TY - JOUR A1 - Lau, Stephan A1 - Kubiak, Thomas A1 - Burchert, Sebastian A1 - Goering, Mark A1 - Oberlaender, Nils A1 - von Mauschwitz, Hannes A1 - von Sass, Sarah A1 - Selle, Mareen A1 - Hiemisch, Anette T1 - Disentangling the effects of optimism and attributions on feelings of success JF - Personality and individual differences : an international journal of research into the structure and development of personality, and the causation of individual differences N2 - Two experiments examined the effects of dispositional optimism and attributions on feelings of success in a performance setting. In Experiment 1, participants successfully solved three cognitive tasks and attributed the success either internally (i.e., to themselves) or externally (i.e., to a teammate). We found no effect of optimism, but a significant effect of the attribution: Internal attribution predicted an increase in feelings of success. In Experiment 2, we replicated the design and adopted an extreme groups approach in order to include the extremes of the optimism dimension. Only optimism affected feelings of success in this sample: Pessimistic participants showed higher increases in feelings of success than optimistic participants. We conclude that optimism, if disentangled from attribution, may have an effect on affect, with pessimism showing potential affective benefits. However, this association may be concealed if samples with a restricted range of the optimism dimension are studied. KW - Optimism KW - Performance setting KW - Attribution KW - Success KW - Affect Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.08.030 SN - 0191-8869 VL - 56 SP - 78 EP - 82 PB - Elsevier CY - Oxford ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Zohsel, Katrin A1 - Buchmann, Arlette F. A1 - Blomeyer, Dorothea A1 - Hohm, Erika A1 - Schmidt, Martin H. A1 - Esser, Günter A1 - Brandeis, Daniel A1 - Banaschewski, Tobias A1 - Laucht, Manfred T1 - Mothers' prenatal stress and their children's antisocial outcomes - a moderating role for the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene JF - The journal of child psychology and psychiatry N2 - ResultsUnder conditions of elevated prenatal maternal stress, children carrying one or two DRD4 7r alleles were at increased risk of a diagnosis of CD/ODD. Moreover, homozygous carriers of the DRD4 7r allele displayed more externalizing behavior following exposure to higher levels of prenatal maternal stress, while homozygous carriers of the DRD4 4r allele turned out to be insensitive to the effects of prenatal stress. ConclusionsThis study is the first to report a gene-environment interaction related to DRD4 and prenatal maternal stress using data from a prospective study, which extends earlier findings on the impact of prenatal maternal stress with respect to childhood antisocial behavior. KW - Prenatal stress KW - antisocial KW - conduct disorder KW - DRD4 KW - gene-environment interaction Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12138 SN - 0021-9630 SN - 1469-7610 VL - 55 IS - 1 SP - 69 EP - 76 PB - Wiley-Blackwell CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Hohenstein, Sven A1 - Kliegl, Reinhold T1 - Semantic preview benefit during reading JF - Journal of experimental psychology : Learning, memory, and cognition N2 - Word features in parafoveal vision influence eye movements during reading. The question of whether readers extract semantic information from parafoveal words was studied in 3 experiments by using a gaze-contingent display change technique. Subjects read German sentences containing 1 of several preview words that were replaced by a target word during the saccade to the preview (boundary paradigm). In the 1st experiment the preview word was semantically related or unrelated to the target. Fixation durations on the target were shorter for semantically related than unrelated previews, consistent with a semantic preview benefit. In the 2nd experiment, half the sentences were presented following the rules of German spelling (i.e., previews and targets were printed with an initial capital letter), and the other half were presented completely in lowercase. A semantic preview benefit was obtained under both conditions. In the 3rd experiment, we introduced 2 further preview conditions, an identical word and a pronounceable nonword, while also manipulating the text contrast. Whereas the contrast had negligible effects, fixation durations on the target were reliably different for all 4 types of preview. Semantic preview benefits were greater for pretarget fixations closer to the boundary (large preview space) and, although not as consistently, for long pretarget fixation durations (long preview time). The results constrain theoretical proposals about eye movement control in reading. KW - eye movements KW - reading KW - semantic preview benefit KW - parafoveal processing KW - display change awareness Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033670 SN - 0278-7393 SN - 1939-1285 VL - 40 IS - 1 SP - 166 EP - 190 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Shaki, Samuel A1 - Fischer, Martin H. T1 - Random walks on the mental number line JF - Experimental brain research KW - Mental number line KW - RNG KW - SNARC KW - Spatial bias KW - Walking Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3718-7 SN - 0014-4819 SN - 1432-1106 VL - 232 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 49 PB - Springer CY - New York ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Henrichs, Ivanina A1 - Elsner, Claudia A1 - Elsner, Birgit A1 - Wilkinson, Nick A1 - Gredeback, Gustaf T1 - Goal certainty modulates infants' goal-directed gaze shifts JF - Developmental psychology N2 - We investigated whether 12-month-old infants rely on information about the certainty of goal selection in order to predict observed reaching actions. Infants' goal-directed gaze shifts were recorded as they observed action sequences in a multiple-goals design. We found that 12-month-old infants exhibited gaze shifts significantly earlier when the observed hand reached for the same goal object in all trials (frequent condition) compared with when the observed hand reached for different goal objects across trials (nonfrequent condition). Infants in the frequent condition were significantly more accurate at predicting the action goal than infants in the nonfrequent condition. In addition, findings revealed rapid learning in the case of certainty and no learning in the case of uncertainty of goal selection over the course of trials. Together, our data indicate that by the end of their first year of life, infants rely on information about the certainty of goal selection to make inferences about others' action goals. KW - anticipation KW - eye movement KW - infant KW - direct matching KW - statistical learning Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032664 SN - 0012-1649 SN - 1939-0599 VL - 50 IS - 1 SP - 100 EP - 107 PB - American Psychological Association CY - Washington ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schiefer, David A1 - Krahé, Barbara T1 - Ethnic identity and orientation to white American culture are linked to well-being among american indians-but in different ways JF - Social psychology N2 - This study examined the relationship between ethnic identity, orientation toward the White mainstream culture, and psychological well-being among American Indians. In the light of the unique history of American Indians, we investigated the relationship between identification with the American Indian ingroup, orientation toward the dominant White American culture ( in terms of showing behavior typical for White mainstream culture as well as positive attitudes and feelings of belonging to White American culture), and self-efficacy and learned helplessness as indicators of psychological well-being. Structural equation analyses with an adolescent and an adult sample revealed a positive relationship between ethnic identity and self-efficacy but no link with learned helplessness. The tendency to show behavior typical for White mainstream culture was associated with higher self-efficacy in both samples and with lower helplessness in the adult subsample. White American orientation in the form of positive attitudes and sense of belonging were associated with higher helplessness in both samples and with lower self-efficacy among adults. The findings are discussed in terms of the role of both ethnic identity and the orientation toward the mainstream culture for well-being among American Indians, focusing on the distinct relations of White American behavior versus White American affiliation with well-being in American Indians. KW - American Indians KW - ethnic identity KW - acculturation KW - well-being Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-9335/a000155 SN - 1864-9335 SN - 2151-2590 VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 1 EP - 14 PB - Hogrefe CY - Göttingen ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Warschburger, Petra A1 - Haenig, Johanna A1 - Friedt, Michael A1 - Posovszky, Carsten A1 - Schier, Maike A1 - Calvano, Claudia T1 - Health-Related quality of life in children with abdominal pain due to functional or organic gastrointestinal disorders JF - Journal of pediatric psychology KW - abdominal pain KW - catastrophizing KW - chronic illness KW - coping KW - quality of life Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jst070 SN - 0146-8693 SN - 1465-735X VL - 39 IS - 1 SP - 45 EP - 54 PB - Oxford Univ. Press CY - Cary ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Schmiedchen, Bettina A1 - Longardt, Ann Carolin A1 - Buehrer, Christoph A1 - Raila, Jens A1 - Loui, Andrea A1 - Schweigert, Florian J. T1 - The relative dose response test based on retinol-binding protein 4 is not suitable to assess vitamin A status in very low birth weight infants JF - Neonatology : fetal and neonatal research KW - Relative dose response test KW - Vitamin A KW - Preterm infant Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000356773 SN - 1661-7800 SN - 1661-7819 VL - 105 IS - 2 SP - 155 EP - 160 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Muschalla, Beate T1 - Capacity-oriented behavior therapy in mental disorders JF - Verhaltenstherapie N2 - Capacity-Oriented Behavior Therapy in Mental Disorders Mental disorders come along with the impairment of activities and capacities of daily live. Behavior therapy often uses capacity trainings for improving compensatory behavior, beside symptom reduction as such. This article gives an overview on how behavior therapy techniques can be used to improve compensatory behavior in different capacity domains that were conceptually derived from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) and which are often impaired in mental disorders. KW - Capacities KW - Capacity disorders KW - Mental disorders KW - ICF KW - Behavior therapy Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1159/000358737 SN - 1016-6262 SN - 1423-0402 VL - 24 IS - 1 SP - 48 EP - 55 PB - Karger CY - Basel ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Heinzel, Stephan A1 - Riemer, Thomas G. A1 - Schulte, Stefanie A1 - Onken, Johanna A1 - Heinz, Andreas A1 - Rapp, Michael A. T1 - Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) genotype affects age-related changes in plasticity in working memory: a pilot study JF - BioMed research international N2 - Objectives. Recent work suggests that a genetic variation associated with increased dopamine metabolism in the prefrontal cortex (catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met; COMT) amplifies age-related changes in working memory performance. Research on younger adults indicates that the influence of dopamine-related genetic polymorphisms on working memory performance increases when testing the cognitive limits through training. To date, this has not been studied in older adults. Method. Here we investigate the effect of COMT genotype on plasticity in working memory in a sample of 14 younger (aged 24-30 years) and 25 older (aged 60-75 years) healthy adults. Participants underwent adaptive training in the n-back working memory task over 12 sessions under increasing difficulty conditions. Results. Both younger and older adults exhibited sizeable behavioral plasticity through training (P < .001), which was larger in younger as compared to older adults (P < .001). Age-related differences were qualified by an interaction with COMT genotype (P < .001), and this interaction was due to decreased behavioral plasticity in older adults carrying the Val/Val genotype, while there was no effect of genotype in younger adults. Discussion. Our findings indicate that age-related changes in plasticity in working memory are critically affected by genetic variation in prefrontal dopamine metabolism. Y1 - 2014 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/414351 SN - 2314-6133 SN - 2314-6141 PB - Hindawi Publishing Corp. CY - New York ER -