TY - JOUR A1 - Olas, Justyna Jadwiga A1 - Fichtner, Franziska A1 - Apelt, Federico T1 - All roads lead to growth BT - imaging-based and biochemical methods to measure plant growth JF - Journal of experimental botany N2 - Plant growth is a highly complex biological process that involves innumerable interconnected biochemical and signalling pathways. Many different techniques have been developed to measure growth, unravel the various processes that contribute to plant growth, and understand how a complex interaction between genotype and environment determines the growth phenotype. Despite this complexity, the term 'growth' is often simplified by researchers; depending on the method used for quantification, growth is viewed as an increase in plant or organ size, a change in cell architecture, or an increase in structural biomass. In this review, we summarise the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying plant growth, highlight state-of-the-art imaging and non-imaging-based techniques to quantitatively measure growth, including a discussion of their advantages and drawbacks, and suggest a terminology for growth rates depending on the type of technique used. KW - biomass KW - growth KW - imaging KW - kinematics KW - morphometrics KW - phenomics KW - phenotyping KW - relative expansion rate of growth (RER) KW - relative growth KW - rate (RGR) Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erz406 SN - 0022-0957 SN - 1460-2431 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 11 EP - 21 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Meyer, Rhonda C. A1 - Witucka-Wall, Hanna A1 - Becher, Martina A1 - Blacha, Anna Maria A1 - Boudichevskaia, Anastassia A1 - Dörmann, Peter A1 - Fiehn, Oliver A1 - Friedel, Svetlana A1 - von Korff, Maria A1 - Lisec, Jan A1 - Melzer, Michael A1 - Repsilber, Dirk A1 - Schmidt, Renate A1 - Scholz, Matthias A1 - Selbig, Joachim A1 - Willmitzer, Lothar A1 - Altmann, Thomas T1 - Heterosis manifestation during early Arabidopsis seedling development is characterized by intermediate gene expression and enhanced metabolic activity in the hybrids JF - The plant journal N2 - Heterosis-associated cellular and molecular processes were analyzed in seeds and seedlings of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions Col-0 and C24 and their heterotic hybrids. Microscopic examination revealed no advantages in terms of hybrid mature embryo organ sizes or cell numbers. Increased cotyledon sizes were detectable 4 days after sowing. Growth heterosis results from elevated cell sizes and numbers, and is well established at 10 days after sowing. The relative growth rates of hybrid seedlings were most enhanced between 3 and 4 days after sowing. Global metabolite profiling and targeted fatty acid analysis revealed maternal inheritance patterns for a large proportion of metabolites in the very early stages. During developmental progression, the distribution shifts to dominant, intermediate and heterotic patterns, with most changes occurring between 4 and 6 days after sowing. The highest incidence of heterotic patterns coincides with establishment of size differences at 4 days after sowing. In contrast, overall transcript patterns at 4, 6 and 10 days after sowing are characterized by intermediate to dominant patterns, with parental transcript levels showing the largest differences. Overall, the results suggest that, during early developmental stages, intermediate gene expression and higher metabolic activity in the hybrids compared to the parents lead to better resource efficiency, and therefore enhanced performance in the hybrids. KW - heterosis KW - seedlings KW - metabolite profiling KW - transcript profiling KW - morphological analysis KW - Arabidopsis thaliana KW - biomass Y1 - 2012 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2012.05021.x SN - 0960-7412 VL - 71 IS - 4 SP - 669 EP - 683 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Lehmann, Anika A1 - Zheng, Weishuang A1 - Ryo, Masahiro A1 - Soutschek, Katharina A1 - Roy, Julien A1 - Rongstock, Rebecca A1 - Maaß, Stefanie A1 - Rillig, Matthias C. T1 - Fungal traits important for soil aggregation JF - Frontiers in microbiology N2 - Soil structure, the complex arrangement of soil into aggregates and pore spaces, is a key feature of soils and soil biota. Among them, filamentous saprobic fungi have well-documented effects on soil aggregation. However, it is unclear what properties, or traits, determine the overall positive effect of fungi on soil aggregation. To achieve progress, it would be helpful to systematically investigate a broad suite of fungal species for their trait expression and the relation of these traits to soil aggregation. Here, we apply a trait-based approach to a set of 15 traits measured under standardized conditions on 31 fungal strains including Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota, all isolated from the same soil. We find large differences among these fungi in their ability to aggregate soil, including neutral to positive effects, and we document large differences in trait expression among strains. We identify biomass density, i.e., the density with which a mycelium grows (positive effects), leucine aminopeptidase activity (negative effects) and phylogeny as important factors explaining differences in soil aggregate formation (SAF) among fungal strains; importantly, growth rate was not among the important traits. Our results point to a typical suite of traits characterizing fungi that are good soil aggregators, and our findings illustrate the power of employing a trait-based approach to unravel biological mechanisms underpinning soil aggregation. Such an approach could now be extended also to other soil biota groups. In an applied context of restoration and agriculture, such trait information can inform management, for example to prioritize practices that favor the expression of more desirable fungal traits. KW - soil aggregation KW - traits KW - saprobic fungi KW - random forest KW - biomass KW - density KW - leucine amino peptidases Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.02904 SN - 1664-302X VL - 10 PB - Frontiers Media CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Babalola, Jonathan Oyebamiji A1 - Omorogie, Martins Osaigbovo A1 - Babarinde, Adesola Abiola A1 - Unuabonah, Emmanuel Iyayi A1 - Oninla, Vincent Olukayode T1 - OPTIMIZATION OF THE BIOSORPTION OF Cr3+, Cd2+ AND Pb2+ USING A NEW BIOWASTE: Zea mays SEED CHAFF JF - Environmental engineering and management journal N2 - This study highlights the potential use of yellow Zea mays seed chaff (YZMSC) biomass as a biosorbent for the removal of Cr3+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ ions from aqueous solutions. Fourier transformed Infrared analysis of the biomass suggests that YZMSC biomass is basically composed of cellulose and methyl cellulose. The biosorption capacities, q(max), of YZMSC biomass for Cr3+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ are 14.68, 121.95 and 384.62 mg/g respectively. Biosorption equilibrium was achieved at 20, 30 and 60 min for Cr3+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ respectively. YZMSC biomass was found to have higher biosorption capacity and overall kinetic rate of uptake for Pb2+ than for Cd2+ and Cr3+. However, Cr3+ had better initial kinetic rate of uptake by the biomass than Pb2+ and Cd2+. The Freundlich equilibrium isotherm model was found to describe equilibrium data better than Langmuir model suggesting that biosorption of these metal ions could be on more than one active site on the surface of YZMSC biomass. Kinetic study predicted the pseudo-second kinetic model as being able to better describe kinetic data obtained than either modified pseudo-first order or Bangham kinetic models. Biosorption of Cr3+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ onto YZMSC biomass was endothermic in nature with large positive entropy values. Biosorption of these metal ions onto YZMSC biomass was observed to be feasible and spontaneous above 283 K. Optimization of biomass weight for the removal of these metal ions suggest that 384 kg, 129 kg and 144 kg of YZMSC biomass is required for the removal of 95% of Cr3+, Cd2+ and Pb2+ metal ions respectively from 100 mg/L of metal ions in 10 tonnes of aqueous solutions. KW - biomass KW - biosorption KW - optimization KW - yellow Zea mays Y1 - 2016 SN - 1582-9596 SN - 1843-3707 VL - 15 SP - 1571 EP - 1580 PB - Gh. Asachi Universitatea Tehnică IaÅŸi CY - Iasi ER -