TY - RPRT A1 - Zivkovic, Velimir T1 - International Rule of Law Through International Investment Law BT - Strengths, Challenges and Opportunities T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - In challenging times for international law, there might be a heightened need for both analysis and prescription. The international rule of law as a connecting thread that goes through the global legal order is a particularly salient topic. By providing a working understanding of the content and contexts of the international rule of law, and by taking the regime of international investment law as a case study, this paper argues that assessing 'rise' or 'decline' motions in this sphere warrants a nuanced approach that should recognise parallel positive and negative developments. Whilst prominent procedural and substantive aspects of international investment law strongly align with the international rule of law requirements, numerous challenges threaten the future existence of the regime and appeal of international rule of law more broadly. At the same time, opportunities exist to adapt the substantive decision-making processes in investor-State disputes so to pursue parallel goals of enhancing rule of law at both international and national levels. Through recognising the specificities of interaction between international and national sphere, arbitrators can further reinvigorate the legitimacy of international rule of law through international investment law - benefitting thus the future of both. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 16 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422181 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 16 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas A1 - Boos, Felix T1 - Bringing States to Justice for Crimes against Humanity BT - The Compromissory Clause in the ILC Draft Convention on Crimes against Humanity T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - Draft Art. 15 CCAH attempts to strike a balance between State autonomy and robust judicial supervision. It largely follows Article 22 CERD conditioning the jurisdiction of the ICJ on prior negotiations. Hence, the substance of the clause is interpreted in light of the Court’s recent case law, especially Georgia v. Russia. Besides, several issues regarding the scope ratione temporis of the compromissory clause are discussed. The article advances several proposals to further improve the current draft, addressing the missing explicit reference to State responsibility, as well as the relationship between the Court and a possible treaty body, It also proposes to recalibrate the interplay of a requirement of prior negotiations respectively the seizing of a future treaty body on the one hand and provisional measures to be indicated by the Court on the other. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 12 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-422035 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 12 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Verlaan, Stephanie T1 - Male victims of wartime sexual violence: an ignored phenomenon BT - An analysis of implications T2 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere N2 - The phenomenon of male-to-male sexual assault undoubtedly occurs, both in domestic and conflict contexts. There is a small but growing discourse supporting the analysis of this phenomenon, however it remains significantly limited and its growth disproportionate to the concerns it warrants. The international law, NGO and State actors are largely responsible for this inhibition, predominately attributable to their intent in preserving the feminist and patriarchal values on which their institutions are founded. The strength with which the feminist discourse has embedded itself into the agendas of relevant actors is obstructing attempts at unbiased analysis of gender-based violence and the development of a discourse dedicated to understanding male sexual assault. It appears to be a prevailing sector-wide perception that females are the only victims of sexual violence and that creating space for a discussion on male-sexual assault will detract worth from the feminist discourse on female sexual assault. This paper discusses the means in which the sectors ignorance towards male sexual assault manifests and the harmful implications of ignoring this phenomenon. The author uses contextual analyses from development, international law, and cultural examples. N2 - Sexualisierte Gewalt gegen Männer existiert im häuslichen Umfeld ebenso wie im Rahmen bewaffneter Konflikte. Zwar wird dieses Phänomen zunehmend diskutiert und analysiert, doch ist der Diskurs nach wie vor begrenzt und seine Zunahme spiegelt nicht die soziopolitische Bedeutung des Problems wider. Neben dem Völkerrecht selbst sind auch NGOs und die Staaten für diese Begrenzungen verantwortlich, weil sie einerseits die feministische Sichtweise aufrechterhalten wollen und andererseits patriarchalische Strukturen nicht gefährden wollen. Eine unvoreingenommene Diskussion über geschlechterbasierte Gewalt ist aufgrund der Dominanz des feministischen Denkansatzes in diesem Bereich nicht möglich und das Verständnis für gegen Männer als Opfer sexualisierter Gewalt bleibt gering. Dahinter mag die Befürchtung stehen, das In-den Blick-nehmen von Männern würde den weiblichen Opfern zu viel Aufmerksamkeit entziehen. Dieses Diskussionspapier geht der Frage nach, in welchen Bereichen sexualisierte Gewalt gegen Männer ignoriert wird und was die Folgen dieser Vernachlässigung sind. Dabei nutzt die Autorin Kontextanalysen aus den Bereichen Entwicklung und Völkerrecht sowie kulturelle Beispiele. T3 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere = State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers - 6 KW - Geschlechterrolle KW - Kriegsverbrechen KW - Vergewaltigung KW - male rape KW - sexualisierte Gewalt Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-412632 SN - 2509-6974 IS - 6 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Vasquez Carruthers, Juan Francisco T1 - UNHCR and the European refugee crisis T2 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere N2 - Since 2015, the European Union has struggled to deal with the influx of refugees coming into its territories. The number of institutions involved in designing a competent response approach, com-bined with the unilateral and uncoordinated state reactions, have left unclear where to look for when searching for answers and new alternatives. Can the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) take a leading role in solving this and future crises? After a brief recapitulation of the crisis, an analysis of UNHCR’s statue, relationship to international law, and doctrine will put this question to the test while exploring options that are not only available but also feasible in a system where politics trump both legality and morality. If UNHCR is to play an active role in fu-ture refugee policies and become the lead agency it once was, a new daring and innovative approach has to emerge in order to readapt to the power relations that prevail in the twenty-first century. N2 - Seit dem Jahr 2015 sieht sich die Europäische Union einem verstärkten Zustrom von Flüchtlingen ausgesetzt. Verschiedene Institutionen und Politikansätze auf Unionsebene, aber auch in den Mitgliedstaaten erschweren eine einheitliche und sachgerechte Lösung. Könnte der UN-Hochkommissar für Flüchtlinge (UNHCR) bei der Lösung dieser und zukünftiger Krisenlagen eine führende Rolle spielen? Vor dem Hintergrund der tatsächlichen Ereignisse und der Rechtsstellung des UNHCR unternimmt es dieses Diskussionspapier, nach Alternativen zu suchen. Um im Dreieck von Völkerrecht, Moral und Machtpolitik wieder eine aktivere Rolle übernehmen zu können, braucht der UNHCR mutige und innovative Konzepte. T3 - Staat, Recht und Politik – Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere = State, Law, and Politics - Research and Discussion Papers - 5 KW - Völkerrecht KW - Internationales Recht KW - Europäische Union KW - Flüchtling KW - Flüchtlingsrecht KW - Refugees KW - UNHCR Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-410429 IS - 5 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Ulfstein, Geir A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Certiorari Through the Backdoor? BT - The Judgment by the European Court of Human Rights in Burmych and Others v. Ukraine in Perspective T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - In its Burmych and Others v. Ukraine judgment of October 2017 the European Court of Human Rights has dismissed more than 12.000 applications due to the fact that given that they were not only repetitive in nature, but also mutatis mutandis identical to applications covered by a previous pilot judgment rendered against Ukraine. This raises fundamental issues as to the role of the Court within the human rights protection system established by the ECHR, as well as those concerning the interrelationship between the Court and the Committee of Ministers. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 13 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-422054 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 13 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Rajput, Aniruddha T1 - Protection of Foreign Investment in India and International Rule of Law: Rise or Decline? T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - This paper narrates the changes in the Indian policy towards foreign investment and analyses them in the backdrop of overall changes in the field of international law and particularly within the framework of the international rule of law. The policy changes that have taken place in India can be categorised into three periods. The first period commences after independence from colonial rule. This period is intriguing. At the international level, India insisted on national treatment for foreign investment and supported the New International Economic Order. Domestically, however, nationalisation was not pursued, and even when pursued, was not applied to foreign investors. This period continued until the 1990s when India faced serious economic problems and this coincided with the high point of the Washington consensus, often seen as the rise of the international rule of law. During this time, national treatment was abandoned and innumerable investment treaties granting liberal protection were entered into. This process ended abruptly after India lost the first investment case. This turn of events comments the third period, where efforts were made towards balancing between investor protection and conserving regulatory freedom. Although this period may appear to be a decline of the international rule of law, a nuanced approach shows that it is rather a rise. India has not withdrawn from the system of investor protection, as has been done by some other States. This period is characterised by extensive and detailed treaties to replace the prior sketchy treaty provisions. This is a move towards a more rule based investment protection. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 10 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421970 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 10 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Palchetti, Paolo T1 - International Law and National Perspective in a Time of Globalization BT - The Persistence of a National Identity in Italian Scholarship of International Law T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - The present study aims at identifying the main trends in Italian international legal scholarship from 1990 onward. After a brief appraisal of the current situation within the Italian community of international law scholars, it will first focus on the methods and fields of interest of the most recent scholarship. Then, an attempt at contextualization will be made, by offering a brief overview of some current trends in international legal scholarship outside Italy and comparing these trends with the recent developments in Italian scholarship. In conclusion, it will be argued that, despite the greater fluidity of national identities, the persistence of common features still appears to characterize the Italian scholarship of international law. A long, deeply rooted and culturally rich tradition of studies in international law, the use of the Italian language, the dimension of the community as well as the presence of lively scientific institutions, are factors that, taken together, appear to favor a phenomenon of reproduction and perpetuation of certain common patterns of thought, thereby preserving the existence of a national perspective. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 20 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422818 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 20 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Lange, Felix T1 - Challenging the Paris Peace Treaties, State Sovereignty, and Western-Dominated International Law BT - The Multifaceted Genesis of the Jus Cogens Doctrine T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - The genesis of the jus cogens doctrine in international law for long has been associated with a turn to a more value-laden international law after the Second World War promoted by British rapporteurs in the International Law Commission. This paper builds on this narrative but adds two seemingly contradictory story lines. In the 1920s and 1930s German-speaking international legal scholars like Alfred Verdross developed the concept as a tool to renounce the disliked Paris Peace Treaties in the context of more and more aggressive German revision policies. Furthermore, after 1945 Soviet thinkers of the Khrushchev era used jus cogens to criticize Western economic and military integration, while newly independent states regarded the concept as a promising vehicle for distancing themselves from traditional Western international legal notions in the era of decolonization. Hence, instead of embracing a progress narrative, a dark sides-account or a contributionist reading of the history of international law, this paper highlights the multifaceted origins of the jus cogens doctrine. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 19 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422510 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 18 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Lange, Felix T1 - Between Systematization and Expertise for Foreign Policy BT - The Practice-Oriented Approach in Germany’s International Legal Scholarship (1920–1980) T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - German international legal scholarship has been known for its practice-oriented, doctrinal approach to international law. On the basis of archival material, this article tracks how this methodological take on international law developed in Germany between the 1920s and the 1980s. In 1924, as a reaction to the establishment of judicial institutions in the Treaty of Versailles, the German Reich founded the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law. Director Viktor Bruns institutionalized the practice-oriented method to advance the idea of international law as a legal order as well as to safeguard the interests of the Weimar government before the various courts. Under National Socialism, members of the Institute provided legal justifications for Hitler’s increasingly radical foreign policy. At the same time, some of them did not engage with völkisch-racist theories, but systematized the existing ius in bello. After 1945, Hermann Mosler, as director of the renamed Max Planck Institute, took the view that the practice-oriented approach was not as discredited as the more theoretical approach of völkisch international law. Furthermore, he regarded the method as a promising vehicle to support the policy of Westintegration of Konrad Adenauer. Also, he tried to promote the idea of ‘international society as a legal community’ by analysing international practice. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 8 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-421895 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 8 ER - TY - RPRT A1 - Krieger, Heike A1 - Zimmermann, Andreas T1 - Sentenza 238/2014 of the Italian Constitutional Court and the International Rule of Law T2 - KFG Working Paper Series N2 - The German-Italian dispute over the scope of sovereign immunities and claims of reparations for war crimes committed by German armed forces during World War II in Italy is in many ways specific and historically contingent. At the same time, it touches upon a number of fundamental challenges which the international community has to address in the interest of furthering the international rule of law. In this working paper both authors address the question whether the current law of sovereign immunities should be changed or interpreted in a manner as to allow for exceptions from State immunities in cases of grave violations of human rights. While the first part of the paper focusses on the perspective of general international law the second part addresses the question through the lense of European law. Both authors agree that unilateral efforts to push for what many consider a progressive development of international law actually may entail adverse effects for the international rule of law and thus may even contribute to a broader crisis of the international legal order. T3 - KFG Working Paper Series - 15 Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-422140 SN - 2509-3770 SN - 2509-3762 IS - 15 ER -