TY - JOUR A1 - Šedová, Barbora A1 - Kalkuhl, Matthias T1 - Who are the climate migrants and where do they go? BT - Evidence from rural India JF - World development N2 - In this paper, we move from the large strand of research that looks at evidence of climate migration to the questions: who are the climate migrants? and where do they go? These questions are crucial to design policies that mitigate welfare losses of migration choices due to climate change. We study the direct and heterogeneous associations between weather extremes and migration in rural India. We combine ERAS reanalysis data with the India Human Development Survey household panel and conduct regression analyses by applying linear probability and multinomial logit models. This enables us to establish a causal relationship between temperature and precipitation anomalies and overall migration as well as migration by destination. We show that adverse weather shocks decrease rural-rural and international migration and push people into cities in different, presumably more prosperous states. A series of positive weather shocks, however, facilitates international migration and migration to cities within the same state. Further, our results indicate that in contrast to other migrants, climate migrants are likely to be from the lower end of the skill distribution and from households strongly dependent on agricultural production. We estimate that approximately 8% of all rural-urban moves between 2005 and 2012 can be attributed to weather. This figure might increase as a consequence of climate change. Thus, a key policy recommendation is to take steps to facilitate integration of less educated migrants into the urban labor market. KW - climate change KW - migration KW - household analysis KW - India KW - econometrics Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.104848 SN - 0305-750X SN - 1873-5991 VL - 129 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Şener, Ulaş T1 - Rodrik, Dani (2015): Economics Rules: The Rights and Wrongs of the Dismal Science / rezensiert von Ulaş Şener JF - European journal of economics and economic policies : intervention ; EJEEP Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.4337/ejeep.2017.03.08 SN - 2052-7764 SN - 2195-3376 VL - 14 SP - 375 EP - 377 PB - Elgar CY - Cheltenham ER - TY - BOOK A1 - Åslund, Anders T1 - The political economy of systemic transformation and institution-building T3 - Diskussionsbeitrag / Europäisches Institut für internationale Wirtschaftsbeziehungen, Potsdam Y1 - 1997 SN - 1430-5445 VL - 40 PB - Univ. CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zou, Yasheng T1 - Basel III and Its Implementation in China’s Banking Industry JF - Protokollband 2013 N2 - 1. Introduction 2. Analysis of implementation of the Basel III in China 2.1 Implementation of capital adequacy rules 2.2 Implementation of leverage ratio rules 2.3 Implementation of liquidity management rules 3. Suggestions for further development of China’s banking industry 3.1 Promoting capital structure adjustment and broadening capital supplement channels 3.2 Transforming business models and developing intermediary and off-balance business 3.3 Increasing the intensity of risk management and refining its standards Y1 - 2013 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-68673 SP - 43 EP - 54 PB - Universitätsverlag Potsdam CY - Potsdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ziesemer, Florence A1 - Hüttel, Alexandra A1 - Balderjahn, Ingo T1 - Anti-Consumption JF - Sustainability N2 - Transcending the conventional debate around efficiency in sustainable consumption, anti-consumption patterns leading to decreased levels of material consumption have been gaining importance. Change agents are crucial for the promotion of such patterns, so there may be lessons for governance interventions that can be learnt from the every-day experiences of those who actively implement and promote sustainability in the field of anti-consumption. Eighteen social innovation pioneers, who engage in and diffuse practices of voluntary simplicity and collaborative consumption as sustainable options of anti-consumption share their knowledge and personal insights in expert interviews for this research. Our qualitative content analysis reveals drivers, barriers, and governance strategies to strengthen anti-consumption patterns, which are negotiated between the market, the state, and civil society. Recommendations derived from the interviews concern entrepreneurship, municipal infrastructures in support of local grassroots projects, regulative policy measures, more positive communication to strengthen the visibility of initiatives and emphasize individual benefits, establishing a sense of community, anti-consumer activism, and education. We argue for complementary action between top-down strategies, bottom-up initiatives, corporate activities, and consumer behavior. The results are valuable to researchers, activists, marketers, and policymakers who seek to enhance their understanding of materially reduced consumption patterns based on the real-life experiences of active pioneers in the field. KW - social innovation KW - sufficiency KW - collaborative consumption KW - expert interview KW - consumer behavior KW - sustainability KW - innovation policy KW - governance for sustainable development KW - consumer education Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3390/su11236663 SN - 2071-1050 VL - 11 IS - 23 PB - MDPI CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zhu, Jinshan T1 - Assessing China’s price review policy on Clean Development Mechanism projects JF - European Journal of Law and Economics N2 - The Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows developed countries to meet part of their obligational emission reductions by carrying out emission reduction projects in developing countries. China imposed a price floor to the CDM carbon credits produced in China through its price review policy. Scholars have not agreed on the purpose of China’s price review policy. With a theoretical model and a coherent empirical study, the present study shows that the price floor imposed by China’s price review is more likely to protect those domestic project owners against price discrimination, rather than to distort the CDM market. Nevertheless, China’s price review has its own flaws. Although a regression study shows month of approval, types of projects and location of project can explain 55% of price floor designation, the operation of price review remains quite random and unpredictable in individual cases. This would bring extra bureaucratically uncertainty on its way to curb market uncertainty. Its function can be fulfilled by alternative policy tools with better economic efficiency and legal legitimacy, such as mandatory price disclosure and trading forum, which doesn’t have such drawback, but still be able to alleviate possible price discrimination in individual cases. KW - CDM KW - China KW - Price review KW - Price floor KW - Law and economics Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s10657-016-9550-3 SN - 0929-1261 SN - 1572-9990 VL - 43 SP - 285 EP - 316 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - THES A1 - Zeller, Carolin T1 - Self-regulation and labour standards : an exemplary study investigating the emergence and strenghening of self- regulation regimes in the apparel industry Y1 - 2012 SN - 978-3-631-62433-3 PB - Lang Peter GmbH Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften CY - Frankfurt ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zaklan, Aleksandar A1 - Abrell, Jan A1 - Neumann, Anne T1 - Stationarity changes in long-run energy commodity prices JF - Energy economics N2 - Situated at the intersection of the literatures on speculative storage and non-renewable commodity scarcity, this paper considers whether changes in persistence have occurred in long-run U.S. prices of the energy commodities crude oil, natural gas and bituminous coal. We allow for a structural break when testing for a break in persistence to avoid a change in the stochastic properties of prices being confounded by an unaccounted-for deterministic shift in the price series. We find that coal prices are trend stationary throughout their evolution and that oil prices change from stationarity to non-stationarity in the decade between the late 1960s to late 1970s. The result on gas prices is ambiguous. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for a possible structural shift when testing for breaks in persistence, while being robust to the exact date of the structural break. Based on our analysis we caution against viewing long-run energy commodity prices as being non-stationary and conclude in favor of modeling commodity market fundamentals as stationary, meaning that speculative storage will tend to have a dampening effect on prices. We also cannot reject that long-run prices of coal and, with some hesitation, gas follow a Hotelling-type rule. In contrast, we reject the Hotelling rule for oil prices since the late 1960s/early 1970s. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. KW - Non-renewable commodity prices KW - Competitive storage KW - Resource scarcity KW - Stationarity KW - Structural breaks Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2016.07.022 SN - 0140-9883 SN - 1873-6181 VL - 59 SP - 96 EP - 103 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Xiang, Hai A1 - Gao, Jianqiang A1 - Cai, Dawei A1 - Luo, Yunbing A1 - Yu, Baoquan A1 - Liu, Langqing A1 - Liu, Ranran A1 - Zhou, Hui A1 - Chen, Xiaoyong A1 - Dun, Weitao A1 - Wang, Xi A1 - Hofreiter, Michael A1 - Zhao, Xingbo T1 - Origin and dispersal of early domestic pigs in northern China JF - Scientific reports N2 - It is widely accepted that modern pigs were domesticated independently at least twice, and Chinese native pigs are deemed as direct descendants of the first domesticated pigs in the corresponding domestication centers. By analyzing mitochondrial DNA sequences of an extensive sample set spanning 10,000 years, we find that the earliest pigs from the middle Yellow River region already carried the maternal lineages that are dominant in both younger archaeological populations and modern Chinese pigs. Our data set also supports early Neolithic pig utilization and a long-term in situ origin for northeastern Chinese pigs during 8,000-3,500 BP, suggesting a possibly independent domestication in northeast China. Additionally, we observe a genetic replacement in ancient northeast Chinese pigs since 3,500 BP. The results not only provide increasing evidence for pig origin in the middle Yellow River region but also depict an outline for the process of early pig domestication in northeast China. Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-06056-8 SN - 2045-2322 VL - 7 PB - Nature Publ. Group CY - London ER - TY - THES A1 - Wulff, Alexander T1 - Essays in macroeconomics and financial market imperfections N2 - This dissertation consists of four self-contained papers that deal with the implications of financial market imperfections and heterogeneity. The analysis mainly relates to the class of incomplete-markets models but covers different research topics. The first paper deals with the distributional effects of financial integration for developing countries. Based on a simple heterogeneous-agent approach, it is shown that capital owners experience large welfare losses while only workers moderately gain due to higher wages. The large welfare losses for capital owners contrast with the small average welfare gains from representative-agent economies and indicate that a strong opposition against capital market opening has to be expected. The second paper considers the puzzling observation of capital flows from poor to rich countries and the accompanying changes in domestic economic development. Motivated by the mixed results from the literature, we employ an incomplete-markets model with different types of idiosyncratic risk and borrowing constraints. Based on different scenarios, we analyze under what conditions the presence of financial market imperfections contributes to explain the empirical findings and how the conditions may change with different model assumptions. The third paper deals with the interplay of incomplete information and financial market imperfections in an incomplete-markets economy. In particular, it analyzes the impact of incomplete information about idiosyncratic income shocks on aggregate saving. The results show that the effect of incomplete information is not only quantitatively substantial but also qualitatively ambiguous and varies with the influence of the income risk and the borrowing constraint. Finally, the fourth paper analyzes the influence of different types of fiscal rules on the response of key macroeconomic variables to a government spending shock. We find that a strong temporary increase in public debt contributes to stabilizing consumption and leisure in the first periods following the change in government spending, whereas a non-debt-intensive fiscal rule leads to a faster recovery of consumption, leisure, capital and output in later periods. Regarding optimal debt policy, we find that a debt-intensive fiscal rule leads to the largest aggregate welfare benefit and that the individual welfare gain is particularly high for wealth-poor agents. N2 - Die vorliegende Dissertation besteht aus vier eigenständigen Papieren, die sich mit den Auswirkungen von Finanzmarktunvollkommenheiten und Heterogenität beschäftigen. Die Analyse bezieht sich dabei vorwiegend auf die Klasse heterogener-Agenten Modelle mit Finanzmarktunvollkommenheiten, greift aber verschiedene Fragestellungen auf. Das erste Papier beschäftigt sich mit den Verteilungseffekten finanzieller Integration in sich entwickelnden Volkswirtschaften. Mit Hilfe eines einfachen heterogene-Agenten Ansatzes wird gezeigt, dass inländische Kapitalbesitzer massiv durch finanzielle Integration verlieren, während ausschließlich Arbeitnehmer moderat durch Lohnanstiege gewinnen. Die erheblichen Wohlfahrtsverluste für Kapitalbesitzer stehen dabei im Kontrast zu den geringen durchschnittlichen Wohlfahrtseffekten und zeigen, dass eine starke Opposition gegenüber der Öffnung von Kapitalmärkten in sich entwickelnde Länder zu erwarten ist. Der zweite Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit dem neueren Phänomen von Kapitalflüssen von armen zu reichen Ländern sowie mit den einhergehenden inländischen Entwicklungen. Ausgehend von den stark divergierenden Ergebnissen der Literatur wird ein umfassendes heterogene-Agenten Modell mit nicht versicherbaren idiosynkratischen Risiken und Verschuldungsrestriktionen betrachtet. Anhand verschiedener Szenarien wird gezeigt, unter welchen Bedingungen Finanzmarktunvollkommenheiten zur Klärung der empirischen Befunde beitragen können und inwiefern sich die Parameterrestriktionen unter verschiedenen Modellannahmen ändern. Der dritte Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit den Auswirkungen unvollständiger Informationen im Rahmen eines heterogene-Agenten Modells. Insbesondere werden die Auswirkungen unvollständiger Informationen bezüglich idiosynkratischer Einkommensschocks auf die aggregierte Ersparnisbildung untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Einfluss unvollständiger Information nicht nur quantitativ bedeutsam, sondern auch qualitativ verschieden ist und stark mit der konkreten Ausprägung der Finanzmarktunvollkommenheiten variiert. Der vierte Aufsatz beschäftigt sich mit der Ausgestaltung staatlicher Verschuldungspolitik. Insbesondere wird die Finanzierung einer vorübergehenden Erhöhung von Staatsausgaben unter verschiedenen Fiskalregeln analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine verschuldungsintensive Fiskalregel einen kurzfristig stabilisierenden Effekt auf Konsum und Freizeit aufweist, von dem insbesondere vermögensarme Haushalte profitieren, die besonders stark von den Verschuldungsrestriktionen betroffen sind. KW - incomplete markets KW - heterogeneous agents KW - financial integration KW - incomplete information KW - fiscal policy KW - unvollständige Märkte KW - heterogene Agenten KW - finanzielle Integration KW - unvollständige Information KW - Fiskalpolitik Y1 - 2018 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-429956 ER -