TY - JOUR A1 - Cassel, Michael A1 - Intziegianni, Konstantina A1 - Risch, Lucie A1 - Mueller, Steffen A1 - Engel, Tilman A1 - Mayer, Frank T1 - Physiological Tendon Thickness Adaptation in Adolescent Elite Athletes: A Longitudinal Study JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Increased Achilles (AT) and Patellar tendon (PT) thickness in adolescent athletes compared to non-athletes could be shown. However, it is unclear, if changes are of pathological or physiological origin due to training. The aim of this study was to determine physiological AT and PT thickness adaptation in adolescent elite athletes compared to non-athletes, considering sex and sport. In a longitudinal study design with two measurement days (M1/M2) within an interval of 3.2 +/- 0.8 years, 131 healthy adolescent elite athletes (m/f: 90/41) out of 13 different sports and 24 recreationally active controls (m/f: 6/18) were included. Both ATs and PTs were measured at standardized reference points. Athletes were divided into 4 sport categories [ball (B), combat (C), endurance (E) and explosive strength sports (S)]. Descriptive analysis (mean SD) and statistical testing for group differences was performed (cy = 0.05). AT thickness did not differ significantly between measurement days, neither in athletes (5.6 +/- 0.7 mm/5.6 +/- 0.7 mm) nor in controls (4.8 +/- 0.4 mm/4.9 +/- 0.5 mm, p > 0.05). For PTs, athletes presented increased thickness at M2 (Ml: 3.5 +/- 0.5 mm, M2: 3.8 +/- 0.5 mm, p < 0.001). In general, males had thicker ATs and PTs than females (p < 0.05). Considering sex and sports, only male athletes from B, C, and S showed significant higher PT-thickness at M2 compared to controls (p <= 0.01). Sport-specific adaptation regarding tendon thickness in adolescent elite athletes can be detected in PTs among male athletes participating in certain sports with high repetitive jumping and strength components. Sonographic microstructural analysis might provide an enhanced insight into tendon material properties enabling the differentiation of sex and influence of different sports. KW - Achilles and patellar tendon KW - training adaptation KW - sonography KW - young athletes KW - non-athletes Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00795 SN - 1664-042X VL - 8 SP - 599 EP - 611 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Busching, Robert A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - The contagious effect of deviant behavior in adolescence BT - a longitudinal multilevel study JF - Social psychological and personality science N2 - This article investigated how the development of deviant behavior in adolescence is influenced by the variability of deviant behavior in the peer group. Based on the social information-processing (SIP) model, we predicted that peer groups with a low variability of deviant behavior (providing normative information that is easy to process) should have a main effect on the development of adolescents’ deviant behavior over time, whereas peer groups in which deviant behavior is more variable (i.e., more difficult to process) should primarily impact the deviant behavior of initially nondeviant classroom members. These hypotheses were largely supported in a multilevel analysis using self-reports of deviant behavior in a sample of 16,891 adolescents in 1,308 classes assessed at two data waves about 1-year apart. The results demonstrate the advantages of studying cross-level interactions to clarify the impact of the peer environment on the development of deviant behavior in adolescence. KW - multilevel analyses KW - peer influences KW - deviant behavior KW - gender KW - adolescence Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550617725151 SN - 1948-5506 SN - 1948-5514 VL - 9 IS - 7 SP - 815 EP - 824 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brand, Ralf A1 - Ekkekakis, Panteleimon T1 - Affective-Reflective Theory of physical inactivity and exercise T1 - Die Affective-Reflective Theory zur Erklärung von körperlicher Inaktivität und Sporttreiben BT - Foundations and preliminary evidence BT - Grundlagen und erste Studienergebnisse JF - German Journal of Exercise and Sport Research N2 - This article introduces a new theory, the Affective-Reflective Theory (ART) of physical inactivity and exercise. ART aims to explain and predict behavior in situations in which people either remain in a state of physical inactivity or initiate action (exercise). It is a dual-process model and assumes that exercise-related stimuli trigger automatic associations and a resulting automatic affective valuation of exercise (type-1 process). The automatic affective valuation forms the basis for the reflective evaluation (type-2 process), which can follow if self-control resources are available. The automatic affective valuation is connected with an action impulse, whereas the reflective evaluation can result in action plans. The two processes, in constant interaction, direct the individual towards or away from changing behavior. The ART of physical inactivity and exercise predicts that, when there is an affective-reflective discrepancy and self-control resources are low, behavior is more likely to be governed by the affective type-1 process. This introductory article explains the underlying concepts and main theoretical roots from which the ART of physical inactivity and exercise was developed (field theory, affective responses to exercise, automatic evaluation, evaluation-behavior link, dual-process theorizing). We also summarize the empirical tests that have been conducted to refine the theory in its present form. KW - Motivation KW - Implicit KW - Explicit KW - Dual system KW - Self-control KW - Motivation KW - Implizit KW - Explizit KW - Zwei-System-Theorien KW - Selbstkontrolle Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s12662-017-0477-9 SN - 2509-3142 SN - 2509-3150 VL - 48 IS - 1 SP - 48 EP - 58 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bondü, Rebecca A1 - Sahyazici-Knaak, Fidan A1 - Esser, Günter T1 - Long-Term Associations of Justice Sensitivity, Rejection Sensitivity, and Depressive Symptoms in Children and Adolescents JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Depressive symptoms have been related to anxious rejection sensitivity, but little is known about relations with angry rejection sensitivity and justice sensitivity. We measured rejection sensitivity, justice sensitivity, and depressive symptoms in 1,665 9-to-21-year olds at two points of measurement. Participants with high T1 levels of depressive symptoms reported higher anxious and angry rejection sensitivity and higher justice sensitivity than controls at T1 and T2. T1 rejection, but not justice sensitivity predicted T2 depressive symptoms; high victim justice sensitivity, however, added to the stabilization of depressive symptoms. T1 depressive symptoms positively predicted T2 anxious and angry rejection and victim justice sensitivity. Hence, sensitivity toward negative social cues may be cause and consequence of depressive symptoms and requires consideration in cognitive-behavioral treatment of depression. KW - justice sensitivity KW - rejection sensitivity KW - depressive symptoms KW - childhood KW - adolescence Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01446 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Arslan, Seckin A1 - Felser, Claudia T1 - Comprehension of wh-questions in Turkish-German bilinguals with aphasia BT - a dual-case study JF - Clinical linguistics & phonetics N2 - The aim of our study was to examine the extent to which linguistic approaches to sentence comprehension deficits in aphasia can account for differential impairment patterns in the comprehension of wh-questions in bilingual persons with aphasia (PWA). We investigated the comprehension of subject and object wh-questions in both Turkish, a wh-in-situ language, and German, a wh-fronting language, in two bilingual PWA using a sentence-to-picture matching task. Both PWA showed differential impairment patterns in their two languages. SK, an early bilingual PWA, had particular difficulty comprehending subject which-questions in Turkish but performed normal across all conditions in German. CT, a late bilingual PWA, performed more poorly for object which-questions in German than in all other conditions, whilst in Turkish his accuracy was at chance level across all conditions. We conclude that the observed patterns of selective cross-linguistic impairments cannot solely be attributed either to difficulty with wh-movement or to problems with the integration of discourse-level information. Instead our results suggest that differences between our PWA’s individual bilingualism profiles (e.g. onset of bilingualism, premorbid language dominance) considerably affected the nature and extent of their impairments. KW - Bilingual aphasia KW - wh-questions KW - Turkish-German bilingualism KW - wh-in-situ KW - wh-movement Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2017.1416493 SN - 0269-9206 SN - 1464-5076 VL - 32 IS - 7 SP - 640 EP - 660 PB - Taylor & Francis Group CY - Philadelphia ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Anderson, Craig A. A1 - Suzuki, Kanae A1 - Swing, Edward L. A1 - Groves, Christopher L. A1 - Gentile, Douglas A. A1 - Prot, Sara A1 - Lam, Chun Pan A1 - Sakamoto, Akira A1 - Horiuchi, Yukiko A1 - Krahé, Barbara A1 - Jelic, Margareta A1 - Wei Liuqing, A1 - Toma, Roxana A1 - Warburton, Wayne A. A1 - Zhang, Xue-Min A1 - Tajima, Sachi A1 - Qing, Feng A1 - Petrescu, Poesis T1 - Media Violence and Other Aggression Risk Factors in Seven Nations JF - Personality and social psychology bulletin N2 - Cultural generality versus specificity of media violence effects on aggression was examined in seven countries (Australia, China, Croatia, Germany, Japan, Romania, the United States). Participants reported aggressive behaviors, media use habits, and several other known risk and protective factors for aggression. Across nations, exposure to violent screen media was positively associated with aggression. This effect was partially mediated by aggressive cognitions and empathy. The media violence effect on aggression remained significant even after statistically controlling a number of relevant risk and protective factors (e.g., abusive parenting, peer delinquency), and was similar in magnitude to effects of other risk factors. In support of the cumulative risk model, joint effects of different risk factors on aggressive behavior in each culture were larger than effects of any individual risk factor. KW - mass media KW - aggression KW - culture KW - ethnicity Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167217703064 SN - 0146-1672 SN - 1552-7433 VL - 43 SP - 986 EP - 998 PB - Sage Publ. CY - Thousand Oaks ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Adam, Maurits A1 - Reitenbach, Ivanina A1 - Elsner, Birgit T1 - Agency cues and 11-month-olds’ and adults’ anticipation of action goals JF - Cognitive Development N2 - For the processing of goal-directed actions, some accounts emphasize the importance of experience with the action or the agent. Other accounts stress the importance of agency cues. We investigated the impact of agency cues on 11-month-olds’ and adults’ goal anticipation for a grasping-action performed by a mechanical claw. With an eyetracker, we measured anticipations in two conditions, where the claw was displayed either with or without agency cues. In two experiments, 11-month-olds were predictive when agency cues were present, but reactive when no agency cues were presented. Adults were predictive in both conditions. Furthermore, 11-month-olds rapidly learned to predict the goal in the agency condition, but not in the mechanical condition. Adults’ predictions did not change across trials in the agency condition, but decelerated in the mechanical condition. Thus, agency cues and own action experience are important for infants’ and adults’ online processing of goal-directed actions by non-human agents. KW - Infants KW - Eyetracking KW - Action processing KW - Anticipatory gaze shifts KW - Agency Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.02.008 SN - 0885-2014 SN - 1879-226X VL - 43 SP - 37 EP - 48 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER -