TY - JOUR A1 - Aschner, Michael A. A1 - Palinski, Catherine A1 - Sperling, Michael A1 - Karst, U. A1 - Schwerdtle, Tanja A1 - Bornhorst, Julia T1 - Imaging metals in Caenorhabditis elegans JF - Metallomics : integrated biometal science N2 - Systemic trafficking and storage of essential metal ions play fundamental roles in living organisms by serving as essential cofactors in various cellular processes. Thereby metal quantification and localization are critical steps in understanding metal homeostasis, and how their dyshomeostasis might contribute to disease etiology and the ensuing pathologies. Furthermore, the amount and distribution of metals in organisms can provide insight into their underlying mechanisms of toxicity and toxicokinetics. While in vivo studies on metal imaging in mammalian experimental animals are complex, time- and resource-consuming, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) provides a suitable comparative and complementary model system. Expressing homologous genes to those inherent to mammals, including those that regulate metal homeostasis and transport, C. elegans has become a powerful tool to study metal homeostasis and toxicity. A number of recent technical advances have been made in the development and application of analytical methods to visualize metal ions in C. elegans. Here, we briefly summarize key findings and challenges of the three main techniques and their application to the nematode, namely sensing fluorophores, microbeam synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence as well as laser ablation ( LA) coupled to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1039/c6mt00265j SN - 1756-5901 SN - 1756-591X VL - 9 SP - 357 EP - 364 PB - Royal Society of Chemistry CY - Cambridge ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Becker, Christian A1 - Schenkel, Alexander A1 - Szabo, Richard J. T1 - Differential cohomology and locally covariant quantum field theory JF - Reviews in Mathematical Physics N2 - We study differential cohomology on categories of globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds. The Lorentzian metric allows us to define a natural transformation whose kernel generalizes Maxwell's equations and fits into a restriction of the fundamental exact sequences of differential cohomology. We consider smooth Pontryagin duals of differential cohomology groups, which are subgroups of the character groups. We prove that these groups fit into smooth duals of the fundamental exact sequences of differential cohomology and equip them with a natural presymplectic structure derived from a generalized Maxwell Lagrangian. The resulting presymplectic Abelian groups are quantized using the CCR-functor, which yields a covariant functor from our categories of globally hyperbolic Lorentzian manifolds to the category of C∗-algebras. We prove that this functor satisfies the causality and time-slice axioms of locally covariant quantum field theory, but that it violates the locality axiom. We show that this violation is precisely due to the fact that our functor has topological subfunctors describing the Pontryagin duals of certain singular cohomology groups. As a byproduct, we develop a Fréchet–Lie group structure on differential cohomology groups. KW - Algebraic quantum field theory KW - generalized Abelian gauge theory KW - differential cohomology Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1142/S0129055X17500039 SN - 0129-055X SN - 1793-6659 VL - 29 IS - 1 PB - World Scientific CY - Singapore ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Behm, David George A1 - Young, James D. A1 - Whitten, Joseph H. D. A1 - Reid, Jonathan C. A1 - Quigley, Patrick J. A1 - Low, Jonathan A1 - Li, Yimeng A1 - Lima, Camila D. A1 - Hodgson, Daniel D. A1 - Chaouachi, Anis A1 - Prieske, Olaf A1 - Granacher, Urs T1 - Effectiveness of Traditional Strength vs. Power Training on Muscle Strength, Power and Speed with Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis JF - Frontiers in physiology N2 - Numerous national associations and multiple reviews have documented the safety and efficacy of strength training for children and adolescents. The literature highlights the significant training-induced increases in strength associated with youth strength training. However, the effectiveness of youth strength training programs to improve power measures is not as clear. This discrepancy may be related to training and testing specificity. Most prior youth strength training programs emphasized lower intensity resistance with relatively slow movements. Since power activities typically involve higher intensity, explosive-like contractions with higher angular velocities (e.g., plyometrics), there is a conflict between the training medium and testing measures. This meta-analysis compared strength (e.g., training with resistance or body mass) and power training programs (e.g., plyometric training) on proxies of muscle strength, power, and speed. A systematic literature search using a Boolean Search Strategy was conducted in the electronic databases PubMed, SPORT Discus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar and revealed 652 hits. After perusal of title, abstract, and full text, 107 studies were eligible for inclusion in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed small to moderate magnitude changes for training specificity with jump measures. In other words, power training was more effective than strength training for improving youth jump height. For sprint measures, strength training was more effective than power training with youth. Furthermore, strength training exhibited consistently large magnitude changes to lower body strength measures, which contrasted with the generally trivial, small and moderate magnitude training improvements of power training upon lower body strength, sprint and jump measures, respectively. Maturity related inadequacies in eccentric strength and balance might influence the lack of training specificity with the unilateral landings and propulsions associated with sprinting. Based on this meta-analysis, strength training should be incorporated prior to power training in order to establish an adequate foundation of strength for power training activities. KW - children KW - boys KW - girls KW - plyometric training KW - resistance training Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2017.00423 SN - 1664-042X VL - 8 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borde, Ron A1 - Smith, Jordan J. A1 - Sutherland, Rachel A1 - Nathan, Nicole A1 - Lubans, David Revalds T1 - Methodological considerations and impact of school-based interventions on objectively measured physical activity in adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis JF - Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity N2 - Objective: The aims of this systematic review and meta-analysis are (i) to determine the impact of school-based interventions on objectively measured physical activity among adolescents and (ii) to examine accelerometer methods and decision rule reporting in previous interventions. Methods: A systematic search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials targeting adolescents (age: >= 10 years), conducted in the school setting, and reporting objectively measured physical activity. Random effects meta-analyses were conducted to determine the pooled effects of previous interventions on total and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Potential moderators of intervention effects were also explored. Results: Thirteen articles met the inclusion criteria, and twelve were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled effects were small and non-significant for both total physical activity (standardized mean difference = 0.02 [95% confidence interval = -0.13 to 0.18]) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (standardized mean difference = 0.24 [95% confidence interval = -0.08 to 0.56]). Sample age and accelerometer compliance were significant moderators for total physical activity, with a younger sample and higher compliance associated with larger effects. Conclusion: Previous school-based physical activity interventions targeting adolescents have been largely unsuccessful, particularly for older adolescents. There is a need for more high-quality research using objective monitoring in this population. Future interventions should comply with best-practice recommendations regarding physical activity monitoring protocols. KW - Accelerometer KW - physical activity KW - school KW - youth Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12517 SN - 1467-7881 SN - 1467-789X VL - 18 SP - 476 EP - 490 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Borregaard, Michael K. A1 - Amorim, Isabel R. A1 - Borges, Paulo A. V. A1 - Cabral, Juliano Sarmento A1 - Fernandez-Palacios, Jose M. A1 - Field, Richard A1 - Heaney, Lawrence R. A1 - Kreft, Holger A1 - Matthews, Thomas J. A1 - Olesen, Jens M. A1 - Price, Jonathan A1 - Rigal, Francois A1 - Steinbauer, Manuel J. A1 - Triantis, Konstantinos A. A1 - Valente, Luis A1 - Weigelt, Patrick A1 - Whittaker, Robert J. T1 - Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect JF - Biological reviews KW - archipelago KW - diversity theory KW - general dynamic model KW - island biogeography KW - island evolution KW - trait evolution KW - volcanic islands Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12256 SN - 1464-7931 SN - 1469-185X VL - 92 SP - 830 EP - 853 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Brütt, Anna Levke A1 - Meister, Ramona A1 - Bernges, Tabea A1 - Moritz, Steffen A1 - Härter, Martin A1 - Kriston, Levente A1 - Kühne, Franziska T1 - Patient involvement in a systematic review BT - Development and pilot evaluation of a patient workshop JF - Zeitschrift für Evidenz, Fortbildung und Qualität im Gesundheitswesen N2 - Patient involvement (PI) in research is increasingly required as a means to improve relevance and meaningfulness of research results. PI has been widely promoted by the National Institute for Health Research in England in the last years. In Germany, widespread involvement of patients in research is still missing. The methods used to realize PI have been developed mainly in English research contexts, and detailed information on how to involve patients in systematic reviews is rare. Therefore, the aim of the study was that patients contribute and prioritize clinically relevant outcomes to a systematic review on meta-cognitive interventions, and to evaluate a patient workshop as well as patients’ perceptions of research involvement. Seven patients with experience in psychiatric care participated in our workshop. They focused on outcomes pre-defined in the review protocol (e.g., meta-cognitive or cognitive changes, symptomatology, quality of life), neglected other outcomes (like satisfaction with treatment, acceptability), and added relevant new ones (e.g., scope of action/autonomy, applicability). Altogether, they valued the explicit workshop participation positively. However, some suggested to involve patients at an earlier stage and to adapt the amount of information given. Further systematic reviews would benefit from the involvement of patients in the definition of other components of the review question (like patients or interventions), in the interpretation of key findings or in drafting a lay summary. N2 - Die Beteiligung von Patientinnen und Patienten in der Forschung wird zunehmend gefordert, um die Relevanz und Aussagefähigkeit von Forschungsergebnissen zu verbessern. Während das National Institute for Health Research in England die Patientenbeteiligung seit Jahren fördert, fehlt es in Deutschland noch weitgehend an flächendeckender Forschungsbeteiligung. Zudem liegen Informationen über Methoden der Patientenbeteiligung hauptsächlich für englische Forschungskontexte vor, und detaillierte Informationen zur Patientenbeteiligung in systematischen Reviews sind lückenhaft. Das Ziel der Studie war es daher, dass Patienten klinisch relevante Zielgrößen zu einem systematischen Review zu metakognitiven Interventionen beitragen und priorisieren und dass sie einen Patientenworkshop und ihre wahrgenommene Forschungsbeteiligung bewerten. Sieben psychiatrieerfahrene Patienten nahmen an unserem Workshop teil. Sie benannten Zielgrößen, die im Reviewprotokoll schon vorgesehen waren (z.B. metakognitive und kognitive Veränderungen, Symptomatik, Lebensqualität), vernachlässigten andere Endpunkte (z.B. Zufriedenheit, Akzeptanz) und fügten neue Zielgrößen hinzu (z.B. Handlungsspielräume/Autonomie, Anwendbarkeit). Die Patienten würdigten die Workshopteilnahme insgesamt. Einige empfahlen jedoch eine frühere Beteiligung und eine Anpassung der gegebenen Informationen. Zukünftige systematische Reviews können von der Beteiligung von Patienten bei der Definition weiterer Bestandteile der Fragestellung (wie Population oder Interventionen), der Interpretation zentraler Ergebnisse oder der Formulierung einer allgemeinverständlichen Zusammenfassung profitieren. T2 - Beteiligung von Patienten an einem systematischen Review: Entwicklung und Pilotevaluation eines Patientenworkshops KW - patient involvement KW - patient participation KW - consumer participation KW - systematic review KW - meta-analysis Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zefq.2017.07.005 SN - 1865-9217 SN - 2212-0289 VL - 127-128 SP - 56 EP - 61 PB - Elsevier CY - Jena ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Bäurle, Isabel T1 - Can't remember to forget you BT - Chromatin-based priming of somatic stress responses JF - Seminars in cell & developmental biology N2 - In nature plants are exposed to frequent changes in their abiotic and biotic environment. While some environmental cues are used to gauge the environment and align growth and development, others are beyond the regularly encountered spectrum of a species and trigger stress responses. Such stressful conditions provide a potential threat to survival and integrity. Plants adapt to extreme environmental conditions through physiological adaptations that are usually transient and are maintained until stressful environments subside. It is increasingly appreciated that in some cases environmental cues activate a stress memory that persists for some time after the extreme condition has subsided. Recent research has shown that this stress-induced environmental memory is mediated by epigenetic and chromatin-based mechanisms and both histone methylation and nucleosome occupancy are associated with it. KW - Priming KW - Transcriptional memory KW - Chromatin KW - H3K4 methylation KW - Nucleosome occupancy Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.09.032 SN - 1084-9521 VL - 83 SP - 133 EP - 139 PB - Elsevier CY - London ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Cabral, Juliano Sarmento A1 - Valente, Luis A1 - Hartig, Florian T1 - Mechanistic simulation models in macroecology and biogeography BT - state-of-art and prospects JF - Ecography : pattern and diversity in ecology N2 - Macroecology and biogeography are concerned with understanding biodiversity patterns across space and time. In the past, the two disciplines have addressed this question mainly with correlative approaches, despite frequent calls for more mechanistic explanations. Recent advances in computational power, theoretical understanding, and statistical tools are, however, currently facilitating the development of more system-oriented, mechanistic models. We review these models, identify different model types and theoretical frameworks, compare their processes and properties, and summarize emergent findings. We show that ecological (physiology, demographics, dispersal, biotic interactions) and evolutionary processes, as well as environmental and human-induced drivers, are increasingly modelled mechanistically; and that new insights into biodiversity dynamics emerge from these models. Yet, substantial challenges still lie ahead for this young research field. Among these, we identify scaling, calibration, validation, and balancing complexity as pressing issues. Moreover, particular process combinations are still understudied, and so far models tend to be developed for specific applications. Future work should aim at developing more flexible and modular models that not only allow different ecological theories to be expressed and contrasted, but which are also built for tight integration with all macroecological data sources. Moving the field towards such a ‘systems macroecology’ will test and improve our understanding of the causal pathways through which eco-evolutionary processes create diversity patterns across spatial and temporal scales. Y1 - 2016 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.02480 SN - 0906-7590 SN - 1600-0587 VL - 40 IS - 2 SP - 267 EP - 280 PB - Wiley CY - Hoboken ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Colombo, Stefanie M. A1 - Wacker, Alexander A1 - Parrish, Christopher C. A1 - Kainz, Martin J. A1 - Arts, Michael T. T1 - A fundamental dichotomy in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid abundance between and within marine and terrestrial ecosystems JF - Environmental reviews = Dossiers environnement N2 - Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially long-chain (i.e., >= 20 carbons) polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), are fundamental to the health and survival of marine and terrestrial organisms. Therefore, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of their origin, abundance, and transfer between and within these ecosystems. We evaluated the natural variation in PUFA distribution and abundance that exists between and within these ecosystems by amassing and analyzing, using multivariate and analysis of variance (ANOVA) methods, >3000 fatty acid (FA) profiles from marine and terrestrial organisms. There was a clear dichotomy in LC-PUFA abundance between organisms in marine and terrestrial ecosystems, mainly driven by the C-18 PUFA in terrestrial organisms and omega-3 (n-3) LC-PUFA in marine organisms. The PUFA content of an organism depended on both its biome (marine vs terrestrial) and taxonomic group. Within the marine biome, the PUFA content varied among taxonomic groups. PUFA content of marine organisms was dependent on both geographic zone (i.e., latitude, and thus broadly related to temperature) and trophic level (a function of diet). The contents of n-3 LC-PUFA were higher in polar and temperate marine organisms than those from the tropics. Therefore, we conclude that, on a per capita basis, high latitude marine organisms provide a disproportionately large global share of these essential nutrients to consumers, including terrestrial predators. Our analysis also hints at how climate change, and other anthropogenic stressors, might act to negatively impact the global distribution and abundance of n-3 LC-PUFA within marine ecosystems and on the terrestrial consumers that depend on these subsidies. KW - climate change KW - food webs KW - omega-3 KW - polyunsaturated fatty acids KW - trophic ecology Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.1139/er-2016-0062 SN - 1208-6053 SN - 1181-8700 VL - 25 SP - 163 EP - 174 PB - NRC Research Press CY - Ottawa ER - TY - JOUR A1 - Dolcos, Florin A1 - Katsumi, Yuta A1 - Weymar, Mathias A1 - Moore, Matthew A1 - Tsukiura, Takashi A1 - Dolcos, Sanda T1 - Emerging Directions in Emotional Episodic Memory JF - Frontiers in psychology N2 - Building upon the existing literature on emotional memory, the present review examines emerging evidence from brain imaging investigations regarding four research directions: (1) Social Emotional Memory, (2) The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Impact of Emotion on Memory, (3) The Impact of Emotion on Associative or Relational Memory, and (4) The Role of Individual Differences in Emotional Memory. Across these four domains, available evidence demonstrates that emotion-and memory-related medial temporal lobe brain regions (amygdala and hippocampus, respectively), together with prefrontal cortical regions, play a pivotal role during both encoding and retrieval of emotional episodic memories. This evidence sheds light on the neural mechanisms of emotional memories in healthy functioning, and has important implications for understanding clinical conditions that are associated with negative affective biases in encoding and retrieving emotional memories. KW - emotion-cognition interactions KW - social cognition KW - emotion control KW - associative memory KW - individual differences (personality, sex, age) KW - anxiety KW - depression KW - PTSD Y1 - 2017 U6 - https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01867 SN - 1664-1078 VL - 8 SP - R1277 EP - R1280 PB - Frontiers Research Foundation CY - Lausanne ER -