TY - THES A1 - Calderón Quiñónez, Ana Patricia T1 - Ecology and conservation of the jaguar (Panthera onca) in Central America T1 - Ökologie und Schutz des Jaguars (Panthera onca) in Mittelamerika N2 - Conservation of the jaguar relies on holistic and transdisciplinary conservation strategies that integratively safeguard essential, connected habitats, sustain viable populations and their genetic exchange, and foster peaceful human-jaguar coexistence. These strategies define four research priorities to advance jaguar conservation throughout the species’ range. In this thesis I provide several relevant ecological and sociological insights into these research priorities, each addressed in a separate chapter. I focus on the effects of anthropogenic landscapes on jaguar habitat use and population gene flow, spatial patterns of jaguar habitat suitability and functional population connectivity, and on innovative governance approaches which can work synergistically to help achieve human-wildlife conviviality. Furthermore, I translate these insights into recommendations for conservation practice by providing tools and suggestions that conservation managers and stakeholders can use to implement local actions but also make broad scale conservation decisions in Central America. In Chapter 2, I model regional habitat use of jaguars, producing spatially-explicit maps for management of key areas of habitat suitability. Using an occupancy model of 13-year-camera-trap occurrence data, I show that human influence has the strongest impact on jaguar habitat use, and that Jaguar Conservation Units are the most important reservoirs of high quality habitat in this region. I build upon these results by zooming in to an area of high habitat suitability loss in Chapter 3, northern Central America. Here I study the drivers of jaguar gene flow and I produce spatially-explicit maps for management of key areas of functional population connectivity in this region. I use microsatellite data and pseudo-optimized multiscale, multivariate resistance surfaces of gene flow to show that jaguar gene flow is influenced by environmental, and even more strongly, by human influence variables; and that the areas of lowest gene flow resistance largely coincide with the location of the Jaguar Conservation Units. Given that human activities significantly impact jaguar habitat use and gene flow, securing viable jaguar populations in anthropogenic landscapes also requires fostering peaceful human-wildlife coexistence. This is a complex challenge that cannot be met without transdisciplinary academic research and cross-sectoral, collaborative governance structures that effectively respond to the multiple challenges of such coexistence. With this in mind, I focus in Chapter 4 on carnivore conservation initiatives that apply transformative governance approaches to enact transformative change towards human-carnivore coexistence. Using the frameworks of transformative biodiversity governance and convivial conservation, I highlight in this chapter concrete pathways, supported by more inclusive, democratic forms of conservation decision-making and participation that promote truly transformative changes towards human-jaguar conviviality. N2 - Die Erhaltung des Jaguars beruht auf ganzheitlichen und transdisziplinären Erhaltungsstrategien, die wesentliche, zusammenhängende Lebensräume schützen, lebensfähige Populationen und deren genetischen Austausch erhalten und die friedliche Koexistenz von Mensch und Jaguar fördern. Diese Strategien werden durch die vier Forschungsprioritäten veranschaulicht, die den Schutz des Jaguars im gesamten Verbreitungsgebiet der Art vorantreiben sollen. In dieser Arbeit möchte ich die Forschung zum Schutz des Jaguars vorantreiben, indem ich mehrere relevante ökologische und soziologische Einblicke in diese Forschungsschwerpunkte gebe, die jeweils in einem eigenen Kapitel behandelt werden. Ich konzentriere mich auf die Auswirkungen anthropogener Landschaften auf die Lebensraumnutzung von Jaguaren und den Genfluss in der Population, auf räumliche Muster der Lebensraumeignung von Jaguaren und die funktionale Konnektivität von Populationen sowie auf innovative Governance-Ansätze, die synergetisch wirken können, um die Konvivenz zwischen Mensch und Wildtier zu fördern. Darüber hinaus setze ich diese Erkenntnisse in Empfehlungen für die Naturschutzpraxis um, indem ich konkrete Instrumente und Vorschläge für Maßnahmen anbiete, die Naturschutzmanager und Interessenvertreter nutzen können, um lokale Maßnahmen umzusetzen, aber auch um weitreichende Naturschutzentscheidungen in Zentralamerika zu treffen. In Kapitel 2 modelliere ich die regionale Lebensraumnutzung von Jaguaren und erstelle räumlich explizite Karten für das Management von Schlüsselgebieten mit geeigneter Lebensraumnutzung. Mithilfe eines Habitatmodells basierend auf 13-Jahres-Kamerfangdaten-Studien zeige ich, dass der menschliche Einfluss die stärkste Auswirkung auf die Lebensraumnutzung von Jaguaren hat und dass die Jaguar-Schutzgebiete die wichtigsten Reservoirs für hochwertige Lebensräume in dieser Region sind. Auf diesen Ergebnissen baue ich auf, indem ich in Kapitel 3 ein Gebiet mit einem hohen Verlust an Lebensraumeignung, das nördliche Mittelamerika, näher betrachte. Hier untersuche ich die Triebkräfte des Genflusses bei Jaguaren und erstelle räumlich explizite Karten für das Management von Schlüsselgebieten mit funktionaler Populationskonnektivität in dieser Region. Ich verwende Mikrosatellitendaten und pseudo-optimierte multiskalige, multivariate Widerstandsflächen des Genflusses, um zu zeigen, dass der Genfluss von Jaguaren durch Umweltvariablen und noch stärker durch menschliche Einflussfaktoren beeinflusst wird und dass die Gebiete mit dem geringsten Genflusswiderstand weitgehend mit den Standorten der Jaguar-Schutzgebiete übereinstimmen. Da sich menschliche Aktivitäten erheblich auf die Lebensraumnutzung der Jaguare und den Genfluss auswirken, ist für die Sicherung lebensfähiger Jaguarpopulationen in anthropogenen Landschaften auch die Förderung einer friedlichen Koexistenz von Mensch und Wildtieren erforderlich. Dies ist eine komplexe Herausforderung, die ohne transdisziplinäre akademische Forschung und sektorübergreifende, kooperative Governance-Strukturen, die wirksam auf die vielfältigen Herausforderungen einer solchen Koexistenz reagieren, nicht zu bewältigen ist. Vor diesem Hintergrund konzentriere ich mich in Kapitel 4 auf Initiativen zum Schutz von Raubtieren, die transformative Governance-Ansätze anwenden, um einen Wandel hin zu einer Konvivenz zwischen Mensch und Raubtier zu bewirken. Unter Verwendung des Rahmens der transformativen Biodiversitäts-Governance und des konvivialen Naturschutzes zeige ich in diesem Kapitel konkrete Wege auf, die durch integrativere, demokratische Formen der Entscheidungsfindung im Naturschutz unterstützt werden und wirklich transformative Veränderungen in Richtung Konvivialität zwischen Mensch und Jaguar fördern. KW - jaguar KW - ecology KW - felid conservation KW - Central America KW - habitat use KW - coexistence KW - population connectivity KW - Mittelamerika KW - Koexistenz KW - Ökologie KW - Schutz von Raubtieren KW - Lebensraumnutzung KW - Jaguar KW - Populationskonnektivität Y1 - 2023 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-613671 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heim, Wieland A1 - Eccard, Jana A1 - Bairlein, Franz T1 - Migration phenology determines niche use of East Asian buntings (Emberizidae) during stopover JF - Current zoology N2 - Stopover niche utilization of birds during migration has not gained much attention so far, since the majority of the studies focuses on breeding or wintering areas. However, stopover sites are crucial for migratory birds. They are often used by a multitude of species, which could lead to increased competition. In this work, we investigated niche use of 8 migratory and closely related Emberiza bunting species at a stopover site in Far East Russia, situated on the poorly studied East Asian fly-way. We used bird ringing data to evaluate morphological similarity as well as niche overlap on the trophic, spatial, and temporal dimension. Bill morphology was used as a proxy for their trophic niche. We were able to prove that a majority of the species occupies well-defined stopover niches on at least one of the dimensions. Niche breadth and niche overlap differ between spring and autumn season with higher overlap found during spring. Morphological differences are mostly related to overall size and wing pointedness. The temporal dimension is most important for segregation among the studied species. Furthermore, all species seem to exhibit a rather strict and consistent phenological pattern. Their occurrence at the study site is highly correlated with their geographic origin and the length of their migration route. We assume that buntings are able to use available resources opportunistically during stopover, while trying to follow a precise schedule in order to avoid competition and to ensure individual fitness. KW - bird migration KW - Emberiza KW - habitat use KW - non-breeding KW - phenology KW - stopover Y1 - 2018 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/cz/zoy016 SN - 1674-5507 SN - 2396-9814 VL - 64 IS - 6 SP - 681 EP - 692 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Oxford ER - TY - GEN A1 - Heim, Wieland A1 - Eccard, Jana A1 - Bairlein, Franz T1 - Migration phenology determines niche use of East Asian buntings (Emberizidae) during stopover T2 - Postprints der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe N2 - Stopover niche utilization of birds during migration has not gained much attention so far, since the majority of the studies focuses on breeding or wintering areas. However, stopover sites are crucial for migratory birds. They are often used by a multitude of species, which could lead to increased competition. In this work, we investigated niche use of 8 migratory and closely related Emberiza bunting species at a stopover site in Far East Russia, situated on the poorly studied East Asian flyway. We used bird ringing data to evaluate morphological similarity as well as niche overlap on the trophic, spatial, and temporal dimension. Bill morphology was used as a proxy for their trophic niche. We were able to prove that a majority of the species occupies well-defined stopover niches on at least one of the dimensions. Niche breadth and niche overlap differ between spring and autumn season with higher overlap found during spring. Morphological differences are mostly related to overall size and wing pointedness. The temporal dimension is most important for segregation among the studied species. Furthermore, all species seem to exhibit a rather strict and consistent phenological pattern. Their occurrence at the study site is highly correlated with their geographic origin and the length of their migration route. We assume that buntings are able to use available resources opportunistically during stopover, while trying to follow a precise schedule in order to avoid competition and to ensure individual fitness. T3 - Zweitveröffentlichungen der Universität Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe - 1038 KW - bird migration KW - Emberiza KW - habitat use KW - non-breeding KW - phenology KW - stopover Y1 - 2020 U6 - http://nbn-resolving.de/urn/resolver.pl?urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-470607 SN - 1866-8372 IS - 1038 SP - 681 EP - 692 ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Frommhold, Martin A1 - Heim, Arend A1 - Barabanov, Mikhail A1 - Maier, Franziska A1 - Mühle, Ralf-Udo A1 - Smirenski, Sergei M. A1 - Heim, Wieland T1 - Breeding habitat and nest-site selection by an obligatory "nest-cleptoparasite", the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis JF - Ecology and evolution N2 - The selection of a nest site is crucial for successful reproduction of birds. Animals which re-use or occupy nest sites constructed by other species often have limited choice. Little is known about the criteria of nest-stealing species to choose suitable nesting sites and habitats. Here, we analyze breeding-site selection of an obligatory "nest-cleptoparasite", the Amur Falcon Falco amurensis. We collected data on nest sites at Muraviovka Park in the Russian Far East, where the species breeds exclusively in nests of the Eurasian Magpie Pica pica. We sampled 117 Eurasian Magpie nests, 38 of which were occupied by Amur Falcons. Nest-specific variables were assessed, and a recently developed habitat classification map was used to derive landscape metrics. We found that Amur Falcons chose a wide range of nesting sites, but significantly preferred nests with a domed roof. Breeding pairs of Eurasian Hobby Falco subbuteo and Eurasian Magpie were often found to breed near the nest in about the same distance as neighboring Amur Falcon pairs. Additionally, the occurrence of the species was positively associated with bare soil cover, forest cover, and shrub patches within their home range and negatively with the distance to wetlands. Areas of wetlands and fallow land might be used for foraging since Amur Falcons mostly depend on an insect diet. Additionally, we found that rarely burned habitats were preferred. Overall, the effect of landscape variables on the choice of actual nest sites appeared to be rather small. We used different classification methods to predict the probability of occurrence, of which the Random forest method showed the highest accuracy. The areas determined as suitable habitat showed a high concordance with the actual nest locations. We conclude that Amur Falcons prefer to occupy newly built (domed) nests to ensure high nest quality, as well as nests surrounded by available feeding habitats. KW - cleptoparasitism KW - fire KW - habitat use KW - machine learning KW - magpie KW - nest-site selection KW - random forest Y1 - 2019 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.5878 SN - 2045-7758 VL - 9 IS - 24 SP - 14430 EP - 14441 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER -