TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Deconstructing spatial-numerical associations
JF  - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science
N2  - Spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been studied extensively in the past two decades, always requiring either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing. This means that the typical finding of an association of small numbers with left or bottom space and of larger numbers with right or top space could be due to these requirements and not the conceptual representation of numbers. The present study compares explicit and implicit magnitude processing in an implicit spatial-directional task and identifies SNAs as artefacts of either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing; they do not reveal spatial conceptual links. This finding requires revision of current accounts of the relationship between numbers and space.
KW  - Go/no-go task
KW  - Implicit association task
KW  - Numerical cognition
KW  - SNARC effect
Y1  - 2018
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.022
SN  - 0010-0277
SN  - 1873-7838
VL  - 175
SP  - 109
EP  - 113
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
T1  - Spatial associations in numerical cognition-From single digits to arithmetic
JF  - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology
N2  - The literature on spatial associations during number processing is dominated by the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect. We describe spatial biases found for single digits and pairs of numbers, first in the "original" speeded parity task and then extending the scope to encompass different tasks, a range of measures, and various populations. Then we review theoretical accounts before surveying the emerging evidence for similar spatial associations during mental arithmetic. We conclude that the mental number line hypothesis and an embodied approach are useful frameworks for further studies.
KW  - Embodied cognition
KW  - Mental arithmetic
KW  - Numerical cognition
KW  - Operational momentum
KW  - Spatial-numerical association of response codes
KW  - SNARC
Y1  - 2014
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.927515
SN  - 1747-0218
SN  - 1747-0226
VL  - 67
IS  - 8
SP  - 1461
EP  - 1483
PB  - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group
CY  - Abingdon
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
A1  - Goebel, Silke M.
T1  - Direction counts A comparative study of spatially directional counting biases in cultures with different reading directions
JF  - Journal of experimental child psychology
N2  - Western adults associate small numbers with left space and large numbers with right space. Where does this pervasive spatial-numerical association come from? In this study, we first recorded directional counting preferences in adults with different reading experiences (left to right, right to left, mixed, and illiterate) and observed a clear relationship between reading and counting directions. We then recorded directional counting preferences in pre-schoolers and elementary school children from three of these reading cultures (left to right, right to left, and mixed). Culture-specific counting biases existed before reading acquisition in children as young as 3 years and were subsequently modified by early reading experience. Together, our results suggest that both directional counting and scanning activities contribute to number-space associations.
KW  - Counting
KW  - Numerical cognition
KW  - Reading direction
KW  - Number-space association
KW  - Mental Number
KW  - Cross-cultural
Y1  - 2012
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2011.12.005
SN  - 0022-0965
VL  - 112
IS  - 2
SP  - 275
EP  - 281
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - San Diego
ER  - 
TY  - JOUR
A1  - Shaki, Samuel
A1  - Fischer, Martin H.
T1  - Your neighbors define your value a study of spatial bias in number comparison
JF  - Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics
N2  - Several chronometric biases in numerical cognition have informed our understanding of a mental number line (MNL). Complementing this approach, we investigated spatial performance in a magnitude comparison task. Participants located the larger or smaller number of a pair on a horizontal line representing the interval from 0 to 10. Experiments 1 and 2 used only number pairs one unit apart and found that digits were localized farther to the right with "select larger" instructions than with "select smaller" instructions. However, when numerical distance was varied (Experiment 3), digits were localized away from numerically near neighbors. This repulsion effect reveals context-specific distortions in number representation not previously noticed with chronometric measures.
KW  - Magnitude comparison
KW  - Mental number line
KW  - Numerical cognition
KW  - Spatial bias
Y1  - 2013
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.004
SN  - 0001-6918
VL  - 142
IS  - 3
SP  - 308
EP  - 313
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -