TY - JOUR A1 - Mehnert, Jan A1 - Akhrif, Atae A1 - Telkemeyer, Silke A1 - Rossi, Sonja A1 - Schmitz, Christoph H. A1 - Steinbrink, Jens A1 - Wartenburger, Isabell A1 - Obrig, Hellmuth A1 - Neufang, Susanne T1 - Developmental changes in brain activation and functional connectivity during response inhibition in the early childhood brain JF - Brain and development : official journal of the Japanese Society of Child Neurology N2 - Response inhibition is an attention function which develops relatively early during childhood. Behavioral data suggest that by the age of 3, children master the basic task requirements for the assessment of response inhibition but performance improves substantially until the age of 7. The neuronal mechanisms underlying these developmental processes, however, are not well understood. In this study, we examined brain activation patterns and behavioral performance of children aged between 4 and 6 years compared to adults by applying a go/no-go paradigm during near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) brain imaging. We furthermore applied task-independent functional connectivity measures to the imaging data to identify maturation of intrinsic neural functional networks. We found a significant group x condition related interaction in terms of inhibition-related reduced right fronto-parietal activation in children compared to adults. In contrast, motor-related activation did not differ between age groups. Functional connectivity analysis revealed that in the children's group, short-range coherence within frontal areas was stronger, and long-range coherence between frontal and parietal areas was weaker, compared to adults. Our findings show that in children aged from 4 to 6 years fronto-parietal brain maturation plays a crucial part in the cognitive development of response inhibition. KW - Optical tomography KW - NIRS KW - Response inhibition KW - Functional connectivity KW - Development KW - Early childhood Y1 - 2013 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.braindev.2012.11.006 SN - 0387-7604 SN - 1872-7131 VL - 35 IS - 10 SP - 894 EP - 904 PB - Elsevier CY - Amsterdam ER - TY - JOUR A1 - von der Malsburg, Titus Raban A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold A1 - Vasishth, Shravan T1 - Determinants of Scanpath Regularity in Reading JF - Cognitive science : a multidisciplinary journal of anthropology, artificial intelligence, education, linguistics, neuroscience, philosophy, psychology ; journal of the Cognitive Science Society N2 - Scanpaths have played an important role in classic research on reading behavior. Nevertheless, they have largely been neglected in later research perhaps due to a lack of suitable analytical tools. Recently, von der Malsburg and Vasishth (2011) proposed a new measure for quantifying differences between scanpaths and demonstrated that this measure can recover effects that were missed with the traditional eyetracking measures. However, the sentences used in that study were difficult to process and scanpath effects accordingly strong. The purpose of the present study was to test the validity, sensitivity, and scope of applicability of the scanpath measure, using simple sentences that are typically read from left to right. We derived predictions for the regularity of scanpaths from the literature on oculomotor control, sentence processing, and cognitive aging and tested these predictions using the scanpath measure and a large database of eye movements. All predictions were confirmed: Sentences with short words and syntactically more difficult sentences elicited more irregular scanpaths. Also, older readers produced more irregular scanpaths than younger readers. In addition, we found an effect that was not reported earlier: Syntax had a smaller influence on the eye movements of older readers than on those of young readers. We discuss this interaction of syntactic parsing cost with age in terms of shifts in processing strategies and a decline of executive control as readers age. Overall, our results demonstrate the validity and sensitivity of the scanpath measure and thus establish it as a productive and versatile tool for reading research. KW - Eye movements KW - Reading KW - Scanpaths KW - Language understanding KW - Oculo-motor control KW - Individual differences KW - Aging KW - Development Y1 - 2015 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12208 SN - 0364-0213 SN - 1551-6709 VL - 39 IS - 7 SP - 1675 EP - 1703 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Kohnen, Saskia A1 - Nickels, Lyndsey A1 - Geigis, Leonie A1 - Coltheart, Max A1 - McArthur, Genevieve A1 - Castles, Anne T1 - Variations within a subtype BT - Developmental surface dyslexias in English JF - Cortex : a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behaviour N2 - Surface dyslexia is characterised by poor reading of irregular words while nonword reading can be completely normal. Previous work has identified several theoretical possibilities for the underlying locus of impairment in surface dyslexia. In this study, we systematically investigated whether children with surface dyslexia showed different patterns of reading performance that could be traced back to different underlying levels of impairment. To do this, we tested 12 English readers, replicating previous work in Hebrew (Gvion & Friedmann, 2013; 2016; Friedmann & Lukov, 2008; Friedmann & Gvion, 2016). In our sample, we found that poor irregular word reading was associated with deficits at the level of the orthographic input lexicon and with impaired access to meaning and spoken word forms after processing written words in the orthographic input lexicon. There were also children whose surface dyslexia seemed to be caused by impairments of the phonological output lexicon. We suggest that further evidence is required to unequivocally support a fourth pattern where the link between orthography and meaning is intact while the link between orthography and spoken word forms is not functioning. All patterns found were consistent with dual route theory while possible patterns of results, which would be inconsistent with dual route theory, were not detected. Crown Copyright (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. KW - Reading difficulties KW - Proximal causes KW - Dissociations KW - Development Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2018.04.008 SN - 0010-9452 SN - 1973-8102 VL - 106 SP - 151 EP - 163 PB - Elsevier CY - Paris ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ren, Jie A1 - Höhle, Barbara T1 - The interplay between language acquisition and cognitive development JF - Infant behavior & development : an international and interdisciplinary journal KW - Language Acquisition KW - Cognitive Development KW - Infancy KW - Cross-domain KW - Development Y1 - 2022 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101718 SN - 0163-6383 SN - 1879-0453 SN - 1934-8800 VL - 67 PB - Elsevier Science CY - Amsterdam ER -