TY  - JOUR
A1  - Allroggen, Niklas
A1  - van Schaik, N. Loes M. B.
A1  - Tronicke, Jens
T1  - 4D ground-penetrating radar during a plot scale dye tracer experiment
JF  - Journal of applied geophysics
N2  - Flow phenomena in the unsaturated zone are highly variable in time and space. Thus, it is challenging to measure and monitor such processes under field conditions. Here, we present a new setup and interpretation approach for combining a dye tracer experiment with a 4D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) survey. Therefore, we designed a rainfall experiment during which we measured three surface-based 3D GPR surveys using a pair of 500 MHz antennas. Such a survey setup requires accurate acquisition and processing techniquesto extract time-lapse information supporting the interpretation of selected cross-sections photographed after excavating the site. Our results reveal patterns of traveltime changes in the measured GPR data, which are associated with soil moisture changes. As distinct horizons are present at our site, such changes can be quantified and transferred into changes in total soil moisture content. Our soil moisture estimates are similar to the amount of infiltrated water, which confirms our experimental approach and makes us confident for further developing this strategy, especially, with respect to improving the temporal and spatial resolution. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - Ground penetrating radar
KW  - Time-lapse imaging
KW  - Brilliant blue
Y1  - 2015
U6  - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2015.04.016
SN  - 0926-9851
SN  - 1879-1859
VL  - 118
SP  - 139
EP  - 144
PB  - Elsevier
CY  - Amsterdam
ER  -