TY - JOUR A1 - Gleich, Tobias A1 - Spitta, Gianna A1 - Butler, Oisin A1 - Zacharias, Kristin A1 - Aydin, Semiha A1 - Sebold, Miriam Hannah A1 - Garbusow, Maria A1 - Rapp, Michael A. A1 - Schubert, Florian A1 - Buchert, Ralph A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Gallinat, Jürgen T1 - Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in alcohol use disorder and individuals at high risk BT - towards a dimensional approach JF - Addiction Biology N2 - Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. Although dopamine-related findings were often observed in AUD, associated neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate D2/3 receptor availability in healthy participants, participants at high risk (HR) to develop addiction (not diagnosed with AUD), and AUD patients in a detoxified stage, applying F-18-fallypride positron emission tomography (F-18-PET). Specifically, D2/3 receptor availability was investigated in (1) 19 low-risk (LR) controls, (2) 19 HR participants, and (3) 20 AUD patients after alcohol detoxification. Quality and severity of addiction were assessed with clinical questionnaires and (neuro)psychological tests. PET data were corrected for age of participants and smoking status. In the dorsal striatum, we observed significant reductions of D2/3 receptor availability in AUD patients compared with LR participants. Further, receptor availability in HR participants was observed to be intermediate between LR and AUD groups (linearly decreasing). Still, in direct comparison, no group difference was observed between LR and HR groups or between HR and AUD groups. Further, the score of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) was inversely correlated with D2/3 receptor availability in the combined sample. Thus, in line with a dimensional approach, striatal D2/3 receptor availability showed a linear decrease from LR participants to HR participants to AUD patients, which was paralleled by clinical measures. Our study shows that a core neurobiological feature in AUD seems to be detectable in an early, subclinical state, allowing more individualized alcohol prevention programs in the future. KW - alcohol KW - D2/3 receptors KW - dependence KW - dopamine KW - high risk KW - PET Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12915 SN - 1369-1600 VL - 26 IS - 2 SP - 1 EP - 10 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Neufeld, Maria A1 - Bobrova, Anastacia A1 - Davletov, Kairat A1 - Stelemekas, Mindaugas A1 - Stoppel, Relika A1 - Ferreira-Borges, Carina A1 - Breda, Joao A1 - Rehm, Jürgen T1 - Alcohol control policies in Former Soviet Union countries BT - a narrative review of three decades of policy changes and their apparent effects JF - Drug and alcohol review N2 - Issues The last Soviet anti-alcohol campaign of 1985 resulted in considerably reduced alcohol consumption and saved thousands of lives. But once the campaign's policies were abandoned and the Soviet alcohol monopoly broken up, a steep rise in mortality was observed in many of the newly formed successor countries, although some kept their monopolies. Almost 30 years after the campaign's end, the region faces diverse challenges in relation to alcohol. Approach The present narrative review sheds light on recent drinking trends and alcohol policy developments in the 15 Former Soviet Union (FSU) countries, highlighting the most important setbacks, achievements and best practices. Vignettes of alcohol control policies in Belarus, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Lithuania and Uzbekistan are presented to illustrate the recent developments.
Key Findings Over the past decade, drinking levels have declined in almost all FSU countries, paralleled by the introduction of various alcohol-control measures. The so-called three 'best buys' put forward by the World Health Organization to reduce alcohol-attributable burden (taxation and other measures to increase price, restrictions on alcohol availability and marketing) are relatively well implemented across the countries. Implications In recent years, evidence-based alcohol policies have been actively implemented as a response to the enormous alcohol-attributable burden in many of the countries, although there is big variance across and within different jurisdictions. Conclusion Strong declines in alcohol consumption were observed in the 15 FSU countries, which have introduced various alcohol control measures in recent years, resulting in a reduction of alcohol consumption in the World Health Organization European region overall. KW - alcohol KW - alcohol policy KW - Eastern Europe KW - Former Soviet Union KW - mortality Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13204 SN - 0959-5236 SN - 1465-3362 VL - 40 IS - 3 SP - 350 EP - 367 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Ungelenk, Johannes T1 - Satyrs, Spirits and Dionysian Intemperance in Shakespeare's 'Tempest' JF - Cahiers Élisabéthains N2 - The article focuses on the rebellious subplot of William Shakespeare’s The Tempest that forms around Caliban, Stephano, and Trinculo, and reads it as a satyr play. Demonstrated is how the Dionysian subplot stands in close analogical connection with the play’s main action. It is also argued that the storyline emphasises a dimension of the play that is of high relevance to the analysis of its metatheatrical implications. The correspondences between the main action and the satyr play elements highlight the important role that intemperance, excess and the suspension of control play in the Shakespearean theatrical setting. N2 - Le présent article s’intéresse à l’intrigue secondaire de La Tempête, de William Shakespeare, qui s’organise autour de la rébellion de Caliban, de Stephano, de Trinculo, abordée comme drame satyrique. Il démontre comment cette intrigue secondaire dionysiaque comporte des liens analogiques étroits avec l’action principale. L’auteur avance également que la trame de l’action souligne une dimension de la pièce qui s’avère importante pour l’analyse des implications métathéâtrales. Les correspondances entre l’action principale et le drame satyrique mettent en relief le rôle important de l’intempérance, de l’excès et du dérèglement dans un contexte dramatique shakespearien. KW - metatheatre KW - alcohol KW - weather KW - satyr play KW - animal Y1 - 2020 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1177/0184767819897082 SN - 0184-7678 SN - 2054-4715 VL - 101 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 64 PB - Sage Publications CY - London ER -