TY  - JOUR
A1  - Wollny, Anna
A1  - Fay, Doris
A1  - Urbach, Tina
T1  - Personal initiative in middle childhood: Conceptualization and measurement development
JF  - Learning and individual differences
N2  - Drawing on research on personal initiative in adults, this paper present the conceptualization of personal initiative in the middle childhood, and the development and validation of an eight-item teacher and parent rating scale of children's and adolescents' personal initiative. The psychometric properties and construct validity of the measure were tested in two samples of children in middle childhood (N = 1069–1657) and middle childhood to adolescence (N = 1533). Both the teacher and parent rating scale showed good item characteristics. Results of confirmatory factor analyses supported their hypothesized factorial structure. The agreement of teacher and parent ratings was satisfactory. Evidence on the construct validity of the scale was further derived from a nomological network comprising control cognitions, motivational orientations, and cognitive ability. The measures proved to be invariant across school years and raters. We discuss several avenues for future research on personal initiative in the fields of development and education.
KW  - Personal initiative
KW  - Proactivity
KW  - Childhood and adolescence
KW  - Scale development
Y1  - 2016
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2016.05.004
SN  - 1041-6080
SN  - 1873-3425
VL  - 49
SP  - 59
EP  - 73
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -