TY - JOUR A1 - Hyönä, Jukka A1 - Heikkilä, Timo T. A1 - Vainio, Seppo A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Parafoveal access to word stem during reading BT - an eye movement study JF - Cognition : international journal of cognitive science N2 - Previous studies (Hyona, Yan, & Vainio, 2018; Yan et al., 2014) have demonstrated that in morphologically rich languages a word's morphological status is processed parafoveally to be used in modulating saccadic programming in reading. In the present parafoveal preview study conducted in Finnish, we examined the exact nature of this effect by comparing reading of morphologically complex words (a stem + two suffixes) to that of monomorphemic words. In the preview-change condition, the final 3-4 letters were replaced with other letters making the target word a pseudoword; for suffixed words, the word stem remained intact but the suffix information was unavailable; for monomorphemic words, only part of the stem was parafoveally available. Three alternative predictions were put forth. According to the first alternative, the morphological effect in initial fixation location is due to parafoveally perceiving the suffix as a highly frequent letter cluster and then adjusting the saccade program to land closer to the word beginning for suffixed than monomorphemic words. The second alternative, the processing difficulty hypothesis, assumes a morphological complexity effect: suffixed words are more complex than monomorphemic words. Therefore, the attentional window is narrower and the saccade is shorter. The third alternative posits that the effect reflects parafoveal access to the word's stem. The results for the initial fixation location and fixation durations were consistent with the parafoveal stem-access view. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Morphological complexity KW - Parafoveal processing KW - Display change KW - Initial fixation location Y1 - 2021 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104547 SN - 0010-0277 SN - 1873-7838 VL - 208 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - THES A1 - Chandra, Johan T1 - The role of the oculomotor control in eye movements during reading N2 - Most reading theories assume that readers aim at word centers for optimal information processing. During reading, saccade targeting turns out to be imprecise: Saccades’ initial landing positions often miss the word centers and have high variance, with an additional systematic error that is modulated by the distance from the launch site to the center of the target word. The performance of the oculomotor system, as reflected in the statistics of within-word landing positions, turns out to be very robust and mostly affected by the spatial information during reading. Hence, it is assumed that the saccade generation is highly automated. The main goal of this thesis is to explore the performance of the oculomotor system under various reading conditions where orthographic information and the reading direction were manipulated. Additionally, the challenges in understanding the eye movement data to represent the oculomotor process during reading are addressed. Two experimental studies and one simulation study were conducted for this thesis, which resulted in the following main findings: (i) Reading texts with orthographic manipulations leads to specific changes in the eye movement patterns, both in temporal and spatial measures. The findings indicate that the oculomotor control of eye movements during reading is dependent on reading conditions (Chapter 2 & 3). (ii) Saccades’ accuracy and precision can be simultaneously modulated under reversed reading condition, supporting the assumption that the random and systematic oculomotor errors are not independent. By assuming that readers increase the precision of sensory observation while maintaining the learned prior knowledge when reading direction was reversed, a process-oriented Bayesian model for saccade targeting can account for the simultaneous reduction of oculomotor errors (Chapter 2). (iii) Plausible parameter values serving as proxies for the intended within-word landing positions can be estimated by using the maximum a posteriori estimator from Bayesian inference. Using the mean value of all observations as proxies is insufficient for studies focusing on the launch-site effect because the method exhibits the strongest bias when estimating the size of the effect. Mislocated fixations remain a challenge for the currently known estimation methods, especially when the systematic oculomotor error is large (Chapter 4). The results reported in this thesis highlight the role of the oculomotor system, together with underlying cognitive processes, in eye movements during reading. The modulation of oculomotor control can be captured through a precise analysis of landing positions. N2 - Zahlreiche Theorien des Lesens gehen davon aus, dass Sakkaden beim Lesen auf die Wortmitte abzielen, um eine optimale Informationsverarbeitung zu erreichen. Die Lan- depositionen von Sakkaden verfehlen oft die Wortmitte und weisen eine hohe Varianz auf, mit einem zusätzlichen systematischen Fehler, der durch die Entfernung zwischen der Sakkadensstartposition und der Position der Wortmitte moduliert wird. Das Verhalten der Okulomotorik, wie es sich in der Statistik der Sakkadenlandepositionen widerspiegelt, erweist sich als sehr robust und wird hauptsächlich von räumlichen Informationen beeinflusst. Daher wird angenommen, dass der Sakkadengenerierungprozess automatisiert ist. Das Hauptziel dieser Dissertation ist es, das Verhalten des okulomotorischen Systems unter verschiedenen Lesebedingungen zu untersuchen. Hierzu wurden orthographische Informationen und die Leserichtung manipuliert. Blickbewegungsdaten repräsentieren den okulomotorischen Prozess beim Lesen. Die Herausforderungen beim Verständnis dieser Daten wurden thematisiert. Insgesamt wurden zwei experimentelle Studien und eine Simulationsstudie durchgeführt, die zu folgenden Hauptergebnissen führen: (i) Die Blickbewegungsmuster beim Lesen von Texten mit manipulierter Orthographie veränderten sich spezifisch zur jeweiligen Bedingung, sowohl in zeitlichen als auch räumlichen Kennwerten der Blickbewegungsdaten. Dies legt nahe, dass die okulomotorische Kontrolle beim Lesen an die Manipulation anpasst (Kapitel 2 & 3). (ii) Sowohl Genauigkeit, als auch Präzision von Sakkaden lassen sich durch die veränderte Leserichtung verbessern. Das Ergebnis zeigt, dass systematische und zufällige Fehler des okulomotorischen Systems nicht unabhängig sind. Das Bayes’sche Model zur Sakkadenplanung kann die empirischen Ergebnisse approximieren und zeitgleich die verbesserte Sakkadenausrichtung erklären. In der Rechts-nach-Links Lesebedingung verbessert sich die Präzision von sensorischen Informationen, während das a priori erlernte Vorwissen unverändert bleibt (Kapitel 2). (iii) Plausible Parameterwerte, die als Annäherung für intendierte Landepositionen dienen, können durch Verwendung des maximalen a posteriori Schätzers aus der Bayes’schen Inferenz geschätzt werden. Die einfache Mittelwertsmethode weist die stärksten Verzerrung bei der Schätzung der Effektstärke des Launch-Site-Effekts auf. Daher ist sie nicht ausreichend um den Effekt zu beschreiben. Falsch verorterte Fixationen bleiben eine Herausforderung für die derzeit bekannten Schätzmethoden, insbesondere wenn der systematische okulomotorische Fehler groß ist (Kapitel 4). Die in dieser Arbeit berichteten Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Rolle des okulomotorischen Systems, zusammen mit den zugrundeliegenden kognitiven Prozessen, bei der Blicksteuerung beim Lesen. Die Modulation der okulomotorischen Steuerung kann durch die genauen Analysen der Sakkadenlandepositionen erfasst werden. T2 - Die Rolle der Okulomotorik in Blickbewegungen beim Lesen KW - Oculomotor control KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Blickbewegungen KW - Okulomotorik KW - Lesen Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-475930 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Laurinavichyute, Anna A1 - Sekerina, Irina A. A1 - Alexeeva, Svetlana A1 - Bagdasaryan, Kristine A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Russian Sentence Corpus: Benchmark measures of eye movements in reading in Russian JF - Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - This article introduces a new corpus of eye movements in silent readingthe Russian Sentence Corpus (RSC). Russian uses the Cyrillic script, which has not yet been investigated in cross-linguistic eye movement research. As in every language studied so far, we confirmed the expected effects of low-level parameters, such as word length, frequency, and predictability, on the eye movements of skilled Russian readers. These findings allow us to add Slavic languages using Cyrillic script (exemplified by Russian) to the growing number of languages with different orthographies, ranging from the Roman-based European languages to logographic Asian ones, whose basic eye movement benchmarks conform to the universal comparative science of reading (Share, 2008). We additionally report basic descriptive corpus statistics and three exploratory investigations of the effects of Russian morphology on the basic eye movement measures, which illustrate the kinds of questions that researchers can answer using the RSC. The annotated corpus is freely available from its project page at the Open Science Framework: https://osf.io/x5q2r/. KW - Reading KW - Eye movements KW - Russian KW - Ambiguity KW - Part of speech KW - Corpus Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-018-1051-6 SN - 1554-351X SN - 1554-3528 VL - 51 IS - 3 SP - 1161 EP - 1178 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hartmann, Matthias A1 - Laubrock, Jochen A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - The visual number world BT - a dynamic approach to study the mathematical mind JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - In the domain of language research, the simultaneous presentation of a visual scene and its auditory description (i.e., the visual world paradigm) has been used to reveal the timing of mental mechanisms. Here we apply this rationale to the domain of numerical cognition in order to explore the differences between fast and slow arithmetic performance, and to further study the role of spatial-numerical associations during mental arithmetic. We presented 30 healthy adults simultaneously with visual displays containing four numbers and with auditory addition and subtraction problems. Analysis of eye movements revealed that participants look spontaneously at the numbers they currently process (operands, solution). Faster performance was characterized by shorter latencies prior to fixating the relevant numbers and fewer revisits to the first operand while computing the solution. These signatures of superior task performance were more pronounced for addition and visual numbers arranged in ascending order, and for subtraction and numbers arranged in descending order (compared to the opposite pairings). Our results show that the visual number world-paradigm provides on-line access to the mind during mental arithmetic, is able to capture variability in arithmetic performance, and is sensitive to visual layout manipulations that are otherwise not reflected in response time measurements. KW - Eye movements KW - Mental arithmetic KW - Mental number line KW - Visual world paradigm Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1240812 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 28 EP - 36 PB - Sage Publ. CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hyona, Jukka A1 - Yan, Ming A1 - Vainio, Seppo T1 - Morphological structure influences the initial landing position in words during reading Finnish JF - The quarterly journal of experimental psychology N2 - The preferred viewing location in words [Rayner, K. (1979). Eye guidance in reading: Fixation locations within words. Perception, 8, 21–30] during reading is near the word centre. Parafoveal word length information is utilized to guide the eyes toward it. A recent study by Yan and colleagues [Yan, M., Zhou, W., Shu, H., Yusupu, R., Miao, D., Krügel, A., & Kliegl, R. (2014). Eye movements guided by morphological structure: Evidence from the Uighur language. Cognition, 132, 181–215] demonstrated that the word’s morphological structure may also be used in saccadic targeting. The study was conducted in a morphologically rich language, Uighur. The present study aimed at replicating their main findings in another morphologically rich language, Finnish. Similarly to Yan et al., it was found that the initial fixation landed closer to the word beginning for morphologically complex than for monomorphemic words. Word frequency, saccade launch site, and word length were also found to influence the initial landing position. It is concluded that in addition to low-level factors (word length and saccade launch site), also higher level factors related to the word’s morphological structure and frequency may be utilized in saccade programming during reading. KW - Eye movements KW - Morphological structure KW - Reading KW - Saccades KW - Word frequency Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2016.1267233 SN - 1747-0218 SN - 1747-0226 VL - 71 IS - 1 SP - 122 EP - 130 PB - Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group CY - Abingdon ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Matuschek, Hannes A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Linked linear mixed models: A joint analysis of fixation locations and fixation durations in natural reading JF - Psychonomic bulletin & review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society N2 - The complexity of eye-movement control during reading allows measurement of many dependent variables, the most prominent ones being fixation durations and their locations in words. In current practice, either variable may serve as dependent variable or covariate for the other in linear mixed models (LMMs) featuring also psycholinguistic covariates of word recognition and sentence comprehension. Rather than analyzing fixation location and duration with separate LMMs, we propose linking the two according to their sequential dependency. Specifically, we include predicted fixation location (estimated in the first LMM from psycholinguistic covariates) and its associated residual fixation location as covariates in the second, fixation-duration LMM. This linked LMM affords a distinction between direct and indirect effects (mediated through fixation location) of psycholinguistic covariates on fixation durations. Results confirm the robustness of distributed processing in the perceptual span. They also offer a resolution of the paradox of the inverted optimal viewing position (IOVP) effect (i.e., longer fixation durations in the center than at the beginning and end of words) although the opposite (i.e., an OVP effect) is predicted from default assumptions of psycholinguistic processing efficiency: The IOVP effect in fixation durations is due to the residual fixation-location covariate, presumably driven primarily by saccadic error, and the OVP effect (at least the left part of it) is uncovered with the predicted fixation-location covariate, capturing the indirect effects of psycholinguistic covariates. We expect that linked LMMs will be useful for the analysis of other dynamically related multiple outcomes, a conundrum of most psychonomic research. KW - Linear mixed model KW - Model linkage KW - Eye movements KW - Reading Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1138-y SN - 1069-9384 SN - 1531-5320 VL - 24 SP - 637 EP - 651 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Sperlich, Anja A1 - Meixner, Johannes A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Development of the perceptual span in reading BT - A longitudinal study JF - Journal of experimental child psychology N2 - The perceptual span is a standard measure of parafoveal processing, which is considered highly important for efficient reading. Is the perceptual span a stable indicator of reading performance? What drives its development? Do initially slower and faster readers converge or diverge over development? Here we present the first longitudinal data on the development of the perceptual span in elementary school children. Using the moving window technique, eye movements of 127 German children in three age groups (Grades 1, 2, and 3 in Year 1) were recorded at two time points (T1 and T2) 1 year apart. Introducing a new measure of the perceptual span, nonlinear mixed-effects modeling was used to separate window size effects from asymptotic reading performance. Cross-sectional differences were well replicated longitudinally. Asymptotic reading rate increased monotonously with grade, but in a decelerating fashion. A significant change in the perceptual span was observed only between Grades 2 and 3. Together with results from a cross-lagged panel model, this suggests that the perceptual span increases as a consequence of relatively well established word reading. Stabilities of observed and predicted reading rates were high after Grade 1, whereas the perceptual span was only moderately stable for all grades. Comparing faster and slower readers as assessed at T1, in general, a pattern of stable between-group differences emerged rather than a compensatory pattern; second and third graders even showed a Matthew effect in reading rate and the perceptual span, respectively. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. KW - Longitudinal study KW - Reading development KW - Eye movements KW - Perceptual span KW - Moving window KW - Nonlinear mixed-effects modeling Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jecp.2016.02.007 SN - 0022-0965 SN - 1096-0457 VL - 146 SP - 181 EP - 201 PB - Elsevier CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin A1 - Trukenbrod, Hans Arne A1 - Schütt, Heiko Herbert A1 - Wichmann, Felix A. A1 - Engbert, Ralf T1 - Influence of initial fixation position in scene viewing JF - Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision. KW - Visual scanpath KW - Visual attention KW - Inhibition of return KW - Eye movements KW - Saliency Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.09.012 SN - 0042-6989 SN - 1878-5646 VL - 129 SP - 33 EP - 49 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cajar, Anke A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Laubrock, Jochen T1 - Spatial frequency processing in the central and peripheral visual field during scene viewing JF - Vision research : an international journal for functional aspects of vision. N2 - Visuospatial attention and gaze control depend on the interaction of foveal and peripheral processing. The foveal and peripheral regions of the visual field are differentially sensitive to parts of the spatial frequency spectrum. In two experiments, we investigated how the selective attenuation of spatial frequencies in the central or the peripheral visual field affects eye-movement behavior during real-world scene viewing. Gaze-contingent low-pass or high-pass filters with varying filter levels (i.e., cutoff frequencies; Experiment 1) or filter sizes (Experiment 2) were applied. Compared to unfiltered control conditions, mean fixation durations increased most with central high-pass and peripheral low-pass filtering. Increasing filter size prolonged fixation durations with peripheral filtering, but not with central filtering. Increasing filter level prolonged fixation durations with low-pass filtering, but not with high-pass filtering. These effects indicate that fixation durations are not always longer under conditions of increased processing difficulty. Saccade amplitudes largely adapted to processing difficulty: amplitudes increased with central filtering and decreased with peripheral filtering; the effects strengthened with increasing filter size and filter level. In addition, we observed a trade-off between saccade timing and saccadic selection, since saccade amplitudes were modulated when fixation durations were unaffected by the experimental manipulations. We conclude that interactions of perception and gaze control are highly sensitive to experimental manipulations of input images as long as the residual information can still be accessed for gaze control. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Eye movements KW - Scene viewing KW - Spatial frequencies KW - Gaze-contingent displays Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.05.008 SN - 0042-6989 SN - 1878-5646 VL - 127 SP - 186 EP - 197 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Klein, Angela Ines A1 - Kruegel, Andre A1 - Risse, Sarah A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Engbert, Ralf A1 - Pereira, Vera Wannmacher T1 - The processing of pronominal anaphora by children that have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or dyslexia: a study through the analysis of eye movements JF - Letras de hoje N2 - The aim of this work was to verify the processing of pronominal anaphora by children that have attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or dyslexia. The sample studied consisted of 75 children that speak German, which read two texts of 80 words containing pronominal anaphora. The eye movements of all participants were recorded and, to make sure they were reading with attention, two activities that tested reading comprehension were proposed. Through the analysis of eye movements, specifically the fixations, the data indicate that children with disorders have difficulty to process the pronominal anaphora, especially dyslexic children. KW - ADHD KW - Dyslexia KW - Reading comprehension KW - Eye movements KW - Pronominal anaphora Y1 - 2015 SN - 0101-3335 SN - 1984-7726 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 40 EP - 48 PB - PUCRS CY - Porto Alegre ER -