge (specifically children's performance on a task that required selecting graphemes on the basis of their sound). This was the case when children retrieved letter forms from dictated letter sounds, but also when directly copying letters and, unexpectedly, when copying unfamiliar symbols. These findings suggest that familiarity with a letter affects movement fluency during letter production but may also point towards a more general ability to process new letter-like symbols in children with good letter knowledge. KW - children KW - handwriting KW - fluency KW - pen-control KW - letter knowledge Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663829 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 12 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mumm, Rebekka A1 - Scheffler, Christiane T1 - Lack of evidence of nutritional influence on height in four low and middle-income countries JF - Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft für Anthropologie N2 - ‘Nutrition influences height’ has been a common concept for the last decades. Recently, contradictory results occurred when studying the effectiveness of nutritional interventions, questioning the interaction of nutrition and height. Therefore, we hypothesize that, independently of population/country, nutrition does not affect height in children and adolescents. We analyzed data from the study “Young Lives” which was performed in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam to describe the health situation of children. We used linear mixed effect models to analyze the influence of nutrition on height. Furthermore, we used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to test if the commonly assumed hypothetical interaction of height and nutrition can be supported by data from low and middle-income countries. Estimates for nutrition on height of linear mixed effect models were about zero and randomly significant or non-significant in all analyzed countries. Furthermore, SEM led to the rejection of the ‘nutrition influences height’-hypothesis, as data did not support the models based on this hypothesis. We do not find evidence for a nutritional influence on height in children and adolescents from low and middle-income countries. The widespread assumption that inadequate diet is reflected in short stature, which all modern nutritional interventions are based on, needs to be critically reviewed. KW - nutrition KW - height KW - children KW - low and middle-income Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1127/anthranz/2019/0988 SN - 0003-5548 VL - 76 IS - 5 SP - 421 EP - 432 PB - Schweizerbart CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerth, Sabrina A1 - Klassert, Annegret A1 - Dolk, Thomas A1 - Fliesser, Michael A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Nottbusch, Guido A1 - Festman, Julia T1 - Is Handwriting Performance Affected by the Writing Surface? Comparing Tablet vs. Paper JF - Frontiers in psychology KW - handwriting KW - movement kinematics KW - writing acquisition KW - children KW - graphomotor control KW - tablet Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01308 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Gerth, Sabrina A1 - Klassert, Annegret A1 - Dolk, Thomas A1 - Fliesser, Michael A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Nottbusch, Guido A1 - Festman, Julia T1 - Is Handwriting Performance Affected by the Writing Surface? BT - Comparing Preschoolers', Second Graders', and Adults' Writing Performance on a Tablet vs. Paper JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Due to their multifunctionality, tablets offer tremendous advantages for research on handwriting dynamics or for interactive use of learning apps in schools. Further, the widespread use of tablet computers has had a great impact on handwriting in the current generation. But, is it advisable to teach how to write and to assess handwriting in pre- and primary schoolchildren on tablets rather than on paper? Since handwriting is not automatized before the age of 10 years, children's handwriting movements require graphomotor and visual feedback as well as permanent control of movement execution during handwriting. Modifications in writing conditions, for instance the smoother writing surface of a tablet, might influence handwriting performance in general and in particular those of non-automatized beginning writers. In order to investigate how handwriting performance is affected by a difference in friction of the writing surface, we recruited three groups with varying levels of handwriting automaticity: 25 preschoolers, 27 second graders, and 25 adults. We administered three tasks measuring graphomotor abilities, visuomotor abilities, and handwriting performance (only second graders and adults). We evaluated two aspects of handwriting performance: the handwriting quality with a visual score and the handwriting dynamics using online handwriting measures [e.g., writing duration, writing velocity, strokes and number of inversions in velocity (NIV)]. In particular, NIVs which describe the number of velocity peaks during handwriting are directly related to the level of handwriting automaticity. In general, we found differences between writing on paper compared to the tablet. These differences were partly task-dependent. The comparison between tablet and paper revealed a faster writing velocity for all groups and all tasks on the tablet which indicates that all participants—even the experienced writers—were influenced by the lower friction of the tablet surface. Our results for the group-comparison show advancing levels in handwriting automaticity from preschoolers to second graders to adults, which confirms that our method depicts handwriting performance in groups with varying degrees of handwriting automaticity. We conclude that the smoother tablet surface requires additional control of handwriting movements and therefore might present an additional challenge for learners of handwriting. KW - handwriting KW - movement kinematics KW - writing acquisition KW - children KW - graphomotor control KW - tablet Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01308 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Gerth, Sabrina A1 - Klassert, Annegret A1 - Dolk, Thomas A1 - Fliesser, Michael A1 - Fischer, Martin H. A1 - Nottbusch, Guido A1 - Festman, Julia T1 - Is Handwriting Performance Affected by the Writing Surface? BT - Comparing Preschoolers', Second Graders', and Adults' Writing Performance on a Tablet vs. Paper N2 - Due to their multifunctionality, tablets offer tremendous advantages for research on handwriting dynamics or for interactive use of learning apps in schools. Further, the widespread use of tablet computers has had a great impact on handwriting in the current generation. But, is it advisable to teach how to write and to assess handwriting in pre- and primary schoolchildren on tablets rather than on paper? Since handwriting is not automatized before the age of 10 years, children's handwriting movements require graphomotor and visual feedback as well as permanent control of movement execution during handwriting. Modifications in writing conditions, for instance the smoother writing surface of a tablet, might influence handwriting performance in general and in particular those of non-automatized beginning writers. In order to investigate how handwriting performance is affected by a difference in friction of the writing surface, we recruited three groups with varying levels of handwriting automaticity: 25 preschoolers, 27 second graders, and 25 adults. We administered three tasks measuring graphomotor abilities, visuomotor abilities, and handwriting performance (only second graders and adults). We evaluated two aspects of handwriting performance: the handwriting quality with a visual score and the handwriting dynamics using online handwriting measures [e.g., writing duration, writing velocity, strokes and number of inversions in velocity (NIV)]. In particular, NIVs which describe the number of velocity peaks during handwriting are directly related to the level of handwriting automaticity. In general, we found differences between writing on paper compared to the tablet. These differences were partly task-dependent. The comparison between tablet and paper revealed a faster writing velocity for all groups and all tasks on the tablet which indicates that all participants—even the experienced writers—were influenced by the lower friction of the tablet surface. Our results for the group-comparison show advancing levels in handwriting automaticity from preschoolers to second graders to adults, which confirms that our method depicts handwriting performance in groups with varying degrees of handwriting automaticity. We conclude that the smoother tablet surface requires additional control of handwriting movements and therefore might present an additional challenge for learners of handwriting. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 308 KW - children KW - graphomotor control KW - handwriting KW - movement kinematics KW - tablet KW - writing acquisition Y1 - 2016 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-100384 ER - TY - THES A1 - Arntz, Fabian T1 - Intervention and moderation of physical fitness in children with physical fitness deficits - Results of the SMaRTER study T1 - Intervention und Moderation der körperlichen Fitness bei Kindern mit körperlichen Fitnessdefiziten - Ergebnisse der SMaRTER-Studie N2 - Background: Physical fitness is a key aspect of children’s ability to perform activities of daily living, engage in leisure activities, and is associated with important health characteristics. As such, it shows multi-directional associations with weight status as well as executive functions, and varies according to a variety of moderating factors, such as the child’s gender, age, geographical location, and socioeconomic conditions and context. The assessment and monitoring of children’s physical fitness has gained attention in recent decades, as has the question of how to promote physical fitness through the implementation of a variety of programs and interventions. However, these programs and interventions rarely focus on children with deficits in their physical fitness. Due to their deficits, these children are at the highest risk of suffering health impairments compared to their more average fit peers. In efforts to promote physical fitness, schools could offer promising and viable approaches to interventions, as they provide access to large youth populations while providing useful infrastructure. Evidence suggests that school-based physical fitness interventions, particularly those that include supplementary physical education, are useful for promoting and improving physical fitness in children with normal fitness. However, there is little evidence on whether these interventions have similar or even greater effects on children with deficits in their physical fitness. Furthermore, the question arises whether these measures help to sustainably improve the development/trajectories of physical fitness in these children. The present thesis aims to elucidate the following four objectives: (1) to evaluate the effects of a 14 week intervention with 2 x 45 minutes per week additional remedial physical education on physical fitness and executive function in children with deficits in their physical fitness; (2) to assess moderating effects of body height and body mass on physical fitness components in children with physical fitness deficits; (3) to assess moderating effects of age and skeletal growth on physical fitness in children with physical fitness deficits; and (4) to analyse moderating effects of different physical fitness components on executive function in children with physical fitness deficits. Methods: Using physical fitness data from the EMOTIKON study, 76 third graders with physical fitness deficits were identified in 11 schools in Brandenburg state that met the requirements for implementing a remedial physical education intervention (i.e., employing specially trained physical education teachers). The fitness intervention was implemented in a cross-over design and schools were randomly assigned to either an intervention-control or control-intervention group. The remedial physical education intervention consisted of a 14 week, 2 x 45 minutes per week remedial physical education curriculum supplemented by a physical exercise homework program. Assessments were conducted at the beginning and end of each intervention and control period, and further assessments were conducted at the beginning and end of each school year until the end of sixth grade. Physical fitness as the primary outcome was assessed using fitness tests implemented in the EMOTIKON study (i.e., lower body muscular strength (standing long jump), speed (20 m sprint), cardiorespiratory fitness (6 min run), agility (star run), upper body muscular strength (ball push test), and balance (one leg balance)). Executive functions as a secondary outcome were assessed using attention and psychomotor processing speed (digit symbol substitution test), mental flexibility and fine motor skills (trail making test), and inhibitory control (Simon task). Anthropometric measures such as body height, body mass, maturity offset, and body composition parameters, as well as socioeconomic information were recorded as potential moderators. Results: (1) The evaluation of possible effects of the remedial physical education intervention on physical fitness and executive functions of children with deficits in their physical fitness did not reveal any detectable intervention-related improvements in physical fitness or executive functions. The implemented analysis strategies also showed moderating effects of body mass index (BMI) on performance in 6 min run, star run, and standing long jump, with children with a lower BMI performing better, moderating effects of proximity to Berlin on performance in the 6 min run and standing long jump, better performances being found in children living closer to Berlin, and overall gendered differences in executive function test performance, with boys performing better compared to girls. (2) Analysing moderating effects of body height and body mass on physical fitness performance, better overall physical fitness performance was found for taller children. For body mass, a negative effect was found on performance in the 6 min run (linear), standing long jump (linear), and 20 m sprint (quadratic), with better performance associated with lighter children, and a positive effect of body mass on performance in the ball push test, with heavier children performing better. In addition, the analysis revealed significant interactions between body height and body mass on performance in 6 min run and 20 m sprint, with higher body mass being associated with performance improvements in larger children, while higher body mass was associated with performance declines in smaller children. In addition, the analysis revealed overall age-related improvements in physical fitness and was able to show that children with better overall physical fitness also elicit greater age-related improvements. (3) In the analysis of moderating effects of age and maturity offset on physical fitness performances, two unrotated principal components of z-transformed age and maturity offset values were calculated (i.e., relative growth = (age + maturity offset)/2; growth delay = (age - maturity offset)) to avoid colinearity. Analysing these constructs revealed positive effects of relative growth on performances in star run, 20 m sprint, and standing long jump, with children of higher relative growth performing better. For growth delay, positive effects were found on performances in 6 min run and 20 m sprint, with children having larger growth delays showing better performances. Further, the model revealed gendered differences in 6 min run and 20 m sprint performances with girls performing better than boys. (4) Analysing the effects of physical fitness tests on executive function revealed a positive effect of star run and one leg balance performance and a negative effect of 6 min run performance on reaction speed in the Simon task. However, these effects were not detectable when individual differences were accounted for. Then these effects showed overall positive effects, with better performances being associated with faster reaction speeds. In addition, the analysis revealed a positive correlation between overall reaction speed and effects of the 6 min run, suggesting that children with greater effects of 6 min run had faster overall reaction speeds. Negative correlations were found between star run effects and age effects on Simon task reaction speed, meaning that children with larger star run effects had smaller age effects, and between 6 min run effects and star run effects on Simon task reaction speed, meaning that children with larger 6 min run effects tended to have smaller star run effects on Simon task reaction speed and vice versa. Conclusions: (1) The lack of detectable intervention-related effects could have been caused by an insufficient intervention period, by the implementation of comprehensive and thus non- specific exercises, or by both. Accordingly, longer intervention periods and/or more specific exercises may have been more beneficial and could have led to detectable improvements in physical fitness and/or executive function. However, it remains unclear whether these interventions can benefit children with deficits in physical fitness, as it is possible that their deficits are not caused by a mere lack of exercise, but rather depend on the socioeconomic conditions of the children and their families and areas. Therefore, further research is needed to assess the moderation of physical fitness in children with physical fitness deficits and, in particular, the links between children’s environment and their physical fitness trajectories. (2) Findings from this work suggest that using BMI as a composite of body height and body mass may not be able to capture the variation associated with these parameters and their interactions. In particular, because of their multidirectional associations, further research would help elucidate how BMI and its subcomponents influence physical fitness and how they vary between children with and without physical fitness deficits. (3) The assessment of growth- related changes indicated negative effects associated with the growth spurt approaching age of peak height velocity, and furthermore showed significant differences in these effects between children. Thus, these effects and possible interindividual differences should be considered in the assessment of the development of physical fitness in children. (4) Furthermore, this work has shown that the associations between physical fitness and executive functions vary between children and may be moderated by children’s socioeconomic conditions and the structure of their daily activities. Further research is needed to explore these associations using approaches that account for individual variance. N2 - Hintergrund: Die körperliche Fitness ist ein zentraler Aspekt der Fähigkeit von Kindern, Aktivitäten des täglichen Lebens auszuführen, sich in der Freizeit zu betätigen, und wird mit wichtigen Gesundheitsmerkmalen in Verbindung gebracht. Als solche zeigt sie multidirektionale Assoziationen mit dem Gewichtsstatus sowie den exekutiven Funktionen und variiert in Abhängigkeit von einer Vielzahl moderierender Faktoren wie dem Geschlecht, dem Alter, dem geografischen Standort und den sozioökonomischen Bedingungen und Kontexten des Kindes. Die Bewertung und Beobachtung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern hat in den letzten Jahrzehnten an Aufmerksamkeit gewonnen, ebenso wie die Frage, wie die körperliche Fitness durch die Umsetzung einer Vielzahl von Programmen und Maßnahmen gefördert werden kann. Allerdings konzentrieren sich diese Programme und Maßnahmen nur selten auf Kinder mit Defiziten in ihrer körperlichen Fitness. Aufgrund ihrer Defizite haben diese Kinder im Vergleich zu ihren durchschnittlich fitten Mitschülern das höchste Risiko, gesundheitliche Beeinträchtigungen zu erleiden. Bei Bemühungen zur Förderung der körperlichen Fitness könnten Schulen vielversprechende und praktikable Ansätze für Interventionen bieten, da sie Zugang zu großen Teilen der jüngeren Bevölkerung bieten und gleichzeitig eine nützliche Infrastruktur bereitstellen. Es gibt Hinweise darauf, dass schulische Maßnahmen zur Förderung der körperlichen Fitness, insbesondere solche, die einen zusätzlichen Sportunterricht beinhalten, für die Förderung und Verbesserung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern mit normaler Fitness nützlich sind. Es gibt jedoch nur wenige Belege dafür, ob diese Maßnahmen ähnliche oder sogar größere Auswirkungen auf Kinder mit Defiziten in ihrer körperlichen Fitness haben. Darüber hinaus stellt sich die Frage, ob diese Maßnahmen dazu beitragen, die Entwicklung/den Verlauf der körperlichen Fitness dieser Kinder nachhaltig zu verbessern. Mit der vorliegenden Arbeit sollen die folgenden vier Ziele untersucht werden: (1) Evaluierung der Auswirkungen einer 14-wöchigen Intervention mit 2 x 45 Minuten pro Woche zusätzlichem Sportförderunterricht auf die körperliche Fitness und die exekutive Funktion bei Kindern mit Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness; (2) Bewertung der moderierenden Effekte von Körperhöhe und Körpermasse auf die Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness bei Kindern mit Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness; (3) Bewertung der moderierenden Effekte von Alter und Skelettwachstum auf die körperliche Fitness bei Kindern mit Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness; und (4) Analyse der moderierenden Effekte der verschiedenen Komponenten der körperlichen Fitness auf die exekutive Funktion bei Kindern mit Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness. Methoden: Anhand von Daten zur körperlichen Fitness aus der EMOTIKON-Studie wurden 76 Drittklässler mit Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness in 11 Schulen im Land Brandenburg identifiziert, die die Voraussetzungen für die Durchführung einer Fördermaßnahme im Sportunterricht erfüllten (d. h. speziell ausgebildete Sportlehrer beschäftigten). Die Fitnessintervention wurde in einem Cross-over-Design durchgeführt, und die Schulen wurden nach dem Zufallsprinzip entweder einer Interventions-Kontroll- oder einer Kontroll-Interventionsgruppe zugewiesen. Der Sportunterricht bestand aus einem 14-wöchigen, 2 x 45 Minuten pro Woche dauernden Sportunterricht, der durch ein Hausaufgabenprogramm für körperliche Übungen ergänzt wurde. Messungen wurden zu Beginn und am Ende jedes Interventions- und Kontrollzeitraums sowie zu Beginn und am Ende eines jeden Schuljahres bis zum Ende der sechsten Klasse durchgeführt. Die körperliche Fitness als primäres Ergebnis wurde anhand von Fitnesstests ermittelt, die im Rahmen der EMOTIKON-Studie durchgeführt wurden (d. h. Muskelkraft der unteren Körperhälfte (Standweitsprung), Schnelligkeit (20-m-Sprint), kardiorespiratorische Fitness (6-Minuten-Lauf), Beweglichkeit (Sternlauf), Muskelkraft der oberen Körperhälfte (Kugelstoßtest) und Gleichgewicht (Einbeinstand)). Exekutive Funktionen als sekundäres Ergebnis wurden anhand der Aufmerksamkeit und der psychomotorischen Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit (Digit Symbol Substitution Test), der geistigen Flexibilität und der Feinmotorik (Trail Making Test) sowie der hemmenden Kontrolle (Simon Task) untersucht. Anthropometrische Maße wie Körperhöhe, Körpermasse, Maturity Offset und Parameter der Körperzusammensetzung sowie sozioökonomische Informationen wurden als potenzielle Moderatoren erfasst. Ergebnisse: (1) Die Evaluation möglicher Effekte der Sportförderunterrichts-Intervention auf die körperliche Fitness und die exekutiven Funktionen von Kindern mit Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness ergab keine nachweisbaren interventionsbedingten Verbesserungen der körperlichen Fitness oder der exekutiven Funktionen. Die implementierten Analysestrategien zeigten auch moderierende Effekte des Body-Mass-Index (BMI) auf die Leistungen im 6-Minuten-Lauf, im Sternlauf und im Standweitsprung, wobei Kinder mit einem niedrigeren BMI bessere Leistungen erbrachten, moderierende Effekte der Nähe zu Berlin auf die Leistungen im 6-Minuten-Lauf und im Standweitsprung, wobei Kinder, die näher an Berlin wohnten, bessere Leistungen erbrachten, sowie allgemeine geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei den Leistungen im Exekutivfunktionstest, wobei Jungen besser abschnitten als Mädchen. (2) Die Analyse der moderierenden Effekte von Körperhöhe und Körpermasse auf die körperliche Fitnessleistung ergab, dass größere Kinder insgesamt eine bessere körperliche Fitnessleistung erbrachten. Darüber hinaus ergab die Analyse signifikante Wechselwirkungen zwischen Körperhöhe und Körpermasse auf die Leistung im 6-Minuten-Lauf und im 20-Meter-Sprint, wobei eine höhere Körpermasse mit Leistungsverbesserungen bei größeren Kindern verbunden war, während eine höhere Körpermasse mit Leistungseinbußen bei kleineren Kindern einherging. Darüber hinaus ergab die Analyse altersbedingte Gesamtverbesserungen der körperlichen Fitness und konnte zeigen, dass Kinder mit einer besseren allgemeinen körperlichen Fitness auch größere altersbedingte Verbesserungen erzielen. (3) Bei der Analyse der moderierenden Effekte von Alter und Reifeverschiebung auf die körperlichen Fitnessleistungen wurden zwei nicht rotierte Hauptkomponenten der z-transformierten Werte von Alter und Reifeverschiebung berechnet (d. h. relatives Wachstum = (Alter + Reifeverschiebung)/2; Wachstumsverzögerung = (Alter - Reifeverschiebung)), um Kolinearität zu vermeiden. Die Analyse dieser Konstrukte ergab positive Auswirkungen des relativen Wachstums auf die Leistungen im Sternlauf, im 20-m-Sprint und im Standweitsprung, wobei Kinder mit einem höheren relativen Wachstum bessere Leistungen erzielten. Für die Wachstumsverzögerung wurden positive Effekte auf die Leistungen im 6-Minuten-Lauf und im 20-Meter-Sprint festgestellt, wobei Kinder mit einer größeren Wachstumsverzögerung bessere Leistungen zeigten. Darüber hinaus zeigte das Modell geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede bei den Leistungen im 6-Minuten-Lauf und im 20-Meter-Sprint, wobei Mädchen besser abschnitten als Jungen. (4) Die Analyse der Effekte der körperlichen Fitnesstests auf die exekutive Funktion ergab einen positiven Effekt des Sternlaufs und der einbeinigen Gleichgewichtsleistung und einen negativen Effekt der 6-minütigen Laufleistung auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der Simon-Aufgabe. Diese Effekte waren jedoch nicht nachweisbar, wenn die individuellen Unterschiede im Modell berücksichtigt wurden. Dann zeigten diese Effekte insgesamt positive Auswirkungen, wobei bessere Leistungen mit schnelleren Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten verbunden waren. Darüber hinaus ergab die Analyse eine positive Korrelation zwischen der Gesamtreaktionsgeschwindigkeit und den Effekten des 6-Minuten-Laufs, was darauf hindeutet, dass Kinder mit größeren Effekten des 6-Minuten-Laufs eine schnellere Gesamtreaktionsgeschwindigkeit aufwiesen. Negative Korrelationen wurden zwischen Sternlaufeffekten und Alterseffekten auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der Simon-Aufgabe gefunden, was bedeutet, dass Kinder mit größeren Sternlaufeffekten kleinere Alterseffekte hatten, und zwischen 6-Minuten-Laufeffekten und Sternlaufeffekten auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der Simon-Aufgabe, was bedeutet, dass Kinder mit größeren 6-Minuten-Laufeffekten tendenziell kleinere Sternlaufeffekte auf die Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit bei der Simon-Aufgabe hatten und umgekehrt. Fazit: (1) Das Fehlen nachweisbarer interventionsbezogener Effekte könnte durch eine unzureichende Interventionsdauer, durch die Durchführung umfassender und damit unspezifischer Übungen oder durch eine Kombination beider Faktoren verursacht worden sein. Dementsprechend könnten längere Interventionszeiträume und/oder spezifischere Übungen vorteilhafter gewesen sein und zu nachweisbaren Verbesserungen der körperlichen Fitness und/oder der exekutiven Funktionen geführt haben. Es bleibt jedoch unklar, ob diese Interventionen Kindern mit Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness zugute kommen können, da es möglich ist, dass ihre Defizite nicht durch einen bloßen Bewegungsmangel verursacht werden, sondern vielmehr von den sozioökonomischen Bedingungen der Kinder und ihrer Familien und Gegenden abhängen. Daher sind weitere Untersuchungen erforderlich, um die Moderation der körperlichen Fitness bei Kindern mit Defiziten in der körperlichen Fitness und insbesondere die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Umfeld der Kinder und ihrer Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness zu analysieren. (2) Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit legen nahe, dass die Verwendung des BMI als Kompositum von Körperhöhe und Körpermasse möglicherweise nicht in der Lage ist, die mit diesen Parametern und ihren Wechselwirkungen verbundene Variation zu erfassen. Insbesondere aufgrund ihrer multidirektionalen Zusammenhänge würde weitere Forschung dazu beitragen, zu klären, wie der BMI und seine Unterkomponenten die körperliche Fitness beeinflussen und wie sie zwischen Kindern mit und ohne körperliche Fitnessdefizite variieren. (3) Die Bewertung der wachstumsbedingten Veränderungen deutete auf negative Auswirkungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Wachstumsschub hin, der sich dem Alter der Spitzen-Höhengeschwindigkeit nähert, und zeigte darüber hinaus signifikante Unterschiede bei diesen Auswirkungen zwischen Kindern. Daher sollten diese Effekte und mögliche interindividuelle Unterschiede bei der Bewertung der Entwicklung der körperlichen Fitness von Kindern berücksichtigt werden. (4) Darüber hinaus hat diese Arbeit gezeigt, dass die Zusammenhänge zwischen körperlicher Fitness und exekutiven Funktionen von Kind zu Kind unterschiedlich sind und möglicherweise durch die sozioökonomischen Bedingungen der Kinder und die Struktur ihrer täglichen Aktivitäten moderiert werden könnten. Weitere Forschung ist erforderlich, um diese Zusammenhänge mit Hilfe von Ansätzen zu untersuchen, die die individuelle Varianz berücksichtigen. KW - physical fitness KW - deficites KW - children KW - remedial physical education KW - intervention KW - linear mixed models KW - cognition KW - Kinder KW - Kognition KW - Defizit KW - Intervention KW - lineare gemischte Modelle KW - körperliche Fitness KW - Sportförderunterricht Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-622607 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Koch, Anne A1 - Pollatos, Olga T1 - Interoceptive sensitivty, body weight and eating behavior in children: a prospective study JF - Frontiers in psychology KW - body weight KW - children KW - eating behavior KW - heartbeat perception KW - interoceptive sensitivity KW - overweight Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01003 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 5 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Intziegianni, Konstantina A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Rauf, S. A1 - White, S. A1 - Rector, Michael V. A1 - Kaplick, Hannes A1 - Wahmkow, Gunnar A1 - Kratzenstein, S. A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Influence of Age and Pathology on Achilles Tendon Properties During a Single-leg Jump JF - International journal of sports medicine N2 - Prevalence of Achilles tendinopathy increases with age leading to a weaker tendon with predisposition to rupture. Conclusive evidence of the influence of age and pathology on Achilles tendon (AT) properties remains limited, as previous studies are based on standardized isometric conditions. The study investigates the influence of age and pathology on AT properties during single-leg vertical jump (SLVJ). 10 children (C), 10 asymptomatic adults (A), and 10 tendinopathic patients (T) were included. AT elongation [mm] from rest to maximal displacement during a SLVJ on a force-plate was sonographically assessed. AT compliance [mm/N]) and strain [%] was calculated by dividing elongation by peak ground reaction force [N] and length, respectively. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc correction (=0.05) were used to compare C with A and A with T. AT elongation (p=0.004), compliance (p=0.001), and strain were found to be statistically significant higher in C (27 +/- 3mm, 0.026 +/- 0.006[mm/N], 13 +/- 2%) compared to A (21 +/- 4mm, 0.017 +/- 0.005[mm/N], 10 +/- 2%). No statistically significant differences (p0.05) was found between A and T (25 +/- 5mm, 0.019 +/- 0.004[mm/N], 12 +/- 3%). During SLVJ, tendon responded differently in regards to age and pathology with children having the most compliant AT. Higher compliance found in healthy tendons might be considered as a protective factor against load-related injuries. KW - children KW - tendinopathy KW - compliance KW - dynamic KW - ultrasonography Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-108198 SN - 0172-4622 SN - 1439-3964 VL - 37 SP - 973 EP - 978 PB - Thieme CY - Stuttgart ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Novina, Novina A1 - Hermanussen, Michael A1 - Scheffler, Christiane A1 - Pulungan, Aman B. A1 - Ismiarto, Yoyos Dias A1 - Andriyana, Yudhie A1 - Biben, Vitriana A1 - Setiabudiawan, Budi T1 - Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts better reflect height and weight of children in West Java, Indonesia, than WHO Child Growth Standards JF - Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology N2 - Objective: The Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018 indicates that Indonesian children are still among the shortest in the world. When referred to World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHOCGS), the prevalence of stunting reaches up to 43% in several Indonesian districts. Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts (INGRC) were established in order to better distinguish between healthy short children and children with growth disorders. We analyzed height and weight measurements of healthy Indonesian children using INGRC and WHOCGS. Methods: 6972 boys and 5800 girls (n = 12,772), aged 0-59 months old, from Bandung District were measured. Z-scores of length/height and body mass index were calculated based on INGRC and WHOCGS. Results: Under 5-year-old Indonesian children raised in Bandung are short and slim. Mean height z-scores of boys is -2.03 [standard deviation (SD) 1.31], mean height z-scores of girls is -2.03 (SD 1.31) when referred to WHOCGS indicating that over 50 % of these children are stunted. Bandung children are heterogeneous, with substantial subpopulations of tall children. Depending on the growth reference used, between 9% and 15% of them are wasted. Wasted children are on average half a SD taller than their peers. Conclusion: WHOCGS seriously overestimates the true prevalence of undernutrition in Indonesian children. The present investigation fails to support evidence of undernutrition at a prevalence similar to the over 50% prevalence of stunting (WHOCGS) versus 13.3% (INGRC). We suggest refraining from using WHOCGS, and instead applying INGRC that closely mirror height and weight increments in Bandung children. INGRC appear superior for practical and clinical purposes, such as detecting growth and developmental disorders. KW - Anthropometric measurement KW - Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts KW - World Health Organization Child Growth Standards KW - Bandung District KW - children KW - undernutrition Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0044 SN - 1308-5727 SN - 1308-5735 VL - 12 IS - 4 SP - 410 EP - 419 PB - Galenos Yayincilik CY - Istanbul ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Fritsch, Nina-Sophie A1 - Liedl, Bernd A1 - Paulinger, Gerhard T1 - Horizontal and vertical labour market movements in Austria BT - do occupational transitions take women across gendered lines? JF - Current Sociology N2 - The gendered division of occupations is a persistent characteristic of the Austrian labour market. Furthermore, we can observe more flexible employment biographies, where sequential employment episodes and occupational transitions become an important part. On this account, the article argues that both gender inequalities and labour market movements need to be examined simultaneously. The authors therefore analyse gender-(un)typed horizontal occupational transitions and their influence on the vertical positioning, based on the Austrian Micro Census (2008–2018). The results reveal that gender-typed occupational transitions are regaining relevance and that the gender effect is reversing in that women increasingly leave gender-untyped occupations. The findings also demonstrate that this gender-typed horizontal movement yields a significant decline in occupational status for women, which even increases when women become mothers. Based on their models the authors find no negative effects for fathers. KW - Austria KW - children KW - gender composition KW - horizontal and vertical movements KW - labour market KW - vements labour market occupational transitions Y1 - 2020 UR - https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0011392120969767 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392120969767 SN - 0085-2066 SN - 0011-3921 VL - 70 IS - 5 SP - 720 EP - 741 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Chaouachi, Anis A1 - Ben Othman, Aymen A1 - Makhlouf, Issam A1 - Young, James D. A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Behm, David George T1 - Global Training Effects of Trained and Untrained Muscles With Youth Can be Maintained During 4 Weeks of Detraining JF - Journal of strength and conditioning research : the research journal of the NSCA N2 - Global (whole-body) effects of resistance training (i.e., cross-education) may be pervasive with children. Detraining induces less substantial deficits with children than adults. It was the objective of this study to investigate the global responses to 4 weeks of detraining after 8 weeks of unilateral leg press (LP) training in 10-13-year-old, pre-peak-height-velocity stage boys. Subjects were randomly separated into 2 unilateral resistance training groups (high load/low repetitions [HL-LR] and low load/high repetitions [LL-HR], and control group). Assessments at pre-training, post-training, and detraining included dominant and nondominant limbs, unilateral, 1 repetition maximum (1RM) and 60% 1RM LP, knee extension, knee flexion, elbow flexion, and handgrip maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and countermovement jump (CMJ). All measures significantly increased from pre-test to detraining for both training programs, except for elbow flexion MVIC with increases only with HL-LR. All measures except CMJ and handgrip MVIC significantly decreased from post-test to detraining, except for elbow flexion MVIC with decreases only with HL-LR. The dominant trained limb experienced significantly greater LP improvements (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with LP 1RM and 60% 1RM LP. In conclusion, youth HL-LR and LL-HR global training effects of trained and untrained limbs demonstrate similar benefits (pre- to detraining) and decrements (post- to detraining) with detraining. The findings emphasize that training any muscle group in a child can have positive global implications for improved strength and power that can persist over baseline measures for at least a month. KW - adolescents KW - strength training KW - deconditioning KW - cross-education KW - children Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0000000000002606 SN - 1064-8011 SN - 1533-4287 VL - 33 IS - 10 SP - 2788 EP - 2800 PB - Lippincott Williams & Wilkins CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Parshina, Olga A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. T1 - Eye-movement benchmarks in heritage language reading JF - Bilingualism : language and cognition N2 - This eye-tracking study establishes basic benchmarks of eye movements during reading in heritage language (HL) by Russian-speaking adults and adolescents of high (n = 21) and low proficiency (n = 27). Heritage speakers (HSs) read sentences in Cyrillic, and their eye movements were compared to those of Russian monolingual skilled adult readers, 8-year-old children and L2 learners. Reading patterns of HSs revealed longer mean fixation durations, lower skipping probabilities, and higher regressive saccade rates than in monolingual adults. High-proficient HSs were more similar to monolingual children, while low-proficient HSs performed on par with L2 learners. Low-proficient HSs differed from high-proficient HSs in exhibiting lower skipping probabilities, higher fixation counts, and larger frequency effects. Taken together, our findings are consistent with the weaker links account of bilingual language processing as well as the divergent attainment theory of HL. KW - bilingualism KW - heritage language KW - reading KW - eye movements KW - Russian KW - children KW - L2 learners Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672892000019X SN - 1366-7289 SN - 1469-1841 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 82 PB - Cambridge University Press CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Buesch, Dirk A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Puta, Christian A1 - Gollhofer, Albert A1 - Behm, David George T1 - Effects of Resistance Training in Youth Athletes on Muscular Fitness and Athletic Performance: A Conceptual Model for Long-Term Athlete Development JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - During the stages of long-term athlete development (LTAD), resistance training (RT) is an important means for (i) stimulating athletic development, (ii) tolerating the demands of long-term training and competition, and (iii) inducing long-term health promoting effects that are robust over time and track into adulthood. However, there is a gap in the literature with regards to optimal RT methods during LTAD and how RT is linked to biological age. Thus, the aims of this scoping review were (i) to describe and discuss the effects of RT on muscular fitness and athletic performance in youth athletes, (ii) to introduce a conceptual model on how to appropriately implement different types of RT within LTAD stages, and (iii) to identify research gaps from the existing literature by deducing implications for future research. In general, RT produced small -to -moderate effects on muscular fitness and athletic performance in youth athletes with muscular strength showing the largest improvement. Free weight, complex, and plyometric training appear to be well -suited to improve muscular fitness and athletic performance. In addition, balance training appears to be an important preparatory (facilitating) training program during all stages of LTAD but particularly during the early stages. As youth athletes become more mature, specificity, and intensity of RT methods increase. This scoping review identified research gaps that are summarized in the following and that should be addressed in future studies: (i) to elucidate the influence of gender and biological age on the adaptive potential following RT in youth athletes (especially in females), (ii) to describe RT protocols in more detail (i.e., always report stress and strain based parameters), and (iii) to examine neuromuscular and tendomuscular adaptations following RT in youth athletes. KW - weight lifting KW - children KW - adolescents KW - physical fitness KW - muscle strength KW - muscle power KW - muscular endurance Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2016.00164 SN - 1664-042X VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Lesinski, Melanie A1 - Büsch, Dirk A1 - Mühlbauer, Thomas A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Puta, Christian A1 - Gollhofer, Albert A1 - Behm, David George T1 - Effects of resistance training in youth athletes on muscular fitness and athletic performance BT - a conceptual model for long-term athlete development T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - During the stages of long-term athlete development (LTAD), resistance training (RT) is an important means for (i) stimulating athletic development, (ii) tolerating the demands of long-term training and competition, and (iii) inducing long-term health promoting effects that are robust over time and track into adulthood. However, there is a gap in the literature with regards to optimal RT methods during LTAD and how RT is linked to biological age. Thus, the aims of this scoping review were (i) to describe and discuss the effects of RT on muscular fitness and athletic performance in youth athletes, (ii) to introduce a conceptual model on how to appropriately implement different types of RT within LTAD stages, and (iii) to identify research gaps from the existing literature by deducing implications for future research. In general, RT produced small -to -moderate effects on muscular fitness and athletic performance in youth athletes with muscular strength showing the largest improvement. Free weight, complex, and plyometric training appear to be well -suited to improve muscular fitness and athletic performance. In addition, balance training appears to be an important preparatory (facilitating) training program during all stages of LTAD but particularly during the early stages. As youth athletes become more mature, specificity, and intensity of RT methods increase. This scoping review identified research gaps that are summarized in the following and that should be addressed in future studies: (i) to elucidate the influence of gender and biological age on the adaptive potential following RT in youth athletes (especially in females), (ii) to describe RT protocols in more detail (i.e., always report stress and strain based parameters), and (iii) to examine neuromuscular and tendomuscular adaptations following RT in youth athletes. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 429 KW - weight lifting KW - children KW - adolescents KW - physical fitness KW - muscle strength KW - muscle power KW - muscular endurance Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406574 IS - 429 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Young, James D. A1 - Whitten, Joseph H. D. A1 - Reid, Jonathan C. A1 - Quigley, Patrick J. A1 - Low, Jonathan A1 - Li, Yimeng A1 - Lima, Camila D. A1 - Hodgson, Daniel D. A1 - Chaouachi, Anis A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effectiveness of Traditional Strength vs. Power Training on Muscle Strength, Power and Speed with Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Numerous national associations and multiple reviews have documented the safety and efficacy of strength training for children and adolescents. The literature highlights the significant training-induced increases in strength associated with youth strength training. However, the effectiveness of youth strength training programs to improve power measures is not as clear. This discrepancy may be related to training and testing specificity. Most prior youth strength training programs emphasized lower intensity resistance with relatively slow movements. Since power activities typically involve higher intensity, explosive-like contractions with higher angular velocities (e.g., plyometrics), there is a conflict between the training medium and testing measures. This meta-analysis compared strength (e.g., training with resistance or body mass) and power training programs (e.g., plyometric training) on proxies of muscle strength, power, and speed. A systematic literature search using a Boolean Search Strategy was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, SPORT Discus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and revealed 652 hits. After perusal of title, abstract, and full text, 107 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed small to moderate magnitude changes for training specificity with jump measures. In other words, power training was more effective than strength training for improving youth jump height. For sprint measures, strength training was more effective than power training with youth. Furthermore, strength training exhibited consistently large magnitude changes to lower body strength measures, which contrasted with the generally trivial, small and moderate magnitude training improvements of power training upon lower body strength, sprint and jump measures, respectively. Maturity related inadequacies in eccentric strength and balance might influence the lack of training specificity with the unilateral landings and propulsions associated with sprinting. Based on this meta-analysis, strength training should be incorporated prior to power training in order to establish an adequate foundation of strength for power training activities. KW - children KW - boys KW - girls KW - plyometric training KW - resistance training Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00423 SN - 1664-042X VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Mazzone, Angela A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Foody, Mairead A1 - Blaya, Catherine T1 - Editorial: A connected or isolated generation? BT - the impact of positive and harmful online communications on children and adolescents' wellbeing JF - Frontiers in education KW - children KW - adolescents KW - wellbeing KW - internet use KW - sharenting KW - cyberbullying KW - onlineharmful experiences KW - COVID-19 pandemic Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.999028 SN - 2504-284X VL - 7 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - GEN A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Kröller, Katja T1 - Childhood overweight and obesity BT - maternal perceptions of the time for engaging in child weight management N2 - Background: There is an increasing awareness of the impact of parental risk perception on the weight course of the child and the parent's readiness to engage in preventive efforts, but only less is known about factors related to the parental perception of the right time for the implementation of preventive activities. The aim of this study was to examine parental perceptions of the appropriate time to engage in child weight management strategies, and the factors associated with different weight points at which mothers recognize the need for preventive actions. Methods: 352 mothers with children aged 2-10 years took part in the study. We assessed mothers' perceptions of the actual and preferred weight status of their child, their ability to identify overweight and knowledge of its associated health risks, as well as perceptions of the right time for action to prevent overweight in their child. A regression analysis was conducted to examine whether demographic and weight related factors as well as the maternal general risk perception were associated with recognizing the need to implement prevention strategies. Results: Although most of the parents considered a BMI in the 75th to 90th percentile a valid reason to engage in the prevention of overweight, 19% of the mothers were not willing to engage in prevention until their child reached the 97th percentile. Whereas the child's sex and the identification of an elevated BMI were significant predictors for parents' recognition of the 75th percentile as right point to engage in prevention efforts, an inability to recognize physical health risks associated with overweight silhouettes emerged as a significant factor predicting which parents would delay prevention efforts until a child's BMI reached the 97th percentile. Conclusion: Parental misperceptions of overweight and associated health risks constitute unfavorable conditions for preventive actions. Feedback on the health risks associated with overweight could help increase maternal readiness for change. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe - 340 KW - maternal perception KW - need for action KW - prevention KW - obesity KW - overweight KW - children Y1 - 2017 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-400954 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hammami, Raouf A1 - Chaouachi, Anis A1 - Makhlouf, Issam A1 - Granacher, Urs A1 - Behm, David George T1 - Associations Between Balance and Muscle Strength, Power Performance in Male Youth Athletes of Different Maturity Status JF - Pediatric exercise science N2 - Balance, strength and power relationships may contain important information at various maturational stages to determine training priorities. Purpose: The objective was to examine maturity-specific relationships of static/dynamic balance with strength and power measures in young male athletes. Method: Soccer players (N = 130) aged 10-16 were assessed with the Stork and Y balance (YBT) tests. Strength/power measures included back extensor muscle strength, standing long jump (SLJ), countermovement jump (CMJ), and 3-hop jump tests. Associations between balance with strength/power variables were calculated according to peak-height-velocity (PHV). Results: There were significant medium-large sized correlations between all balance measures with back extensor strength (r =.486.791) and large associations with power (r =.511.827). These correlation coefficients were significantly different between pre-PHV and circa PHV as well as pre-PHV and post-PHV with larger associations in the more mature groups. Irrespective of maturity-status, SLJ was the best strength/ power predictor with the highest proportion of variance (12-47%) for balance (i.e., Stork eyes opened) and the YBT was the best balance predictor with the highest proportion of variance (43-78%) for all strength/ power variables. Conclusion: The associations between balance and muscle strength/power measures in youth athletes that increase with maturity may imply transfer effects from balance to strength/power training and vice versa in youth athletes. KW - children KW - adolescents KW - training KW - peak height velocity KW - relationships Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.2015-0231 SN - 0899-8493 SN - 1543-2920 VL - 28 SP - 521 EP - 534 PB - Human Kinetics Publ. CY - Champaign ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kansok-Dusche, Julia A1 - Ballaschk, Cindy A1 - Krause, Norman A1 - Zeissig, Anke A1 - Seemann-Herz, Lisanne A1 - Wachs, Sebastian A1 - Bilz, Ludwig T1 - A systematic review on hate speech among children and adolescents BT - definitions, prevalence, and overlap with related phenomena JF - Trauma, violence & abuse : a review journal N2 - Little is known about the current state of research on the involvement of young people in hate speech. Thus, this systematic review presents findings on a) the prevalence of hate speech among children and adolescents and on hate speech definitions that guide prevalence assessments for this population; and b) the theoretical and empirical overlap of hate speech with related concepts. This review was guided by the Cochrane approach. To be included, publications were required to deal with real-life experiences of hate speech, to provide empirical data on prevalence for samples aged 5 to 21 years and they had to be published in academic formats. Included publications were full-text coded using two raters (kappa = .80) and their quality was assessed. The string-guided electronic search (ERIC, SocInfo, Psycinfo, Psyndex) yielded 1,850 publications. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and their findings were systematized. Twelve publications were of medium quality due to minor deficiencies in their theoretical or methodological foundations. All studies used samples of adolescents and none of younger children. Nine out of 10 studies applied quantitative methodologies. Eighteen publications based on 10 studies were included. Results showed that frequencies for hate speech exposure were higher than those related to victimization and perpetration. Definitions of hate speech and assessment instruments were heterogeneous. Empirical evidence for an often theorized overlap between hate speech and bullying was found. The paper concludes by presenting a definition of hate speech, including implications for practice, policy, and research. KW - hate speech KW - bullying KW - adolescents KW - children KW - youth KW - systematic review Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380221108070 SN - 1524-8380 SN - 1552-8324 VL - 24 IS - 4 SP - 2598 EP - 2615 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER -