@article{MakwanaYan2020, author = {Makwana, Kirit D. and Yan, Huirong}, title = {Properties of magnetohydrodynamic modes in compressively driven plasma turbulence}, series = {Physical Review X}, volume = {10}, journal = {Physical Review X}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)}, address = {College Park}, issn = {2160-3308}, doi = {10.1103/PhysRevX.10.031021}, pages = {15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We study properties of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) eigenmodes by decomposing the data of MHD simulations into linear MHD modes-namely, the Alfven, slow magnetosonic, and fast magnetosonic modes. We drive turbulence with a mixture of solenoidal and compressive driving while varying the Alfven Mach number (M-A), plasma beta, and the sonic Mach number from subsonic to transsonic. We find that the proportion of fast and slow modes in the mode mixture increases with increasing compressive forcing. This proportion of the magnetosonic modes can also become the dominant fraction in the mode mixture. The anisotropy of the modes is analyzed by means of their structure functions. The Alfven-mode anisotropy is consistent with the Goldreich-Sridhar theory. We find a transition from weak to strong Alfvenic turbulence as we go from low to high M-A. The slow-mode properties are similar to the Alfven mode. On the other hand, the isotropic nature of fast modes is verified in the cases where the fast mode is a significant fraction of the mode mixture. The fast-mode behavior does not show any transition in going from low to high M-A. We find indications that there is some interaction between the different modes, and the properties of the dominant mode can affect the properties of the weaker modes. This work identifies the conditions under which magnetosonic modes can be a major fraction of turbulent astrophysical plasmas, including the regime of weak turbulence. Important astrophysical implications for cosmic-ray transport and magnetic reconnection are discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{MakwanaYan2020, author = {Makwana, Kirit D. and Yan, Huirong}, title = {Properties of magnetohydrodynamic modes in compressively driven plasma turbulence}, series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, volume = {10}, journal = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {3}, publisher = {American Physical Society (APS)}, address = {College Park}, issn = {1866-8372}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-53160}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-531607}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We study properties of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) eigenmodes by decomposing the data of MHD simulations into linear MHD modes-namely, the Alfven, slow magnetosonic, and fast magnetosonic modes. We drive turbulence with a mixture of solenoidal and compressive driving while varying the Alfven Mach number (M-A), plasma beta, and the sonic Mach number from subsonic to transsonic. We find that the proportion of fast and slow modes in the mode mixture increases with increasing compressive forcing. This proportion of the magnetosonic modes can also become the dominant fraction in the mode mixture. The anisotropy of the modes is analyzed by means of their structure functions. The Alfven-mode anisotropy is consistent with the Goldreich-Sridhar theory. We find a transition from weak to strong Alfvenic turbulence as we go from low to high M-A. The slow-mode properties are similar to the Alfven mode. On the other hand, the isotropic nature of fast modes is verified in the cases where the fast mode is a significant fraction of the mode mixture. The fast-mode behavior does not show any transition in going from low to high M-A. We find indications that there is some interaction between the different modes, and the properties of the dominant mode can affect the properties of the weaker modes. This work identifies the conditions under which magnetosonic modes can be a major fraction of turbulent astrophysical plasmas, including the regime of weak turbulence. Important astrophysical implications for cosmic-ray transport and magnetic reconnection are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{HalilbasicFuerstHeidenetal.2020, author = {Halilbasic, Emina and Fuerst, Elisabeth and Heiden, Denise and Japtok, Lukasz and Diesner, Susanne C. and Trauner, Michael and Kulu, Askin and Jaksch, Peter and Hoetzenecker, Konrad and Kleuser, Burkhard and Kazemi-Shirazi, Lili and Untersmayr, Eva}, title = {Plasma levels of the bioactive sphingolipid metabolite S1P in adult cystic fibrosis patients}, series = {Nutrients}, volume = {12}, journal = {Nutrients}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-6643}, doi = {10.3390/nu12030765}, pages = {11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Recent research has linked sphingolipid (SL) metabolism with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) activity, affecting bioactive lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). We hypothesize that loss of CFTR function in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients influenced plasma S1P levels. Total and unbound plasma S1P levels were measured in 20 lung-transplanted adult CF patients and 20 healthy controls by mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). S1P levels were correlated with CFTR genotype, routine laboratory parameters, lung function and pathogen colonization, and clinical symptoms. Compared to controls, CF patients showed lower unbound plasma S1P, whereas total S1P levels did not differ. A positive correlation of total and unbound S1P levels was found in healthy controls, but not in CF patients. Higher unbound S1P levels were measured in Delta F508-homozygous compared to Delta F508-heterozygous CF patients (p = 0.038), accompanied by higher levels of HDL in Delta F508-heterozygous patients. Gastrointestinal symptoms were more common in Delta F508 heterozygotes compared to Delta F508 homozygotes. This is the first clinical study linking plasma S1P levels with CFTR function and clinical presentation in adult CF patients. Given the emerging role of immunonutrition in CF, our study might pave the way for using S1P as a novel biomarker and nutritional target in CF.}, language = {en} } @article{SchwetlickRothkegelTrukenbrodetal.2020, author = {Schwetlick, Lisa and Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin and Trukenbrod, Hans Arne and Engbert, Ralf}, title = {Modeling the effects of perisaccadic attention on gaze statistics during scene viewing}, series = {Communications biology}, volume = {3}, journal = {Communications biology}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {London}, issn = {2399-3642}, doi = {10.1038/s42003-020-01429-8}, pages = {11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Lisa Schwetlick et al. present a computational model linking visual scan path generation in scene viewing to physiological and experimental work on perisaccadic covert attention, the act of attending to an object visually without obviously moving the eyes toward it. They find that integrating covert attention into predictive models of visual scan paths greatly improves the model's agreement with experimental data.
How we perceive a visual scene depends critically on the selection of gaze positions. For this selection process, visual attention is known to play a key role in two ways. First, image-features attract visual attention, a fact that is captured well by time-independent fixation models. Second, millisecond-level attentional dynamics around the time of saccade drives our gaze from one position to the next. These two related research areas on attention are typically perceived as separate, both theoretically and experimentally. Here we link the two research areas by demonstrating that perisaccadic attentional dynamics improve predictions on scan path statistics. In a mathematical model, we integrated perisaccadic covert attention with dynamic scan path generation. Our model reproduces saccade amplitude distributions, angular statistics, intersaccadic turning angles, and their impact on fixation durations as well as inter-individual differences using Bayesian inference. Therefore, our result lend support to the relevance of perisaccadic attention to gaze statistics.}, language = {en} } @article{MishurovaSydowThiedeetal.2020, author = {Mishurova, Tatiana and Sydow, Benjamin and Thiede, Tobias and Sizova, Irina and Ulbricht, Alexander and Bambach, Markus and Bruno, Giovanni}, title = {Residual stress and microstructure of a Ti-6Al-4V Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing hybrid demonstrator}, series = {Metals}, volume = {10}, journal = {Metals}, number = {6}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2075-4701}, doi = {10.3390/met10060701}, pages = {15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) features high deposition rates and, thus, allows production of large components that are relevant for aerospace applications. However, a lot of aerospace parts are currently produced by forging or machining alone to ensure fast production and to obtain good mechanical properties; the use of these conventional process routes causes high tooling and material costs. A hybrid approach (a combination of forging and WAAM) allows making production more efficient. In this fashion, further structural or functional features can be built in any direction without using additional tools for every part. By using a combination of forging basic geometries with one tool set and adding the functional features by means of WAAM, the tool costs and material waste can be reduced compared to either completely forged or machined parts. One of the factors influencing the structural integrity of additively manufactured parts are (high) residual stresses, generated during the build process. In this study, the triaxial residual stress profiles in a hybrid WAAM part are reported, as determined by neutron diffraction. The analysis is complemented by microstructural investigations, showing a gradient of microstructure (shape and size of grains) along the part height. The highest residual stresses were found in the transition zone (between WAAM and forged part). The total stress range showed to be lower than expected for WAAM components. This could be explained by the thermal history of the component.}, language = {en} } @article{OeschWeiseBruno2020, author = {Oesch, Tyler and Weise, Frank and Bruno, Giovanni}, title = {Detection and quantification of cracking in concrete aggregate through virtual data fusion of X-ray computed tomography images}, series = {Materials}, volume = {13}, journal = {Materials}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1944}, doi = {10.3390/ma13183921}, pages = {27}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In this work, which is part of a larger research program, a framework called "virtual data fusion" was developed to provide an automated and consistent crack detection method that allows for the cross-comparison of results from large quantities of X-ray computed tomography (CT) data. A partial implementation of this method in a custom program was developed for use in research focused on crack quantification in alkali-silica reaction (ASR)-sensitive concrete aggregates. During the CT image processing, a series of image analyses tailored for detecting specific, individual crack-like characteristics were completed. The results of these analyses were then "fused" in order to identify crack-like objects within the images with much higher accuracy than that yielded by any individual image analysis procedure. The results of this strategy demonstrated the success of the program in effectively identifying crack-like structures and quantifying characteristics, such as surface area and volume. The results demonstrated that the source of aggregate has a very significant impact on the amount of internal cracking, even when the mineralogical characteristics remain very similar. River gravels, for instance, were found to contain significantly higher levels of internal cracking than quarried stone aggregates of the same mineralogical type.}, language = {en} } @article{LeonardZhangKrebsetal.2020, author = {L{\´e}onard, Fabien and Zhang, Zhen and Krebs, Holger and Bruno, Giovanni}, title = {Structural and morphological quantitative 3D characterisation of ammonium nitrate prills by X-ray computed tomography}, series = {Materials}, volume = {13}, journal = {Materials}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1944}, doi = {10.3390/ma13051230}, pages = {16}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The mixture of ammonium nitrate (AN) prills and fuel oil (FO), usually referred to as ANFO, is extensively used in the mining industry as a bulk explosive. One of the major performance predictors of ANFO mixtures is the fuel oil retention, which is itself governed by the complex pore structure of the AN prills. In this study, we present how X-ray computed tomography (XCT), and the associated advanced data processing workflow, can be used to fully characterise the structure and morphology of AN prills. We show that structural parameters such as volume fraction of the different phases and morphological parameters such as specific surface area and shape factor can be reliably extracted from the XCT data, and that there is a good agreement with the measured oil retention values. Importantly, oil retention measurements (qualifying the efficiency of ANFO as explosives) correlate well with the specific surface area determined by XCT. XCT can therefore be employed non-destructively; it can accurately evaluate and characterise porosity in ammonium nitrate prills, and even predict their efficiency.}, language = {en} } @article{SzeskaRichterWendtetal.2020, author = {Szeska, Christoph and Richter, Jan and Wendt, Julia and Weymar, Mathias and Hamm, Alfons O.}, title = {Promoting long-term inhibition of human fear responses by non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation during extinction training}, series = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, journal = {Scientific reports}, number = {1}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, address = {London}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-58412-w}, pages = {16}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Inhibiting fear-related thoughts and defensive behaviors when they are no longer appropriate to the situation is a prerequisite for flexible and adaptive responding to changing environments. Such inhibition of defensive systems is mediated by ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), limbic basolateral amygdala (BLA), and brain stem locus-coeruleus noradrenergic system (LC-NAs). Non-invasive, transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS) has shown to activate this circuit. Using a multiple-day single-cue fear conditioning and extinction paradigm, we investigated long-term effects of tVNS on inhibition of low-level amygdala modulated fear potentiated startle and cognitive risk assessments. We found that administration of tVNS during extinction training facilitated inhibition of fear potentiated startle responses and cognitive risk assessments, resulting in facilitated formation, consolidation and long-term recall of extinction memory, and prevention of the return of fear. These findings might indicate new ways to increase the efficacy of exposure-based treatments of anxiety disorders.}, language = {en} } @article{Vasishth2020, author = {Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {Using approximate Bayesian computation for estimating parameters in the cue-based retrieval model of sentence processing}, series = {MethodsX}, volume = {7}, journal = {MethodsX}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2215-0161}, doi = {10.1016/j.mex.2020.100850}, pages = {6}, year = {2020}, abstract = {A commonly used approach to parameter estimation in computational models is the so-called grid search procedure: the entire parameter space is searched in small steps to determine the parameter value that provides the best fit to the observed data. This approach has several disadvantages: first, it can be computationally very expensive; second, one optimal point value of the parameter is reported as the best fit value; we cannot quantify our uncertainty about the parameter estimate. In the main journal article that this methods article accompanies (Jager et al., 2020, Interference patterns in subject-verb agreement and reflexives revisited: A large-sample study, Journal of Memory and Language), we carried out parameter estimation using Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC), which is a Bayesian approach that allows us to quantify our uncertainty about the parameter's values given data. This customization has the further advantage that it allows us to generate both prior and posterior predictive distributions of reading times from the cue-based retrieval model of Lewis and Vasishth, 2005.
Instead of the conventional method of using grid search, we use Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) for parameter estimation in the [4] model.
The ABC method of parameter estimation has the advantage that the uncertainty of the parameter can be quantified.}, language = {en} } @article{WeimarKoehliBudachetal.2020, author = {Weimar, Jannis and K{\"o}hli, Markus and Budach, Christian and Schmidt, Ulrich}, title = {Large-scale boron-lined neutron detection systems as a 3He alternative for Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing}, series = {Frontiers in water}, volume = {2}, journal = {Frontiers in water}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2624-9375}, doi = {10.3389/frwa.2020.00016}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Cosmic-Ray neutron sensors are widely used to determine soil moisture on the hectare scale. Precise measurements, especially in the case of mobile application, demand for neutron detectors with high counting rates and high signal-to-noise ratios. For a long time Cosmic Ray Neutron Sensing (CRNS) instruments have relied on He-3 as an efficient neutron converter. Its ongoing scarcity demands for technological solutions using alternative converters, which are Li-6 and B-10. Recent developments lead to a modular neutron detector consisting of several B-10-lined proportional counter tubes, which feature high counting rates via its large surface area. The modularity allows for individual shieldings of different segments within the detector featuring the capability of gaining spectral information about the detected neutrons. This opens the possibility for active signal correction, especially useful when applied to mobile measurements, where the influence of constantly changing near-field to the overall signal should be corrected. Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio could be increased by combining pulse height and pulse length spectra to discriminate between neutrons and other environmental radiation. This novel detector therefore combines high-selective counting electronics with large-scale instrumentation technology.}, language = {en} } @article{WangWangWangetal.2020, author = {Wang, Hao and Wang, Xuejiang and Wang, Weishi and Su, Yinglong and Zhao, Jianfu}, title = {Reuse of a phosphorus recovery product (struvite/palygorskite) from nutrient wastewater for copper remediation in aqueous solution and soil}, series = {Geoderma : an international journal of soil science}, volume = {357}, journal = {Geoderma : an international journal of soil science}, publisher = {Elsevier Science}, address = {Amsterdam [u.a.]}, issn = {0016-7061}, doi = {10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.113955}, pages = {10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In this study, a phosphorus recovery product, struvite palygorskite (S-PAL), obtained from nutrient-rich wastewater by using MgO modified palygorskite was applied for copper remediation in aqueous solution and contaminated soil to achieve waste recycling. The effects of contact time, initial pH, initial Cu(II) concentration and reaction temperature on Cu(II) adsorption in aqueous solution were intensively testified. Pseudo-second-order model was able to properly describe Cu(II) adsorption kinetics by using palygorskite (PAL) and S-PAL, and S-PAL exhibited higher adsorption amount (106.27 mg/g) than PAL (8.46 mg/g) at pH of 4. Cu(II) adsorption on PAL and S-PAL could be well fitted by Freundlich isotherm and Langmuir isotherm, respectively. The calculated thermodynamic parameters indicated that Cu(II) adsorption onto PAL and S-PAL were spontaneous and endothermic. A 28-day soil incubation experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of PAL and S-PAL with three different rates (1\%, 5\% and 10\% w/w) on Cu immobilization in contaminated soil. In the immobilization test, Cu extracted by 0.01 mol/L CaCl2 after seven days incubation significantly decreased with increasing rate of PAL and S-PAL. BCR sequential extraction results showed the significant decrease of acid soluble Cu and a concomitant increase of the residual fraction of Cu after S-PAL and PAL addition. XRD patterns of soil samples after treatment by PAL and S-PAL showed the formation of Cu0.6Mg1.3Si2O6 and Cu-3.04(PO4)(2)OH0.08 center dot 2H(2)O, which indicated that silanol groups and phosphate exhibited affinity for Cu in the soil.}, language = {en} } @article{ZimmermannStoofLeichsenringKruseetal.2020, author = {Zimmermann, Heike Hildegard and Stoof-Leichsenring, Kathleen Rosemarie and Kruse, Stefan and M{\"u}ller, Juliane and Stein, Ruediger and Tiedemann, Ralf and Herzschuh, Ulrike}, title = {Changes in the composition of marine and sea-ice diatoms derived from sedimentary ancient DNA of the eastern Fram Strait over the past 30 000 years}, series = {Ocean science}, volume = {16}, journal = {Ocean science}, number = {5}, publisher = {Copernicus}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1812-0784}, doi = {10.5194/os-16-1017-2020}, pages = {1017 -- 1032}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Fram Strait is an area with a relatively low and irregular distribution of diatom microfossils in surface sediments, and thus microfossil records are scarce, rarely exceed the Holocene, and contain sparse information about past richness and taxonomic composition. These attributes make the Fram Strait an ideal study site to test the utility of sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) metabarcoding. Amplifying a short, partial rbcL marker from samples of sediment core MSM05/5-712-2 resulted in 95.7\% of our sequences being assigned to diatoms across 18 different families, with 38.6\% of them being resolved to species and 25.8\% to genus level. Independent replicates show a high similarity of PCR products, especially in the oldest samples. Diatom sedaDNA richness is highest in the Late Weichselian and lowest in Mid- and Late Holocene samples. Taxonomic composition is dominated by cold-water and sea-ice-associated diatoms and suggests several reorganisations - after the Last Glacial Maximum, after the Younger Dryas, and after the Early and after the Mid-Holocene. Different sequences assigned to, amongst others, Chaetoceros socialis indicate the detectability of intra-specific diversity using sedaDNA. We detect no clear pattern between our diatom sedaDNA record and the previously published IP25 record of this core, although proportions of pennate diatoms increase with higher IP25 concentrations and proportions of Nitzschia cf. frigida exceeding 2\% of the assemblage point towards past sea-ice presence.}, language = {en} } @article{GuzmanSamprognaMohorMendiondo2020, author = {Guzman, Diego A. and Samprogna Mohor, Guilherme and Mendiondo, Eduardo Mario}, title = {Multi-year index-based insurance for adapting Water Utility Companies to hydrological drought}, series = {Water}, volume = {12}, journal = {Water}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4441}, doi = {10.3390/w12112954}, pages = {22}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The sustainability of water utility companies is threatened by non-stationary drivers, such as climate and anthropogenic changes. To cope with potential economic losses, instruments such as insurance are useful for planning scenarios and mitigating impacts, but data limitations and risk uncertainties affect premium estimation and, consequently, business sustainability. This research estimated the possible economic impacts of business interruption to the Sao Paulo Water Utility Company derived from hydrological drought and how this could be mitigated with an insurance scheme. Multi-year insurance (MYI) was proposed through a set of "change" drivers: the climate driver, through forcing the water evaluation and planning system (WEAP) hydrological tool; the anthropogenic driver, through water demand projections; and the economic driver, associated with recent water price policies adopted by the utility company during water scarcity periods. In our study case, the evaluated indices showed that MYI contracts that cover only longer droughts, regardless of the magnitude, offer better financial performance than contracts that cover all events (in terms of drought duration). Moreover, through MYI contracts, we demonstrate solvency for the insurance fund in the long term and an annual average actuarially fair premium close to the total expected revenue reduction.}, language = {en} } @article{BaerenzungHolschneiderWichtetal.2020, author = {Baerenzung, Julien and Holschneider, Matthias and Wicht, Johannes and Lesur, Vincent and Sanchez, Sabrina}, title = {The Kalmag model as a candidate for IGRF-13}, series = {Earth, planets and space}, volume = {72}, journal = {Earth, planets and space}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {New York}, issn = {1880-5981}, doi = {10.1186/s40623-020-01295-y}, pages = {13}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We present a new model of the geomagnetic field spanning the last 20 years and called Kalmag. Deriving from the assimilation of CHAMP and Swarm vector field measurements, it separates the different contributions to the observable field through parameterized prior covariance matrices. To make the inverse problem numerically feasible, it has been sequentialized in time through the combination of a Kalman filter and a smoothing algorithm. The model provides reliable estimates of past, present and future mean fields and associated uncertainties. The version presented here is an update of our IGRF candidates; the amount of assimilated data has been doubled and the considered time window has been extended from [2000.5, 2019.74] to [2000.5, 2020.33].}, language = {en} } @article{ZhangGuoChen2020, author = {Zhang, Yan-qiu and Guo, Zeng-hui and Chen, Dai-zhao}, title = {Porosity distribution in cyclic dolomites of the Lower Qiulitag Group (Upper Cambrian) in northwestern Tarim Basin, China}, series = {China geology}, volume = {3}, journal = {China geology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2096-5192}, pages = {425 -- 444}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Increasing interests in hydrocarbon resources at depths have drawn greater attentions to the deeply-buried carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin in China. In this study, the cyclic dolomite rocks of Upper Cambrian Lower Qiulitag Group from four outcrop sections in northwestern Tarim Basin were selected to investigate and evaluate the petrophysical properties in relation to depositional facies and cyclicity. The Lower Qiulitag Group includes ten lithofacies, which were deposited in intermediate to shallow subtidal, restricted shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal environments on a carbonate ramp system. These lithofacies are vertically stacked into repeated shallowing-upward, meter-scale cycles which are further grouped into six third-order depositional sequences (Sq1 to Sq6). There are variable types of pore spaces in the Lower Qiulitag Group dolomite rocks, including interparticle, intraparticle, and fenestral pores of primary origin, inter crystal, and vuggy pores of late diagenetic modification. The porosity in the dolomites is generally facies-selective as that the microbially-originated thrombolites and stromatolites generally yield a relatively high porosity. In contrast, the high-energy ooidal grainstones generally have very low porosity. In this case, the microbialite-based peritidal cycles and peritidal cycle-dominated highstand (or regressive) successions have relatively high volumes of pore spaces, although highly fluctuating (or vertical inhomogeneous). Accordingly, the grainstone-based subtidal cycles and subtidal cycle-dominated transgressive successions generally yield extremely low porosity. This scenario indicates that porosity development and preservation in the thick dolomite successions are primarily controlled by depositional facies which were influenced by sea-level fluctuations of different orders and later diagenetic overprinting.}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderBrickDziobek2020, author = {Schneider, Jan Niklas and Brick, Timothy R. and Dziobek, Isabel}, title = {Distance to the neutral face predicts arousal ratings of dynamic facial expressions in individuals with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.577494}, pages = {15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Arousal is one of the dimensions of core affect and frequently used to describe experienced or observed emotional states. While arousal ratings of facial expressions are collected in many studies it is not well understood how arousal is displayed in or interpreted from facial expressions. In the context of socioemotional disorders such as Autism Spectrum Disorder, this poses the question of a differential use of facial information for arousal perception. In this study, we demonstrate how automated face-tracking tools can be used to extract predictors of arousal judgments. We find moderate to strong correlations among all measures of static information on one hand and all measures of dynamic information on the other. Based on these results, we tested two measures, average distance to the neutral face and average facial movement speed, within and between neurotypical individuals (N = 401) and individuals with autism (N = 19). Distance to the neutral face was predictive of arousal in both groups. Lower mean arousal ratings were found for the autistic group, but no difference in correlation of the measures and arousal ratings could be found between groups. Results were replicated in an high autistic traits group. The findings suggest a qualitatively similar perception of arousal for individuals with and without autism. No correlations between valence ratings and any of the measures could be found, emphasizing the specificity of our tested measures. Distance and speed predictors share variability and thus speed should not be discarded as a predictor of arousal ratings.}, language = {en} } @article{MuellerHelmsRohreretal.2020, author = {M{\"u}ller, Anke Katharina and Helms, Ute and Rohrer, Carsten and M{\"o}hler, Monika and Hellwig, Frank and Glei, Michael and Schwerdtle, Tanja and Lorkowski, Stefan and Dawczynski, Christine}, title = {Nutrient composition of different hazelnut cultivars grown in Germany}, series = {Foods}, volume = {9}, journal = {Foods}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2304-8158}, doi = {10.3390/foods9111596}, pages = {11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Hazelnuts are rarely cultivated in Germany, although they are a valuable source for macro- and micronutrients and can thus contribute to a healthy diet. Near the present, 15 varieties were cultivated in Thuringia, Germany, as a pilot study for further research. The aim of our study was to evaluate the micro- and macronutrient composition of representative, randomly mixed samples of the 15 different hazelnut cultivars. Protein, fat, and fiber contents were determined using established methods. Fatty acids, tocopherols, minerals, trace elements, and ultra-trace elements were analyzed using gas chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and inductively coupled plasma triple quadrupole mass-spectrometry, respectively. We found that the different hazelnut varieties contained valuable amounts of fat, protein, dietary fiber, minerals, trace elements, and alpha-tocopherol, however, in different quantities. The variations in nutrient composition were independent of growth conditions, which were identical for all hazelnut varieties. Therefore, each hazelnut cultivar has its specific nutrient profile.}, language = {en} } @article{WilbertUrtonKrulletal.2020, author = {Wilbert, J{\"u}rgen and Urton, Karolina and Krull, Johanna and Kulawiak, Pawel R. and Schwalbe, Anja and Hennemann, Thomas}, title = {Teachers' accuracy in estimating social inclusion of students with and without special educational needs}, series = {Frontiers in education}, volume = {5}, journal = {Frontiers in education}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2504-284X}, doi = {10.3389/feduc.2020.598330}, pages = {11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {It is unclear to what extent teachers can accurately assess the social inclusion of their students with and without SEN. The study aims to shed light on these desiderata. Students (N = 1.644) with SEN (learning, behavior, and language problems) and without SEN and their teachers (N = 79) participated in the study. Sociometric peer nominations, students' self-perceived social inclusion, and teachers' assessments regarding students' social inclusion and self-perceived social inclusion were administered. The results suggest that teachers are moderately accurate in identifying social acceptance and social rejection, while accuracy is low when assessing students' self-perceived social inclusion. That said, rating accuracy varied strongly between teachers, ranging from no agreement to a perfect concordance. Teachers seem to be more accurate in estimating the social acceptance of students with learning problems. The results emphasize the importance of differentiating between various social inclusion criteria (i.e., students' self-report vs. peer nominations) and accounting for inter-individual differences in teachers' rating accuracy.}, language = {en} } @article{GonzalezChavarriaDupratRoaetal.2020, author = {Gonzalez-Chavarria, Ivan and Duprat, Felix and Roa, Francisco J. and Jara, Nery and Toledo, Jorge R. and Miranda, Felipe and Becerra, Jose and Inostroza, Alejandro and Kelling, Alexandra and Schilde, Uwe and Heydenreich, Matthias and Paz, Cristian}, title = {Maytenus disticha extract and an isolated β-Dihydroagarofuran induce mitochondrial depolarization and apoptosis in human cancer cells by increasing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species}, series = {Biomolecules}, volume = {10}, journal = {Biomolecules}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2218-273X}, doi = {10.3390/biom10030377}, pages = {15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Maytenus disticha (Hook F.), belonging to the Celastraceae family, is an evergreen shrub, native of the central southern mountains of Chile. Previous studies demonstrated that the total extract of M. disticha (MD) has an acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity along with growth regulatory and insecticidal activities. beta-Dihydroagarofurans sesquiterpenes are the most active components in the plant. However, its activity in cancer has not been analyzed yet. Here, we demonstrate that MD has a cytotoxic activity on breast (MCF-7), lung (PC9), and prostate (C4-2B) human cancer cells with an IC50 (mu g/mL) of 40, 4.7, and 5 mu g/mL, respectively, an increasing Bax/Bcl2 ratio, and inducing a mitochondrial membrane depolarization. The beta-dihydroagarofuran-type sesquiterpene (MD-6), dihydromyricetin (MD-9), and dihydromyricetin-3-O-beta-glucoside (MD-10) were isolated as the major compounds from MD extracts. From these compounds, only MD-6 showed cytotoxic activity on MCF-7, PC9, and C4-2B with an IC50 of 31.02, 17.58, and 42.19 mu M, respectively. Furthermore, the MD-6 increases cell ROS generation, and MD and MD-6 induce a mitochondrial superoxide generation and apoptosis on MCF-7, PC9, and C4-2B, which suggests that the cytotoxic effect of MD is mediated in part by the beta-dihydroagarofuran-type that induces apoptosis by a mitochondrial dysfunction.}, language = {en} } @article{BradyFinniganKohleretal.2020, author = {Brady, David and Finnigan, Ryan and Kohler, Ulrich and Legewie, Joscha}, title = {The inheritance of race revisited}, series = {Sociological Science}, volume = {7}, journal = {Sociological Science}, number = {25}, publisher = {Society for Sociological Science}, issn = {2330-6696}, doi = {10.15195/v7.a25}, pages = {599 -- 627}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Vast racial inequalities continue to prevail across the United States and are closely linked to economic resources. One particularly prominent argument contends that childhood wealth accounts for black-white (BW) disadvantages in life chances. This article analyzes how much childhood wealth and childhood income mediate BW disadvantages in adult life chances with Panel Study of Income Dynamics and Cross-National Equivalent File data on children from the 1980s and 1990s who were 30+ years old in 2015. Compared with previous research, we exploit longer panel data, more comprehensively assess adult life chances with 18 outcomes, and measure income and wealth more rigorously. We find large BW disadvantages in most outcomes. Childhood wealth and income mediate a substantial share of most BW disadvantages, although there are several significant BW disadvantages even after adjusting for childhood wealth and income. The evidence mostly contradicts the prominent claim that childhood wealth is more important than childhood income. Indeed, the analyses mostly show that childhood income explains more of BW disadvantages and has larger standardized coefficients than childhood wealth. We also show how limitations in prior wealth research explain why our conclusions differ. Replication with the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and a variety of robustness checks support these conclusions.}, language = {en} } @article{Ungelenk2020, author = {Ungelenk, Johannes}, title = {{\´E}mile Zola's Climate History of the Second Empire}, series = {Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment}, volume = {11}, journal = {Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment}, number = {1}, publisher = {Alcal{\´a} de Henares}, address = {Instituto Universitario de Investigaci{\´o}n en Estudios Norteamericanos "Benjam{\´i}n Franklin", Universidad de Alcal{\´a}}, issn = {2171-9594}, doi = {10.37536/ECOZONA.2020.11.1.3181}, pages = {9 -- 26}, year = {2020}, abstract = {This article looks at {\´E}mile Zola's novel cycle Les Rougon-Macquart and argues that it describes its subject, the Second Empire, as a warming climate tending toward climate catastrophe. Zola's affinity to the notion of climate is shown to be linked to his poetic employment of the concept of 'milieu', inspired by Hippolyte Taine. Close readings of selected passages from the Rougon-Macquart are used to work out the climatic difference between 'the old' and 'the new Paris', and the process of warming that characterises the Second Empire. Octave Mouret's department store holds a special place in the article, as it is analysed through what the article suggests calling a 'meteorotopos': a location of intensified climatic conditions that accounts for an increased interaction between human and non-human actors. The department store is also one of the many sites in the novel cycle that locally prefigure the 'global' climate catastrophe of Paris burning, in which the Second Empire perishes.}, language = {en} } @article{FaisalGechevMuellerRoeberetal.2020, author = {Faisal, Muhammad B. and Gechev, Tsanko S. and M{\"u}ller-R{\"o}ber, Bernd and Dijkwel, Paul P.}, title = {Putative alternative translation start site-encoding nucleotides of CPR5 regulate growth and resistance}, series = {BMC plant biology}, volume = {20}, journal = {BMC plant biology}, number = {1}, publisher = {BMC}, address = {London}, issn = {1471-2229}, doi = {10.1186/s12870-020-02485-2}, pages = {10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background The Arabidopsis CONSTITUTIVE EXPRESSER of PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 5 (CPR5) has recently been shown to play a role in gating as part of the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Mutations in CPR5 cause multiple defects, including aberrant trichomes, reduced ploidy levels, reduced growth and enhanced resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens. The pleiotropic nature of cpr5 mutations implicates that the CPR5 protein affects multiple pathways. However, little is known about the structural features that allow CPR5 to affect the different pathways. Results Our in silico studies suggest that in addition to three clusters of putative nuclear localization signals and four or five transmembrane domains, CPR5 contains two putative alternative translation start sites. To test the role of the methionine-encoding nucleotides implicated in those sites, metCPR5 cDNAs, in which the relevant nucleotides were changed to encode glutamine, were fused to the CPR5 native promoter and the constructs transformed to cpr5-2 plants to complement cpr5-compromised phenotypes. The control and metCPR5 constructs were able to complement all cpr5 phenotypes, although the extent of complementation depended on the specific complementing plant lines. Remarkably, plants transformed with metCPR5 constructs showed larger leaves and displayed reduced resistance when challenged to Pseudomonas syringae pv Pst DC3000, as compared to control plants. Thus, the methionine-encoding nucleotides regulate growth and resistance. We propose that structural features of the CPR5 N-terminus are implicated in selective gating of proteins involved in regulating the balance between growth and resistance. Conclusion Plants need to carefully balance the amount of resources used for growth and resistance. The Arabidopsis CPR5 protein regulates plant growth and immunity. Here we show that N-terminal features of CPR5 are involved in the regulation of the balance between growth and resistance. These findings may benefit efforts to improve plant yield, while maintaining optimal levels of disease resistance.}, language = {en} } @article{WojcikBrinkmannZduneketal.2020, author = {Wojcik, Michal and Brinkmann, Pia and Zdunek, Rafał and Riebe, Daniel and Beitz, Toralf and Merk, Sven and Cieslik, Katarzyna and Mory, David and Antonczak, Arkadiusz}, title = {Classification of copper minerals by handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and nonnegative tensor factorisation}, series = {Sensors}, volume = {20}, journal = {Sensors}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {10.3390/s20185152}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysers are becoming increasingly common for material classification purposes. However, to achieve good classification accuracy, mostly noncompact units are used based on their stability and reproducibility. In addition, computational algorithms that require significant hardware resources are commonly applied. For performing measurement campaigns in hard-to-access environments, such as mining sites, there is a need for compact, portable, or even handheld devices capable of reaching high measurement accuracy. The optics and hardware of small (i.e., handheld) devices are limited by space and power consumption and require a compromise of the achievable spectral quality. As long as the size of such a device is a major constraint, the software is the primary field for improvement. In this study, we propose a novel combination of handheld LIBS with non-negative tensor factorisation to investigate its classification capabilities of copper minerals. The proposed approach is based on the extraction of source spectra for each mineral (with the use of tensor methods) and their labelling based on the percentage contribution within the dataset. These latent spectra are then used in a regression model for validation purposes. The application of such an approach leads to an increase in the classification score by approximately 5\% compared to that obtained using commonly used classifiers such as support vector machines, linear discriminant analysis, and the k-nearest neighbours algorithm.}, language = {en} } @misc{JeltschGrimm2020, author = {Jeltsch, Florian and Grimm, Volker}, title = {Editorial}, series = {Movement Ecology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Movement Ecology}, number = {1}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, address = {London}, issn = {2051-3933}, doi = {10.1186/s40462-020-00210-0}, pages = {4}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{MunjonjiAyisiMudongoetal.2020, author = {Munjonji, Lawrence and Ayisi, Kingsley Kwabena and Mudongo, Edwin I. and Mafeo, Tieho Paulus and Behn, Kai and Mokoka, Malesela Vincent and Linst{\"a}dter, Anja}, title = {Disentangling drought and grazing effects on soil carbon stocks and CO2 fluxes in a semi-arid African Savanna}, series = {Frontiers in Environmental Science}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Environmental Science}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2296-665X}, doi = {10.3389/fenvs.2020.590665}, pages = {14}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Grasslands cover ca. 30\% of the global land surface and provide critical ecosystem services. Among them, carbon storage is one of the most important. However, grasslands are increasingly threatened by drought and overgrazing which might negatively affect soil carbon stocks. Despite this threat, there is a dearth of information on how drought and grazing jointly impact soil carbon stocks and CO2 fluxes in dryland grasslands. With the aid of a large field experiment, we studied the combined effects of a 5-year extreme drought and moderate grazing on soil carbon stocks, CO2 fluxes and soil chemical properties. Extreme drought was induced by reducing ambient rainfall by 66\% using large rainout shelters. We found CO2 fluxes to strongly respond to the 5-year experimental drought. Extreme drought reduced CO2 emission rates by 32\% compared to ambient conditions. CO2 fluxes averaged 5.7 mg m(-2)min(-1) under drought compared to 8.3 mg m(-2) min(-1) under ambient conditions. CO2 fluxes were, however, not influenced by grazing. At the end of the growth period, grazed plots under ambient rainfall had released 16.3 tons of CO2 ha(-1) which was 58\% higher than observed on grazed plots subjected to severe drought. Soil carbon stocks were higher under drought conditions due to slower decomposition rates. Drought resulted in increased concentrations of primary macronutrients (N, P, and K), micronutrients (Zn and Mn) and pH in the top 30 cm of the soil relative to ambient conditions. The results also showed that grazing reduced the concentration of N and P in the topsoil compared to the ungrazed plots. This study provided insights on the soil carbon storage, CO2 emission rates and nutrient dynamics in a semi-arid dryland grassland as influenced by both drought and grazing. Our study also revealed that long-term extreme drought may be favorable in terms of preserving the existing soil carbon stocks through reduced CO2 release. This finding is critical for understanding future soil carbon dynamics in dryland grasslands in the face of climate change.}, language = {en} } @article{StepanovskaZivkovicEnzmannetal.2020, author = {Stepanovska, Bisera and Zivkovic, Aleksandra and Enzmann, Gaby and Tietz, Silvia and Homann, Thomas and Kleuser, Burkhard and Engelhardt, Britta and Stark, Holger and Huwiler, Andrea}, title = {Morpholino analogues of fingolimod as novel and selective S1P1 ligands with in vivo efficacy in a mouse model of experimental antigen-induced encephalomyelitis}, series = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {21}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, number = {18}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms21186463}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which is associated with lower life expectancy and disability. The experimental antigen-induced encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice is a useful animal model of MS, which allows exploring the etiopathogenetic mechanisms and testing novel potential therapeutic drugs. A new therapeutic paradigm for the treatment of MS was introduced in 2010 through the sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) analogue fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya(R)), which acts as a functional S1P(1) antagonist on T lymphocytes to deplete these cells from the blood. In this study, we synthesized two novel structures, ST-1893 and ST-1894, which are derived from fingolimod and chemically feature a morpholine ring in the polar head group. These compounds showed a selective S1P(1) activation profile and a sustained S1P(1) internalization in cultures of S1P(1)-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells, consistent with a functional antagonism. In vivo, both compounds induced a profound lymphopenia in mice. Finally, these substances showed efficacy in the EAE model, where they reduced clinical symptoms of the disease, and, on the molecular level, they reduced the T-cell infiltration and several inflammatory mediators in the brain and spinal cord. In summary, these data suggest that S1P(1)-selective compounds may have an advantage over fingolimod and siponimod, not only in MS but also in other autoimmune diseases.}, language = {en} } @article{BoteroMonkRodriguezCubillosetal.2020, author = {Botero, David and Monk, Jonathan and Rodriguez Cubillos, Maria Juliana and Rodriguez Cubillos, Andres Eduardo and Restrepo, Mariana and Bernal-Galeano, Vivian and Reyes, Alejandro and Gonzalez Barrios, Andres and Palsson, Bernhard O. and Restrepo, Silvia and Bernal, Adriana}, title = {Genome-scale metabolic model of Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis}, series = {Frontiers in genetics}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in genetics}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-8021}, doi = {10.3389/fgene.2020.00837}, pages = {19}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis (Xpm) is the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight, the most important bacterial disease in this crop. There is a paucity of knowledge about the metabolism of Xanthomonas and its relevance in the pathogenic process, with the exception of the elucidation of the xanthan biosynthesis route. Here we report the reconstruction of the genome-scale model of Xpm metabolism and the insights it provides into plant-pathogen interactions. The model, iXpm1556, displayed 1,556 reactions, 1,527 compounds, and 890 genes. Metabolic maps of central amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as xanthan biosynthesis of Xpm, were reconstructed using Escher (https://escher.github.io/) to guide the curation process and for further analyses. The model was constrained using the RNA-seq data of a mutant of Xpm for quorum sensing (QS), and these data were used to construct context-specific models (CSMs) of the metabolism of the two strains (wild type and QS mutant). The CSMs and flux balance analysis were used to get insights into pathogenicity, xanthan biosynthesis, and QS mechanisms. Between the CSMs, 653 reactions were shared; unique reactions belong to purine, pyrimidine, and amino acid metabolism. Alternative objective functions were used to demonstrate a trade-off between xanthan biosynthesis and growth and the re-allocation of resources in the process of biosynthesis. Important features altered by QS included carbohydrate metabolism, NAD(P)(+) balance, and fatty acid elongation. In this work, we modeled the xanthan biosynthesis and the QS process and their impact on the metabolism of the bacterium. This model will be useful for researchers studying host-pathogen interactions and will provide insights into the mechanisms of infection used by this and other Xanthomonas species.}, language = {en} } @article{TrillaDrimallaBajboujetal.2020, author = {Trilla, Irene and Drimalla, Hanna and Bajbouj, Malek and Dziobek, Isabel}, title = {The influence of reward on facial mimicry}, series = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience}, volume = {14}, journal = {Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1662-5153}, doi = {10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00088}, pages = {12}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Recent findings suggest a role of oxytocin on the tendency to spontaneously mimic the emotional facial expressions of others. Oxytocin-related increases of facial mimicry, however, seem to be dependent on contextual factors. Given previous literature showing that people preferentially mimic emotional expressions of individuals associated with high (vs. low) rewards, we examined whether the reward value of the mimicked agent is one factor influencing the oxytocin effects on facial mimicry. To test this hypothesis, 60 male adults received 24 IU of either intranasal oxytocin or placebo in a double-blind, between-subject experiment. Next, the value of male neutral faces was manipulated using an associative learning task with monetary rewards. After the reward associations were learned, participants watched videos of the same faces displaying happy and angry expressions. Facial reactions to the emotional expressions were measured with electromyography. We found that participants judged as more pleasant the face identities associated with high reward values than with low reward values. However, happy expressions by low rewarding faces were more spontaneously mimicked than high rewarding faces. Contrary to our expectations, we did not find a significant direct effect of intranasal oxytocin on facial mimicry, nor on the reward-driven modulation of mimicry. Our results support the notion that mimicry is a complex process that depends on contextual factors, but failed to provide conclusive evidence of a role of oxytocin on the modulation of facial mimicry.}, language = {en} } @article{ScherlerSchwanghart2020, author = {Scherler, Dirk and Schwanghart, Wolfgang}, title = {Drainage divide networks - part 1: Identification and ordering in digital elevation models}, series = {Earth surface dynamics : ESURF}, volume = {8}, journal = {Earth surface dynamics : ESURF}, number = {2}, publisher = {Copernicus Publ.}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {2196-6311}, doi = {10.5194/esurf-8-245-2020}, pages = {245 -- 259}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We propose a novel way to measure and analyze networks of drainage divides from digital elevation models. We developed an algorithm that extracts drainage divides based on the drainage basin boundaries defined by a stream network. In contrast to streams, there is no straightforward approach to order and classify divides, although it is intuitive that some divides are more important than others. A meaningful way of ordering divides is the average distance one would have to travel down on either side of a divide to reach a common stream location. However, because measuring these distances is computationally expensive and prone to edge effects, we instead sort divide segments based on their tree-like network structure, starting from endpoints at river confluences. The sorted nature of the network allows for assigning distances to points along the divides, which can be shown to scale with the average distance downslope to the common stream location. Furthermore, because divide segments tend to have characteristic lengths, an ordering scheme in which divide orders increase by 1 at junctions mimics these distances. We applied our new algorithm to the Big Tujunga catchment in the San Gabriel Mountains of southern California and studied the morphology of the drainage divide network. Our results show that topographic metrics, like the downstream flow distance to a stream and hillslope relief, attain characteristic values that depend on the drainage area threshold used to derive the stream network. Portions along the divide network that have lower than average relief or are closer than average to streams are often distinctly asymmetric in shape, suggesting that these divides are unstable. Our new and automated approach thus helps to objectively extract and analyze divide networks from digital elevation models.}, language = {en} } @article{NovinaHermanussenScheffleretal.2020, author = {Novina, Novina and Hermanussen, Michael and Scheffler, Christiane and Pulungan, Aman B. and Ismiarto, Yoyos Dias and Andriyana, Yudhie and Biben, Vitriana and Setiabudiawan, Budi}, title = {Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts better reflect height and weight of children in West Java, Indonesia, than WHO Child Growth Standards}, series = {Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology}, volume = {12}, journal = {Journal of Clinical Research in Pediatric Endocrinology}, number = {4}, publisher = {Galenos Yayincilik}, address = {Istanbul}, issn = {1308-5727}, doi = {10.4274/jcrpe.galenos.2020.2020.0044}, pages = {410 -- 419}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Objective: The Indonesia Basic Health Research 2018 indicates that Indonesian children are still among the shortest in the world. When referred to World Health Organization Child Growth Standards (WHOCGS), the prevalence of stunting reaches up to 43\% in several Indonesian districts. Indonesian National Growth Reference Charts (INGRC) were established in order to better distinguish between healthy short children and children with growth disorders. We analyzed height and weight measurements of healthy Indonesian children using INGRC and WHOCGS. Methods: 6972 boys and 5800 girls (n = 12,772), aged 0-59 months old, from Bandung District were measured. Z-scores of length/height and body mass index were calculated based on INGRC and WHOCGS. Results: Under 5-year-old Indonesian children raised in Bandung are short and slim. Mean height z-scores of boys is -2.03 [standard deviation (SD) 1.31], mean height z-scores of girls is -2.03 (SD 1.31) when referred to WHOCGS indicating that over 50 \% of these children are stunted. Bandung children are heterogeneous, with substantial subpopulations of tall children. Depending on the growth reference used, between 9\% and 15\% of them are wasted. Wasted children are on average half a SD taller than their peers. Conclusion: WHOCGS seriously overestimates the true prevalence of undernutrition in Indonesian children. The present investigation fails to support evidence of undernutrition at a prevalence similar to the over 50\% prevalence of stunting (WHOCGS) versus 13.3\% (INGRC). We suggest refraining from using WHOCGS, and instead applying INGRC that closely mirror height and weight increments in Bandung children. INGRC appear superior for practical and clinical purposes, such as detecting growth and developmental disorders.}, language = {en} } @article{HochmuthRoehrigApelojg2020, author = {Hochmuth, J{\"o}rg and R{\"o}hrig, Anne and Apelojg, Benjamin}, title = {Nachhaltigkeitsorientierte berufliche Handlungskompetenzen am Beispiel des Projektes „NiB-Scout - Kompetenzmodell f{\"u}r Nachhaltigkeit im B{\"a}ckerhandwerk"}, series = {Berufs- und Wirtschaftsp{\"a}dagogik Online : bwp@}, journal = {Berufs- und Wirtschaftsp{\"a}dagogik Online : bwp@}, number = {Spezial 17}, publisher = {Institut f{\"u}r Berufs- und Wirtschaftsp{\"a}dagogik Universit{\"a}t Hamburg}, address = {Hamburg}, issn = {1618-8543}, pages = {13 -- 17}, year = {2020}, language = {de} } @article{LutherTiberiusBrem2020, author = {Luther, Laura and Tiberius, Victor and Brem, Alexander}, title = {User experience (UX) in business, management, and psychology}, series = {Multimodal technologies and interaction : open access journal}, volume = {4}, journal = {Multimodal technologies and interaction : open access journal}, number = {2}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2414-4088}, doi = {10.3390/mti4020018}, pages = {19}, year = {2020}, abstract = {User Experience (UX) describes the holistic experience of a user before, during, and after interaction with a platform, product, or service. UX adds value and attraction to their sole functionality and is therefore highly relevant for firms. The increased interest in UX has produced a vast amount of scholarly research since 1983. The research field is, therefore, complex and scattered. Conducting a bibliometric analysis, we aim at structuring the field quantitatively and rather abstractly. We employed citation analyses, co-citation analyses, and content analyses to evaluate productivity and impact of extant research. We suggest that future research should focus more on business and management related topics.}, language = {en} } @article{GryzikHoangLischkeetal.2020, author = {Gryzik, Stefanie and Hoang, Yen and Lischke, Timo and Mohr, Elodie and Venzke, Melanie and Kadner, Isabelle and P{\"o}tzsch, Josephine and Groth, Detlef and Radbruch, Andreas and Hutloff, Andreas and Baumgrass, Ria}, title = {Identification of a super-functional Tfh-like subpopulation in murine lupus by pattern perception}, series = {eLife}, volume = {9}, journal = {eLife}, publisher = {eLife Sciences Publications}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {2050-084X}, doi = {10.7554/eLife.53226}, pages = {21}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Dysregulated cytokine expression by T cells plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. However, the identification of the corresponding pathogenic subpopulations is a challenge, since a distinction between physiological variation and a new quality in the expression of protein markers requires combinatorial evaluation. Here, we were able to identify a super-functional follicular helper T cell (Tfh)-like subpopulation in lupus-prone NZBxW mice with our binning approach "pattern recognition of immune cells (PRI)". PRI uncovered a subpopulation of IL-21(+) IFN-gamma(high) PD-1(low) CD40L(high) CXCR5(-) Bcl-6(-) T cells specifically expanded in diseased mice. In addition, these cells express high levels of TNF-alpha and IL-2, and provide B cell help for IgG production in an IL-21 and CD40L dependent manner. This super-functional T cell subset might be a superior driver of autoimmune processes due to a polyfunctional and high cytokine expression combined with Tfh-like properties.}, language = {en} } @article{HerreroThorntonMasonD'Crozetal.2020, author = {Herrero, Mario and Thornton, Philip K. and Mason-D'Croz, Daniel and Palmer, Jeda and Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon and Pradhan, Prajal and Barrett, Christopher B. and Benton, Tim G. and Hall, Andrew and Pikaar, Ilje and Bogard, Jessica R. and Bonnett, Graham D. and Bryan, Brett A. and Campbell, Bruce M. and Christensen, Svend and Clark, Michael and Fanzo, Jessica and Godde, Cecile M. and Jarvis, Andy and Loboguerrero, Ana Maria and Mathys, Alexander and McIntyre, C. Lynne and Naylor, Rosamond L. and Nelson, Rebecca and Obersteiner, Michael and Parodi, Alejandro and Popp, Alexander and Ricketts, Katie and Smith, Pete and Valin, Hugo and Vermeulen, Sonja J. and Vervoort, Joost and van Wijk, Mark and van Zanten, Hannah H. E. and West, Paul C. and Wood, Stephen A. and Rockstr{\"o}m, Johan}, title = {Articulating the effect of food systems innovation on the Sustainable Development Goals}, series = {The lancet Planetary health}, volume = {5}, journal = {The lancet Planetary health}, number = {1}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {2542-5196}, doi = {10.1016/S2542-5196(20)30277-1}, pages = {E50 -- E62}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Food system innovations will be instrumental to achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, major innovation breakthroughs can trigger profound and disruptive changes, leading to simultaneous and interlinked reconfigurations of multiple parts of the global food system. The emergence of new technologies or social solutions, therefore, have very different impact profiles, with favourable consequences for some SDGs and unintended adverse side-effects for others. Stand-alone innovations seldom achieve positive outcomes over multiple sustainability dimensions. Instead, they should be embedded as part of systemic changes that facilitate the implementation of the SDGs. Emerging trade-offs need to be intentionally addressed to achieve true sustainability, particularly those involving social aspects like inequality in its many forms, social justice, and strong institutions, which remain challenging. Trade-offs with undesirable consequences are manageable through the development of well planned transition pathways, careful monitoring of key indicators, and through the implementation of transparent science targets at the local level.}, language = {en} } @article{VinkeGabryschPaolettietal.2020, author = {Vinke, Kira and Gabrysch, Sabine and Paoletti, Emanuela and Rockstr{\"o}m, Johan and Schellnhuber, Hans Joachim}, title = {Corona and the climate}, series = {Global sustainability}, volume = {3}, journal = {Global sustainability}, publisher = {Cambridge Univ. Press}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {2059-4798}, doi = {10.1017/sus.2020.20}, pages = {7}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Lessons from the corona crisis can help manage the even more daunting challenge of anthropogenic global warming.}, language = {en} } @article{TranterDeLuciaWolfgrammetal.2020, author = {Tranter, Morgan Alan and De Lucia, Marco and Wolfgramm, Markus and K{\"u}hn, Michael}, title = {Barite scale formation and injectivity loss models for geothermal systems}, series = {Water}, volume = {12}, journal = {Water}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4441}, doi = {10.3390/w12113078}, pages = {24}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Barite scales in geothermal installations are a highly unwanted effect of circulating deep saline fluids. They build up in the reservoir if supersaturated fluids are re-injected, leading to irreversible loss of injectivity. A model is presented for calculating the total expected barite precipitation. To determine the related injectivity decline over time, the spatial precipitation distribution in the subsurface near the injection well is assessed by modelling barite growth kinetics in a radially diverging Darcy flow domain. Flow and reservoir properties as well as fluid chemistry are chosen to represent reservoirs subject to geothermal exploration located in the North German Basin (NGB) and the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) in Germany. Fluids encountered at similar depths are hotter in the URG, while they are more saline in the NGB. The associated scaling amount normalised to flow rate is similar for both regions. The predicted injectivity decline after 10 years, on the other hand, is far greater for the NGB (64\%) compared to the URG (24\%), due to the temperature- and salinity-dependent precipitation rate. The systems in the NGB are at higher risk. Finally, a lightweight score is developed for approximating the injectivity loss using the Damkohler number, flow rate and total barite scaling potential. This formula can be easily applied to geothermal installations without running complex reactive transport simulations.}, language = {en} } @article{PornsawadSungcharoenBoeckmann2020, author = {Pornsawad, Pornsarp and Sungcharoen, Parada and B{\"o}ckmann, Christine}, title = {Convergence rate of the modified Landweber method for solving inverse potential problems}, series = {Mathematics : open access journal}, volume = {8}, journal = {Mathematics : open access journal}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2227-7390}, doi = {10.3390/math8040608}, pages = {22}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In this paper, we present the convergence rate analysis of the modified Landweber method under logarithmic source condition for nonlinear ill-posed problems. The regularization parameter is chosen according to the discrepancy principle. The reconstructions of the shape of an unknown domain for an inverse potential problem by using the modified Landweber method are exhibited.}, language = {en} } @article{desAulnoisReveillonRobertetal.2020, author = {des Aulnois, Maxime Georges and R{\´e}veillon, Damien and Robert, Elise and Caruana, Amandine and Briand, Enora and Guljamow, Arthur and Dittmann, Elke and Amzil, Zouher and Bormans, Myriam}, title = {Salt shock responses of Microcystis revealed through physiological, transcript, and metabolomic analyses}, series = {Toxins}, volume = {12}, journal = {Toxins}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-6651}, doi = {10.3390/toxins12030192}, pages = {18}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The transfer of Microcystis aeruginosa from freshwater to estuaries has been described worldwide and salinity is reported as the main factor controlling the expansion of M. aeruginosa to coastal environments. Analyzing the expression levels of targeted genes and employing both targeted and non-targeted metabolomic approaches, this study investigated the effect of a sudden salt increase on the physiological and metabolic responses of two toxic M. aeruginosa strains separately isolated from fresh and brackish waters, respectively, PCC 7820 and 7806. Supported by differences in gene expressions and metabolic profiles, salt tolerance was found to be strain specific. An increase in salinity decreased the growth of M. aeruginosa with a lesser impact on the brackish strain. The production of intracellular microcystin variants in response to salt stress correlated well to the growth rate for both strains. Furthermore, the release of microcystins into the surrounding medium only occurred at the highest salinity treatment when cell lysis occurred. This study suggests that the physiological responses of M. aeruginosa involve the accumulation of common metabolites but that the intraspecific salt tolerance is based on the accumulation of specific metabolites. While one of these was determined to be sucrose, many others remain to be identified. Taken together, these results provide evidence that M. aeruginosa is relatively salt tolerant in the mesohaline zone and microcystin (MC) release only occurs when the capacity of the cells to deal with salt increase is exceeded.}, language = {en} } @article{VolkBrandschSchlegelmilchetal.2020, author = {Volk, Christin and Brandsch, Corinna and Schlegelmilch, Ulf and Wensch-Dorendorf, Monika and Hirche, Frank and Simm, Andreas and Gargum, Osama and Wiacek, Claudia and Braun, Peggy G. and Kopp, Johannes F. and Schwerdtle, Tanja and Treede, Hendrik and Stangl, Gabriele I.}, title = {Postprandial metabolic response to rapeseed protein in healthy subjects}, series = {Nutrients}, volume = {12}, journal = {Nutrients}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-6643}, doi = {10.3390/nu12082270}, pages = {22}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Plant proteins have become increasingly important for ecological reasons. Rapeseed is a novel source of plant proteins with high biological value, but its metabolic impact in humans is largely unknown. A randomized, controlled intervention study including 20 healthy subjects was conducted in a crossover design. All participants received a test meal without additional protein or with 28 g of rapeseed protein isolate or soy protein isolate (control). Venous blood samples were collected over a 360-min period to analyze metabolites; satiety was assessed using a visual analog scale. Postprandial levels of lipids, urea, and amino acids increased following the intake of both protein isolates. The postprandial insulin response was lower after consumption of the rapeseed protein than after intake of the soy protein (p< 0.05), whereas the postmeal responses of glucose, lipids, interleukin-6, minerals, and urea were comparable between the two protein isolates. Interestingly, the rapeseed protein exerted stronger effects on postprandial satiety than the soy protein (p< 0.05). The postmeal metabolism following rapeseed protein intake is comparable with that of soy protein. The favorable effect of rapeseed protein on postprandial insulin and satiety makes it a valuable plant protein for human nutrition.}, language = {en} } @article{LehmannZhengRyoetal.2020, author = {Lehmann, Anika and Zheng, Weishuang and Ryo, Masahiro and Soutschek, Katharina and Roy, Julien and Rongstock, Rebecca and Maaß, Stefanie and Rillig, Matthias C.}, title = {Fungal traits important for soil aggregation}, series = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {10}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-302X}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2019.02904}, pages = {13}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Soil structure, the complex arrangement of soil into aggregates and pore spaces, is a key feature of soils and soil biota. Among them, filamentous saprobic fungi have well-documented effects on soil aggregation. However, it is unclear what properties, or traits, determine the overall positive effect of fungi on soil aggregation. To achieve progress, it would be helpful to systematically investigate a broad suite of fungal species for their trait expression and the relation of these traits to soil aggregation. Here, we apply a trait-based approach to a set of 15 traits measured under standardized conditions on 31 fungal strains including Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mucoromycota, all isolated from the same soil. We find large differences among these fungi in their ability to aggregate soil, including neutral to positive effects, and we document large differences in trait expression among strains. We identify biomass density, i.e., the density with which a mycelium grows (positive effects), leucine aminopeptidase activity (negative effects) and phylogeny as important factors explaining differences in soil aggregate formation (SAF) among fungal strains; importantly, growth rate was not among the important traits. Our results point to a typical suite of traits characterizing fungi that are good soil aggregators, and our findings illustrate the power of employing a trait-based approach to unravel biological mechanisms underpinning soil aggregation. Such an approach could now be extended also to other soil biota groups. In an applied context of restoration and agriculture, such trait information can inform management, for example to prioritize practices that favor the expression of more desirable fungal traits.}, language = {en} } @article{RilligBielcikChaudharyetal.2020, author = {Rillig, Matthias C. and Bielcik, Milos and Chaudhary, Veer Bala and Gr{\"u}nfeld, Leonie and Maass, Stefanie and Mansour, India and Ryo, Masahiro and Veresoglou, Stavros D.}, title = {Ten simple rules for increased lab resilience}, series = {PLoS Computational Biology : a new community journal}, volume = {16}, journal = {PLoS Computational Biology : a new community journal}, number = {11}, publisher = {PLoS}, address = {San Fransisco}, issn = {1553-734X}, doi = {10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008313}, pages = {5}, year = {2020}, abstract = {When running a lab we do not think about calamities, since they are rare events for which we cannot plan while we are busy with the day-to-day management and intellectual challenges of a research lab. No lab team can be prepared for something like a pandemic such as COVID-19, which has led to shuttered labs around the globe. But many other types of crises can also arise that labs may have to weather during their lifetime. What can researchers do to make a lab more resilient in the face of such exterior forces? What systems or behaviors could we adjust in 'normal' times that promote lab success, and increase the chances that the lab will stay on its trajectory? We offer 10 rules, based on our current experiences as a lab group adapting to crisis.}, language = {en} } @article{GhahremaniGiese2020, author = {Ghahremani, Sona and Giese, Holger}, title = {Evaluation of self-healing systems}, series = {Computers}, volume = {9}, journal = {Computers}, number = {1}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-431X}, doi = {10.3390/computers9010016}, pages = {32}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Evaluating the performance of self-adaptive systems is challenging due to their interactions with often highly dynamic environments. In the specific case of self-healing systems, the performance evaluations of self-healing approaches and their parameter tuning rely on the considered characteristics of failure occurrences and the resulting interactions with the self-healing actions. In this paper, we first study the state-of-the-art for evaluating the performances of self-healing systems by means of a systematic literature review. We provide a classification of different input types for such systems and analyse the limitations of each input type. A main finding is that the employed inputs are often not sophisticated regarding the considered characteristics for failure occurrences. To further study the impact of the identified limitations, we present experiments demonstrating that wrong assumptions regarding the characteristics of the failure occurrences can result in large performance prediction errors, disadvantageous design-time decisions concerning the selection of alternative self-healing approaches, and disadvantageous deployment-time decisions concerning parameter tuning. Furthermore, the experiments indicate that employing multiple alternative input characteristics can help with reducing the risk of premature disadvantageous design-time decisions.}, language = {en} } @article{OlayideLargeStridhetal.2020, author = {Olayide, Priscilla and Large, Annabel and Stridh, Linnea and Rabbi, Ismail and Baldermann, Susanne and Stavolone, Livia and Alexandersson, Erik}, title = {Gene expression and metabolite profiling of thirteen Nigerian cassava landraces to elucidate starch and carotenoid composition}, series = {Agronomy}, volume = {10}, journal = {Agronomy}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4395}, doi = {10.3390/agronomy10030424}, pages = {1 -- 16}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in sub-Saharan Africa necessitates effective approaches to improve provitamin A content of major staple crops. Cassava holds much promise for food security in sub-Saharan Africa, but a negative correlation between beta-carotene, a provitamin A carotenoid, and dry matter content has been reported, which poses a challenge to cassava biofortification by conventional breeding. To identify suitable material for genetic transformation in tissue culture with the overall aim to increase beta-carotene and maintain starch content as well as better understand carotenoid composition, root and leaf tissues from thirteen field-grown cassava landraces were analyzed for agronomic traits, carotenoid, chlorophyll, and starch content. The expression of five genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis were determined in selected landraces. Analysis revealed a weak negative correlation between starch and beta-carotene content, whereas there was a strong positive correlation between root yield and many carotenoids including beta-carotene. Carotenoid synthesis genes were expressed in both white and yellow cassava roots, but phytoene synthase 2 (PSY2), lycopene-epsilon-cyclase (LCY epsilon), and beta-carotenoid hydroxylase (CHY beta) expression were generally higher in yellow roots. This study identified lines with reasonably high content of starch and beta-carotene that could be candidates for biofortification by further breeding or plant biotechnological means.}, language = {en} } @article{KocPetrowThieken2020, author = {Koc, Gamze and Petrow, Theresia and Thieken, Annegret}, title = {Analysis of the most severe flood events in Turkey (1960-2014)}, series = {Water / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)}, volume = {12}, journal = {Water / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)}, number = {6}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4441}, doi = {10.3390/w12061562}, pages = {32}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The most severe flood events in Turkey were determined for the period 1960-2014 by considering the number of fatalities, the number of affected people, and the total economic losses as indicators. The potential triggering mechanisms (i.e., atmospheric circulations and precipitation amounts) and aggravating pathways (i.e., topographic features, catchment size, land use types, and soil properties) of these 25 events were analyzed. On this basis, a new approach was developed to identify the main influencing factor per event and to provide additional information for determining the dominant flood occurrence pathways for severe floods. The events were then classified through hierarchical cluster analysis. As a result, six different clusters were found and characterized. Cluster 1 comprised flood events that were mainly influenced by drainage characteristics (e.g., catchment size and shape); Cluster 2 comprised events aggravated predominantly by urbanization; steep topography was identified to be the dominant factor for Cluster 3; extreme rainfall was determined as the main triggering factor for Cluster 4; saturated soil conditions were found to be the dominant factor for Cluster 5; and orographic effects of mountain ranges characterized Cluster 6. This study determined pathway patterns of the severe floods in Turkey with regard to their main causal or aggravating mechanisms. Accordingly, geomorphological properties are of major importance in large catchments in eastern and northeastern Anatolia. In addition, in small catchments, the share of urbanized area seems to be an important factor for the extent of flood impacts. This paper presents an outcome that could be used for future urban planning and flood risk prevention studies to understand the flood mechanisms in different regions of Turkey.}, language = {en} } @article{KellermannSchroeterThiekenetal.2020, author = {Kellermann, Patric and Schr{\"o}ter, Kai and Thieken, Annegret and Haubrock, S{\"o}ren-Nils and Kreibich, Heidi}, title = {The object-specific flood damage database HOWAS 21}, series = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences}, volume = {20}, journal = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences}, number = {9}, publisher = {Copernicus}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1561-8633}, doi = {10.5194/nhess-20-2503-2020}, pages = {2503 -- 2519}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Flood Damage Database HOWAS 21 contains object-specific flood damage data resulting from fluvial, pluvial and groundwater flooding. The datasets incorporate various variables of flood hazard, exposure, vulnerability and direct tangible damage at properties from several economic sectors. The main purpose of development of HOWAS 21 was to support forensic flood analysis and the derivation of flood damage models. HOWAS 21 was first developed for Germany and currently almost exclusively contains datasets from Germany. However, its scope has recently been enlarged with the aim to serve as an international flood damage database; e.g. its web application is now available in German and English. This paper presents the recent advancements of HOWAS 21 and highlights exemplary analyses to demonstrate the use of HOWAS 21 flood damage data. The data applications indicate a large potential of the database for fostering a better understanding and estimation of the consequences of flooding.}, language = {en} } @article{BackhausEngbertRothkegeletal.2020, author = {Backhaus, Daniel and Engbert, Ralf and Rothkegel, Lars Oliver Martin and Trukenbrod, Hans Arne}, title = {Task-dependence in scene perception: Head unrestrained viewing using mobile eye-tracking}, series = {Journal of vision}, volume = {20}, journal = {Journal of vision}, number = {5}, publisher = {Association for Research in Vision and Opthalmology}, address = {Rockville}, issn = {1534-7362}, doi = {10.1167/jov.20.5.3}, pages = {1 -- 21}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Real-world scene perception is typically studied in the laboratory using static picture viewing with restrained head position. Consequently, the transfer of results obtained in this paradigm to real-word scenarios has been questioned. The advancement of mobile eye-trackers and the progress in image processing, however, permit a more natural experimental setup that, at the same time, maintains the high experimental control from the standard laboratory setting. We investigated eye movements while participants were standing in front of a projector screen and explored images under four specific task instructions. Eye movements were recorded with a mobile eye-tracking device and raw gaze data were transformed from head-centered into image-centered coordinates. We observed differences between tasks in temporal and spatial eye-movement parameters and found that the bias to fixate images near the center differed between tasks. Our results demonstrate that current mobile eye-tracking technology and a highly controlled design support the study of fine-scaled task dependencies in an experimental setting that permits more natural viewing behavior than the static picture viewing paradigm.}, language = {en} } @article{KarKoerzdoerfer2020, author = {Kar, Manaswita and K{\"o}rzd{\"o}rfer, Thomas}, title = {Computational high throughput screening of inorganic cation based halide perovskites for perovskite only tandem solar cells}, series = {Materials Research Express}, volume = {7}, journal = {Materials Research Express}, number = {5}, publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {2053-1591}, doi = {10.1088/2053-1591/ab8c0d}, pages = {1 -- 10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We search for homovalent alternatives for A, B, and X-ions in ABX(3) type inorganic halide perovskites suitable for tandem solar cell applications. We replace the conventional A-site organic cation CH3NH3, by 3 inorganic cations, Cs, K, and Rb, and the B site consists of metals; Cd, Hg, Ge, Pb, and Sn This work is built on our previous high throughput screening of hybrid perovskite materials (Kar et al 2018 J. Chem. Phys. 149, 214701). By performing a systematic screening study using Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods, we found 11 suitable candidates; 2 Cs-based, 3 K-based and 6 Rb-based that are suitable for tandem solar cell applications.}, language = {en} } @article{BrillPassuniPinedaEspichanCuyaetal.2020, author = {Brill, Fabio Alexander and Passuni Pineda, Silvia and Espichan Cuya, Bruno and Kreibich, Heidi}, title = {A data-mining approach towards damage modelling for El Nino events in Peru}, series = {Geomatics, natural hazards and risk}, volume = {11}, journal = {Geomatics, natural hazards and risk}, number = {1}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {1947-5705}, doi = {10.1080/19475705.2020.1818636}, pages = {1966 -- 1990}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Compound natural hazards likeEl Ninoevents cause high damage to society, which to manage requires reliable risk assessments. Damage modelling is a prerequisite for quantitative risk estimations, yet many procedures still rely on expert knowledge, and empirical studies investigating damage from compound natural hazards hardly exist. A nationwide building survey in Peru after theEl Ninoevent 2017 - which caused intense rainfall, ponding water, flash floods and landslides - enables us to apply data-mining methods for statistical groundwork, using explanatory features generated from remote sensing products and open data. We separate regions of different dominant characteristics through unsupervised clustering, and investigate feature importance rankings for classifying damage via supervised machine learning. Besides the expected effect of precipitation, the classification algorithms select the topographic wetness index as most important feature, especially in low elevation areas. The slope length and steepness factor ranks high for mountains and canyons. Partial dependence plots further hint at amplified vulnerability in rural areas. An example of an empirical damage probability map, developed with a random forest model, is provided to demonstrate the technical feasibility.}, language = {en} } @article{ZozulyaKullerudRibackietal.2020, author = {Zozulya, Dmitry R. and Kullerud, Kare and Ribacki, Enrico and Altenberger, Uwe and Sudo, Masafumi and Savchenko, Yevgeny E.}, title = {The newly discovered neoproterozoic aillikite occurrence in Vinoren (Southern Norway)}, series = {Minerals}, volume = {10}, journal = {Minerals}, number = {11}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2075-163X}, doi = {10.3390/min10111029}, pages = {26}, year = {2020}, abstract = {During the period 750-600 Ma ago, prior to the final break-up of the supercontinent Rodinia, the crust of both the North American Craton and Baltica was intruded by significant amounts of rift-related magmas originating from the mantle. In the Proterozoic crust of Southern Norway, the 580 Ma old Fen carbonatite-ultramafic complex is a representative of this type of rocks. In this paper, we report the occurrence of an ultramafic lamprophyre dyke which possibly is linked to the Fen complex, although Ar-40/Ar-39 data from phenocrystic phlogopite from the dyke gave an age of 686 +/- 9 Ma. The lamprophyre dyke was recently discovered in one of the Kongsberg silver mines at Vinoren, Norway. Whole rock geochemistry, geochronological and mineralogical data from the ultramafic lamprophyre dyke are presented aiming to elucidate its origin and possible geodynamic setting. From the whole-rock composition of the Vinoren dyke, the rock could be recognized as transitional between carbonatite and kimberlite-II (orangeite). From its diagnostic mineralogy, the rock is classified as aillikite. The compositions and xenocrystic nature of several of the major and accessory minerals from the Vinoren aillikite are characteristic for diamondiferous rocks (kimberlites/lamproites/UML): Phlogopite with kinoshitalite-rich rims, chromite-spinel-ulvospinel series, Mg- and Mn-rich ilmenites, rutile and lucasite-(Ce). We suggest that the aillikite melt formed during partial melting of a MARID (mica-amphibole-rutile-ilmenite-diopside)-like source under CO2 fluxing. The pre-rifting geodynamic setting of the Vinoren aillikite before the Rodinia supercontinent breakup suggests a relatively thick SCLM (Subcontinental Lithospheric Mantle) during this stage and might indicate a diamond-bearing source for the parental melt. This is in contrast to the about 100 Ma younger Fen complex, which were derived from a thin SCLM.}, language = {en} } @article{KrmičekTimmermanZiemannetal.2020, author = {Krm{\´i}ček, Luk{\´a}š and Timmerman, Martin Jan and Ziemann, Martin Andreas and Sudo, Masafumi and Ulrych, Jaromir}, title = {40Ar/39Ar step-heating dating of phlogopite and kaersutite megacrysts from the Železn{\´a} hůrka (Eisenb{\"u}hl) Pleistocene scoria cone, Czech Republic}, series = {Geologica Carpathica}, volume = {71}, journal = {Geologica Carpathica}, number = {4}, publisher = {Veda}, address = {Bratislava}, issn = {1335-0552}, doi = {10.31577/GeolCarp.71.4.6}, pages = {382 -- 387}, year = {2020}, abstract = {(40)A/Ar-39 step-heating of mica and amphibole megacrysts from hauyne-bearing olivine melilitite scoria/tephra from the Zelezna hurka yielded a 435 +/- 108 ka isotope correlation age for phlogopite and a more imprecise 1.55 Ma total gas age of the kaersutite megacryst. The amphibole megacrysts may constitute the first, and the younger phlogopite megacrysts the later phase of mafic, hydrous melilitic magma crystallization. It cannot be ruled out that the amphibole megacrysts are petrogenetically unrelated to tephra and phlogopite megacrysts and were derived from mantle xenoliths or disaggregated older, deep crustal pegmatites. This is in line both with the rarity of amphibole at Zelezna hurka and with the observed signs of magmatic resorption at the edges of amphibole crystals.}, language = {en} } @article{MeiXuPriestleyetal.2020, author = {Mei, Shilin and Xu, Xiaohui and Priestley, Rodney D. and Lu, Yan}, title = {Polydopamine-based nanoreactors: synthesis and applications in bioscience and energy materials}, series = {Chemical science}, volume = {11}, journal = {Chemical science}, number = {45}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {2041-6520}, doi = {10.1039/d0sc04486e}, pages = {12269 -- 12281}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Polydopamine (PDA)-based nanoreactors have shown exceptional promise as multifunctional materials due to their nanoscale dimensions and sub-microliter volumes for reactions of different systems. Biocompatibility, abundance of active sites, and excellent photothermal conversion have facilitated their extensive use in bioscience and energy storage/conversion. This minireview summarizes recent advances in PDA-based nanoreactors, as applied to the abovementioned fields. We first highlight the design and synthesis of functional PDA-based nanoreactors with structural and compositional diversity. Special emphasis in bioscience has been given to drug/protein delivery, photothermal therapy, and antibacterial properties, while for energy-related applications, the focus is on electrochemical energy storage, catalysis, and solar energy harvesting. In addition, perspectives on pressing challenges and future research opportunities regarding PDA-based nanoreactors are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{PradhanKropp2020, author = {Pradhan, Prajal and Kropp, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Interplay between diets, health, and climate change}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {12}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {9}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2071-1050}, doi = {10.3390/su12093878}, pages = {14}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The world is facing a triple burden of undernourishment, obesity, and environmental impacts from agriculture while nourishing its population. This burden makes sustainable nourishment of the growing population a global challenge. Addressing this challenge requires an understanding of the interplay between diets, health, and associated environmental impacts (e.g., climate change). For this, we identify 11 typical diets that represent dietary habits worldwide for the last five decades. Plant-source foods provide most of all three macronutrients (carbohydrates, protein, and fat) in developing countries. In contrast, animal-source foods provide a majority of protein and fat in developed ones. The identified diets deviate from the recommended healthy diet with either too much (e.g., red meat) or too little (e.g., fruits and vegetables) food and nutrition supply. The total calorie supplies are lower than required for two diets. Sugar consumption is higher than recommended for five diets. Three and five diets consist of larger-than-recommended carbohydrate and fat shares, respectively. Four diets with a large share of animal-source foods exceed the recommended value of red meat. Only two diets consist of at least 400 gm/cap/day of fruits and vegetables while accounting for food waste. Prevalence of undernourishment and underweight dominates in the diets with lower calories. In comparison, a higher prevalence of obesity is observed for diets with higher calories with high shares of sugar, fat, and animal-source foods. However, embodied emissions in the diets do not show a clear relation with calorie supplies and compositions. Two high-calorie diets embody more than 1.5 t CO2eq/cap/yr, and two low-calorie diets embody around 1 t CO2eq/cap/yr. Our analysis highlights that sustainable and healthy diets can serve the purposes of both nourishing the population and, at the same time, reducing the environmental impacts of agriculture.}, language = {en} } @article{GafosLieshout2020, author = {Gafos, Adamantios I. and Lieshout, Pascal H. H. M. van}, title = {Models and theories of speech production}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01238}, pages = {4}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{SimonovaIvanovMeleshkoetal.2020, author = {Simonova, Maria and Ivanov, Ivan and Meleshko, Tamara and Kopyshev, Alexey and Santer, Svetlana and Yakimansky, Alexander and Filippov, Alexander}, title = {Self-assembly of molecular brushes with polyimide backbone and amphiphilic block copolymer side chains in selective solvents}, series = {Polymers}, volume = {12}, journal = {Polymers}, number = {12}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4360}, doi = {10.3390/polym12122922}, pages = {15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Three-component molecular brushes with a polyimide backbone and amphiphilic block copolymer side chains with different contents of the "inner" hydrophilic (poly(methacrylic acid)) and "outer" hydrophobic (poly(methyl methacrylate)) blocks were synthesized and characterized by molecular hydrodynamics and optics methods in solutions of chloroform, dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. The peculiarity of the studied polymers is the amphiphilic structure of the grafted chains. The molar masses of the molecular brushes were determined by static and dynamic light scattering in chloroform in which polymers form molecularly disperse solutions. Spontaneous self-assembly of macromolecules was detected in dimethylformamide, tetrahydrofuran and ethanol. The aggregates size depended on the thermodynamic quality of the solvent as well as on the macromolecular architectural parameters. In dimethylformamide and tetrahydrofuran, the distribution of hydrodynamic radii of aggregates was bimodal, while in ethanol, it was unimodal. Moreover, in ethanol, an increase in the poly(methyl methacrylate) content caused a decrease in the hydrodynamic radius of aggregates. A significant difference in the nature of the blocks included in the brushes determines the selectivity of the used solvents, since their thermodynamic quality with respect to the blocks is different. The macromolecules of the studied graft copolymers tend to self-organization in selective solvents with formation of a core-shell structure with an insoluble solvophobic core surrounded by the solvophilic shell of side chains.}, language = {en} } @article{OttoKempka2020, author = {Otto, Christopher and Kempka, Thomas}, title = {Synthesis gas composition prediction for underground coal gasification using a thermochemical equilibrium modeling approach}, series = {Energies}, volume = {13}, journal = {Energies}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {10.3390/en13051171}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Underground coal gasification (UCG) is an in situ conversion technique that enables the production of high-calorific synthesis gas from resources that are economically not minable by conventional methods. A broad range of end-use options is available for the synthesis gas, including fuels and chemical feedstock production. Furthermore, UCG also offers a high potential for integration with Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. In the present study, a stoichiometric equilibrium model, based on minimization of the Gibbs function has been used to estimate the equilibrium composition of the synthesis gas. Thereto, we further developed and applied a proven thermodynamic equilibrium model to simulate the relevant thermochemical coal conversion processes (pyrolysis and gasification). Our modeling approach has been validated against thermodynamic models, laboratory gasification experiments and UCG field trial data reported in the literature. The synthesis gas compositions have been found to be in good agreement under a wide range of different operating conditions. Consequently, the presented modeling approach enables an efficient quantification of synthesis gas quality resulting from UCG, considering varying coal and oxidizer compositions at deposit-specific pressures and temperatures.}, language = {en} } @article{HempelAdolphsLandwehretal.2020, author = {Hempel, Sabrina and Adolphs, Julian and Landwehr, Niels and Janke, David and Amon, Thomas}, title = {How the selection of training data and modeling approach affects the estimation of ammonia emissions from a naturally ventilated dairy barn—classical statistics versus machine learning}, series = {Sustainability}, volume = {12}, journal = {Sustainability}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2071-1050}, doi = {10.3390/su12031030}, pages = {18}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Environmental protection efforts can only be effective in the long term with a reliable quantification of pollutant gas emissions as a first step to mitigation. Measurement and analysis strategies must permit the accurate extrapolation of emission values. We systematically analyzed the added value of applying modern machine learning methods in the process of monitoring emissions from naturally ventilated livestock buildings to the atmosphere. We considered almost 40 weeks of hourly emission values from a naturally ventilated dairy cattle barn in Northern Germany. We compared model predictions using 27 different scenarios of temporal sampling, multiple measures of model accuracy, and eight different regression approaches. The error of the predicted emission values with the tested measurement protocols was, on average, well below 20\%. The sensitivity of the prediction to the selected training dataset was worse for the ordinary multilinear regression. Gradient boosting and random forests provided the most accurate and robust emission value predictions, accompanied by the second-smallest model errors. Most of the highly ranked scenarios involved six measurement periods, while the scenario with the best overall performance was: One measurement period in summer and three in the transition periods, each lasting for 14 days.}, language = {en} } @article{MoradianRochLendleinetal.2020, author = {Moradian, Hanieh and Roch, Toralf and Lendlein, Andreas and Gossen, Manfred}, title = {mRNA transfection-induced activation of primary human monocytes and macrophages}, series = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, journal = {Scientific reports}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {London}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-60506-4}, pages = {1 -- 15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Monocytes and macrophages are key players in maintaining immune homeostasis. Identifying strategies to manipulate their functions via gene delivery is thus of great interest for immunological research and biomedical applications. We set out to establish conditions for mRNA transfection in hard-to-transfect primary human monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages due to the great potential of gene expression from in vitro transcribed mRNA for modulating cell phenotypes. mRNA doses, nucleotide modifications, and different carriers were systematically explored in order to optimize high mRNA transfer rates while minimizing cell stress and immune activation. We selected three commercially available mRNA transfection reagents including liposome and polymer-based formulations, covering different application spectra. Our results demonstrate that liposomal reagents can particularly combine high gene transfer rates with only moderate immune cell activation. For the latter, use of specific nucleotide modifications proved essential. In addition to improving efficacy of gene transfer, our findings address discrete aspects of innate immune activation using cytokine and surface marker expression, as well as cell viability as key readouts to judge overall transfection efficiency. The impact of this study goes beyond optimizing transfection conditions for immune cells, by providing a framework for assessing new gene carrier systems for monocyte and macrophage, tailored to specific applications.}, language = {en} } @article{ZwaagHorstBlaženovićetal.2020, author = {Zwaag, Jelle and Horst, Rob ter and Blaženović, Ivana and St{\"o}ßel, Daniel and Ratter, Jacqueline and Worseck, Josephine M. and Schauer, Nicolas and Stienstra, Rinke and Netea, Mihai G. and Jahn, Dieter and Pickkers, Peter and Kox, Matthijs}, title = {Involvement of lactate and pyruvate in the anti-inflammatory effects exerted by voluntary activation of the sympathetic nervous system}, series = {Metabolites}, volume = {10}, journal = {Metabolites}, number = {4}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2218-1989}, doi = {10.3390/metabo10040148}, pages = {1 -- 18}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We recently demonstrated that the sympathetic nervous system can be voluntarily activated following a training program consisting of cold exposure, breathing exercises, and meditation. This resulted in profound attenuation of the systemic inflammatory response elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration. Herein, we assessed whether this training program affects the plasma metabolome and if these changes are linked to the immunomodulatory effects observed. A total of 224 metabolites were identified in plasma obtained from 24 healthy male volunteers at six timepoints, of which 98 were significantly altered following LPS administration. Effects of the training program were most prominent shortly after initiation of the acquired breathing exercises but prior to LPS administration, and point towards increased activation of the Cori cycle. Elevated concentrations of lactate and pyruvate in trained individuals correlated with enhanced levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-10. In vitro validation experiments revealed that co-incubation with lactate and pyruvate enhances IL-10 production and attenuates the release of pro-inflammatory IL-1 beta and IL-6 by LPS-stimulated leukocytes. Our results demonstrate that practicing the breathing exercises acquired during the training program results in increased activity of the Cori cycle. Furthermore, this work uncovers an important role of lactate and pyruvate in the anti-inflammatory phenotype observed in trained subjects.}, language = {en} } @article{AlbrechtWinkelmannLevermann2020, author = {Albrecht, Torsten and Winkelmann, Ricarda and Levermann, Anders}, title = {Glacial-cycle simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM)}, series = {The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union}, volume = {14}, journal = {The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union}, number = {2}, publisher = {Copernicus Publ.}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1994-0416}, doi = {10.5194/tc-14-633-2020}, pages = {633 -- 656}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) is applied to the Antarctic Ice Sheet over the last two glacial cycles (approximate to 210 000 years) with a resolution of 16 km. An ensemble of 256 model runs is analyzed in which four relevant model parameters have been systematically varied using full-factorial parameter sampling. Parameters and plausible parameter ranges have been identified in a companion paper (Albrecht et al., 2020) and are associated with ice dynamics, climatic forcing, basal sliding and bed deformation and represent distinct classes of model uncertainties. The model is scored against both modern and geologic data, including reconstructed grounding-line locations, elevation-age data, ice thickness, surface velocities and uplift rates. An aggregated score is computed for each ensemble member that measures the overall model-data misfit, including measurement uncertainty in terms of a Gaussian error model (Briggs and Tarasov, 2013). The statistical method used to analyze the ensemble simulation results follows closely the simple averaging method described in Pollard et al. (2016). This analysis reveals clusters of best-fit parameter combinations, and hence a likely range of relevant model and boundary parameters, rather than individual best-fit parameters. The ensemble of reconstructed histories of Antarctic Ice Sheet volumes provides a score-weighted likely range of sea-level contributions since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) of 9.4 +/- 4.1m (or 6.5 +/- 2.0 x 10(6) km(3)), which is at the upper range of most previous studies. The last deglaciation occurs in all ensemble simulations after around 12 000 years before present and hence after the meltwater pulse 1A (MWP1a). Our ensemble analysis also provides an estimate of parametric uncertainty bounds for the present-day state that can be used for PISM projections of future sea-level contributions from the Antarctic Ice Sheet.}, language = {en} } @article{AlbrechtWinkelmannLevermann2020, author = {Albrecht, Torsten and Winkelmann, Ricarda and Levermann, Anders}, title = {Glacial-cycle simulations of the Antarctic Ice Sheet with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM)}, series = {The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union}, volume = {14}, journal = {The Cryosphere : TC ; an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union}, number = {2}, publisher = {Copernicus}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1994-0416}, doi = {10.5194/tc-14-599-2020}, pages = {599 -- 632}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Simulations of the glacial-interglacial history of the Antarctic Ice Sheet provide insights into dynamic threshold behavior and estimates of the ice sheet's contributions to global sea-level changes for the past, present and future. However, boundary conditions are weakly constrained, in particular at the interface of the ice sheet and the bedrock. Also climatic forcing covering the last glacial cycles is uncertain, as it is based on sparse proxy data.
We use the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) to investigate the dynamic effects of different choices of input data, e.g., for modern basal heat flux or reconstructions of past changes of sea level and surface temperature. As computational resources are limited, glacial-cycle simulations are performed using a comparably coarse model grid of 16 km and various parameterizations, e.g., for basal sliding, iceberg calving, or for past variations in precipitation and ocean temperatures. In this study we evaluate the model's transient sensitivity to corresponding parameter choices and to different boundary conditions over the last two glacial cycles and provide estimates of involved uncertainties. We also discuss isolated and combined effects of climate and sea-level forcing. Hence, this study serves as a "cookbook" for the growing community of PISM users and paleo-ice sheet modelers in general.
For each of the different model uncertainties with regard to climatic forcing, ice and Earth dynamics, and basal processes, we select one representative model parameter that captures relevant uncertainties and motivates corresponding parameter ranges that bound the observed ice volume at present. The four selected parameters are systematically varied in a parameter ensemble analysis, which is described in a companion paper.}, language = {en} } @article{GlanemannWillnerLevermann2020, author = {Glanemann, Nicole and Willner, Sven N. and Levermann, Anders}, title = {Paris Climate Agreement passes the cost-benefit test}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {11}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {1}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, address = {London}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-019-13961-1}, pages = {11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Paris Climate Agreement aims to keep temperature rise well below 2 degrees C. This implies mitigation costs as well as avoided climate damages. Here we show that independent of the normative assumptions of inequality aversion and time preferences, the agreement constitutes the economically optimal policy pathway for the century. To this end we consistently incorporate a damage-cost curve reproducing the observed relation between temperature and economic growth into the integrated assessment model DICE. We thus provide an intertemporally optimizing cost-benefit analysis of this century's climate problem. We account for uncertainties regarding the damage curve, climate sensitivity, socioeconomic future, and mitigation costs. The resulting optimal temperature is robust as can be understood from the generic temperature-dependence of the mitigation costs and the level of damages inferred from the observed temperature-growth relationship. Our results show that the politically motivated Paris Climate Agreement also represents the economically favourable pathway, if carried out properly.}, language = {en} } @article{NawazKhanNoacketal.2020, author = {Nawaz, Shiza and Khan, Muhammad Moman and Noack, Jonas and Awan, Asad Bashir and Schiebel, Juliane and Roggenbuck, Dirk and Schierack, Peter and Sarwar, Yasra and Ali, Aamir}, title = {Rapid detection of biofilm formation by zoonotic serovars of Salmonella enterica and avian pathogenic E. coli isolates from poultry}, series = {Pakistan veterinary journal}, volume = {40}, journal = {Pakistan veterinary journal}, number = {4}, publisher = {University of Agriculture, Faculty of Veterinary Science}, address = {Faisalabad}, issn = {0253-8318}, doi = {10.29261/pakvetj/2020.066}, pages = {527 -- 530}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Biofilms are complex, sessile microbial communities that are problematic in clinical settings due to their association with survival and pathogenicity of bacteria. The biofilm formation supporting conditions for zoonotic serovars of Salmonella and avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) from poultry have not been well studied yet. Clinical isolates of zoonotic Salmonella and APEC from poultry were evaluated for biofilm formation in four media at 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C after incubation of 48 and 72 hrs. The biofilms formed in 96 well plates were visualized and quantified with a new module of Aklides system using fluorescence microscope coupled with automated VideoScan Technology. After 72 hrs, brain heart infusion at 40 degrees C and Rappaport-Vassiliadis Soya broth at 37 degrees C were found most suitable for APEC and Salmonella biofilm formations respectively. The new information will be useful for further biofilm associated studies particularly for evaluation of antibiofilm compounds and contribute in infection control. (C) 2020 PVJ. All rights reserved}, language = {en} } @article{MunyaevSmirnovKostinetal.2020, author = {Munyaev, Vyacheslav O. and Smirnov, Lev A. and Kostin, Vasily A. and Osipov, Grigory V. and Pikovskij, Arkadij}, title = {Analytical approach to synchronous states of globally coupled noisy rotators}, series = {New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics}, volume = {22}, journal = {New journal of physics : the open-access journal for physics}, number = {2}, publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1367-2630}, doi = {10.1088/1367-2630/ab6f93}, pages = {14}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We study populations of globally coupled noisy rotators (oscillators with inertia) allowing a nonequilibrium transition from a desynchronized state to a synchronous one (with the nonvanishing order parameter). The newly developed analytical approaches resulted in solutions describing the synchronous state with constant order parameter for weakly inertial rotators, including the case of zero inertia, when the model is reduced to the Kuramoto model of coupled noise oscillators. These approaches provide also analytical criteria distinguishing supercritical and subcritical transitions to the desynchronized state and indicate the universality of such transitions in rotator ensembles. All the obtained analytical results are confirmed by the numerical ones, both by direct simulations of the large ensembles and by solution of the associated Fokker-Planck equation. We also propose generalizations of the developed approaches for setups where different rotators parameters (natural frequencies, masses, noise intensities, strengths and phase shifts in coupling) are dispersed.}, language = {en} } @article{CaesarRahmstorfFeulner2020, author = {Caesar, Levke and Rahmstorf, Stefan and Feulner, Georg}, title = {On the relationship between Atlantic meridional overturning circulation slowdown and global surface warming}, series = {Environmental research letters}, volume = {15}, journal = {Environmental research letters}, number = {2}, publisher = {IOP Publ. Ltd.}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {1748-9326}, doi = {10.1088/1748-9326/ab63e3}, pages = {7}, year = {2020}, abstract = {According to established understanding, deep-water formation in the North Atlantic and Southern Ocean keeps the deep ocean cold, counter-acting the downward mixing of heat from the warmer surface waters in the bulk of the world ocean. Therefore, periods of strong Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are expected to coincide with cooling of the deep ocean and warming of the surface waters. It has recently been proposed that this relation may have reversed due to global warming, and that during the past decades a strong AMOC coincides with warming of the deep ocean and relative cooling of the surface, by transporting increasingly warmer waters downward. Here we present multiple lines of evidence, including a statistical evaluation of the observed global mean temperature, ocean heat content, and different AMOC proxies, that lead to the opposite conclusion: even during the current ongoing global temperature rise a strong AMOC warms the surface. The observed weakening of the AMOC has therefore delayed global surface warming rather than enhancing it. Social Media Abstract: The overturning circulation in the Atlantic Ocean has weakened in response to global warming, as predicted by climate models. Since it plays an important role in transporting heat, nutrients and carbon, a slowdown will affect global climate processes and the global mean temperature. Scientists have questioned whether this slowdown has worked to cool or warm global surface temperatures. This study analyses the overturning strength and global mean temperature evolution of the past decades and shows that a slowdown acts to reduce the global mean temperature. This is because a slower overturning means less water sinks into the deep ocean in the subpolar North Atlantic. As the surface waters are cold there, the sinking normally cools the deep ocean and thereby indirectly warms the surface, thus less sinking implies less surface warming and has a cooling effect. For the foreseeable future, this means that the slowing of the overturning will likely continue to slightly reduce the effect of the general warming due to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations.}, language = {en} } @article{SchuckSchleicherJanssenetal.2020, author = {Schuck, Bernhard and Schleicher, Anja Maria and Janssen, Christoph and Toy, Virginia G. and Dresen, Georg}, title = {Fault zone architecture of a large plate-bounding strike-slip fault}, series = {Solid Earth}, volume = {11}, journal = {Solid Earth}, number = {1}, publisher = {Copernicus Publications}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1869-9529}, doi = {10.5194/se-11-95-2020}, pages = {95 -- 124}, year = {2020}, abstract = {New Zealand's Alpine Fault is a large, platebounding strike-slip fault, which ruptures in large (M-w > 8) earthquakes. We conducted field and laboratory analyses of fault rocks to assess its fault zone architecture. Results reveal that the Alpine Fault Zone has a complex geometry, comprising an anastomosing network of multiple slip planes that have accommodated different amounts of displacement. This contrasts with the previous perception of the Alpine Fault Zone, which assumes a single principal slip zone accommodated all displacement. This interpretation is supported by results of drilling projects and geophysical investigations. Furthermore, observations presented here show that the young, largely unconsolidated sediments that constitute the footwall at shallow depths have a significant influence on fault gouge rheological properties and structure.}, language = {en} } @article{McNultyGoupilAlbaradoetal.2020, author = {McNulty, Margaret A. and Goupil, Brad A. and Albarado, Diana C. and Casta{\~n}o-Martinez, Teresa and Ambrosi, Thomas H. and Puh, Spela and Schulz, Tim Julius and Sch{\"u}rmann, Annette and Morrison, Christopher D. and Laeger, Thomas}, title = {FGF21, not GCN2, influences bone morphology due to dietary protein restrictions}, series = {Bone Reports}, volume = {12}, journal = {Bone Reports}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2352-1872}, doi = {10.1016/j.bonr.2019.100241}, pages = {1 -- 10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background: Dietary protein restriction is emerging as an alternative approach to treat obesity and glucose intolerance because it markedly increases plasma fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) concentrations. Similarly, dietary restriction of methionine is known to mimic metabolic effects of energy and protein restriction with FGF21 as a required mechanism. However, dietary protein has been shown to be required for normal bone growth, though there is conflicting evidence as to the influence of dietary protein restriction on bone remodeling. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effect of dietary protein and methionine restriction on bone in lean and obese mice, and clarify whether FGF21 and general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase, that are part of a novel endocrine pathway implicated in the detection of protein restriction, influence the effect of dietary protein restriction on bone. Methods: Adult wild-type (WT) or Fgf21 KO mice were fed a normal protein (18 kcal\%; CON) or low protein (4 kcal\%; LP) diet for 2 or 27 weeks. In addition, adult WT or Gcn2 KO mice were fed a CON or LP diet for 27 weeks. Young New Zealand obese (NZO) mice were placed on high-fat diets that provided protein at control (16 kcal\%; CON), low levels (4 kcal\%) in a high-carbohydrate (LP/HC) or high-fat (LP/HF) regimen, or on high-fat diets (protein, 16 kcal\%) that provided methionine at control (0.86\%; CON-MR) or low levels (0.17\%; MR) for up to 9 weeks. Long bones from the hind limbs of these mice were collected and evaluated with micro-computed tomography (mu CT) for changes in trabecular and cortical architecture and mass. Results: In WT mice the 27-week LP diet significantly reduced cortical bone, and this effect was enhanced by deletion of Fgf21 but not Gcn2. This decrease in bone did not appear after 2 weeks on the LP diet. In addition, Fgf21 KO mice had significantly less bone than their WT counterparts. In obese NZO mice dietary protein and methionine restriction altered bone architecture. The changes were mediated by FGF21 due to methionine restriction in the presence of cystine, which did not increase plasma FGF21 levels and did not affect bone architecture. Conclusions: This study provides direct evidence of a reduction in bone following long-term dietary protein restriction in a mouse model, effects that appear to be mediated by FGF21.}, language = {en} } @article{HortonKhanCahilletal.2020, author = {Horton, Benjamin P. and Khan, Nicole S. and Cahill, Niamh and Lee, Janice S. H. and Shaw, Timothy A. and Garner, Andra J. and Kemp, Andrew C. and Engelhart, Simon E. and Rahmstorf, Stefan}, title = {Estimating global mean sea-level rise and its uncertainties by 2100 and 2300 from an expert survey}, series = {npj Climate and Atmospheric Science}, volume = {3}, journal = {npj Climate and Atmospheric Science}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {London}, issn = {2397-3722}, doi = {10.1038/s41612-020-0121-5}, pages = {1 -- 8}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Sea-level rise projections and knowledge of their uncertainties are vital to make informed mitigation and adaptation decisions. To elicit projections from members of the scientific community regarding future global mean sea-level (GMSL) rise, we repeated a survey originally conducted five years ago. Under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6, 106 experts projected a likely (central 66\% probability) GMSL rise of 0.30-0.65 m by 2100, and 0.54-2.15 m by 2300, relative to 1986-2005. Under RCP 8.5, the same experts projected a likely GMSL rise of 0.63-1.32 m by 2100, and 1.67-5.61 m by 2300. Expert projections for 2100 are similar to those from the original survey, although the projection for 2300 has extended tails and is higher than the original survey. Experts give a likelihood of 42\% (original survey) and 45\% (current survey) that under the high-emissions scenario GMSL rise will exceed the upper bound (0.98 m) of the likely range estimated by the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which is considered to have an exceedance likelihood of 17\%. Responses to open-ended questions suggest that the increases in upper-end estimates and uncertainties arose from recent influential studies about the impact of marine ice cliff instability on the meltwater contribution to GMSL rise from the Antarctic Ice Sheet.}, language = {en} } @article{MohammadyAuffevesAnders2020, author = {Mohammady, M. Hamed and Auff{\`e}ves, Alexia and Anders, Janet}, title = {Energetic footprints of irreversibility in the quantum regime}, series = {Communications Physics}, volume = {3}, journal = {Communications Physics}, number = {1}, publisher = {Springer Nature}, address = {London}, issn = {2399-3650}, doi = {10.1038/s42005-020-0356-9}, pages = {1 -- 14}, year = {2020}, abstract = {In classical thermodynamic processes the unavoidable presence of irreversibility, quantified by the entropy production, carries two energetic footprints: the reduction of extractable work from the optimal, reversible case, and the generation of a surplus of heat that is irreversibly dissipated to the environment. Recently it has been shown that in the quantum regime an additional quantum irreversibility occurs that is linked to decoherence into the energy basis. Here we employ quantum trajectories to construct distributions for classical heat and quantum heat exchanges, and show that the heat footprint of quantum irreversibility differs markedly from the classical case. We also quantify how quantum irreversibility reduces the amount of work that can be extracted from a state with coherences. Our results show that decoherence leads to both entropic and energetic footprints which both play an important role in the optimization of controlled quantum operations at low temperature. In classical thermodynamics irreversibility occurs whenever a non-thermal system is brought into contact with a thermal environment. Using quantum trajectories the authors here establish two energetic footprints of quantum irreversible processes, and find that while quantum irreversibility leads to the occurrence of a quantum heat and a reduction of work production, the two are not linked in the same manner as the classical laws of thermodynamics would dictate.}, language = {en} } @article{GlerumBruneStampsetal.2020, author = {Glerum, Anne and Brune, Sascha and Stamps, D. Sarah and Strecker, Manfred}, title = {Victoria continental microplate dynamics controlled by the lithospheric strength distribution of the East African Rift}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {11}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {1}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, address = {London}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-16176-x}, pages = {15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Victoria microplate between the Eastern and Western Branches of the East African Rift System is one of the largest continental microplates on Earth. In striking contrast to its neighboring plates, Victoria rotates counterclockwise with respect to Nubia. The underlying cause of this distinctive rotation has remained elusive so far. Using 3D numerical models, we investigate the role of pre-existing lithospheric heterogeneities in continental microplate rotation. We find that Victoria's rotation is primarily controlled by the distribution of rheologically stronger zones that transmit the drag of the major plates to the microplate and of the mechanically weaker mobile belts surrounding Victoria that facilitate rotation. Our models reproduce Victoria's GPS-derived counterclockwise rotation as well as key complexities of the regional tectonic stress field. These results reconcile competing ideas on the opening of the rift system by highlighting differences in orientation of the far-field divergence, local extension, and the minimum horizontal stress. One of the largest continental microplates on Earth is situated in the center of the East African Rift System, and oddly, the Victoria microplate rotates counterclockwise with respect to the neighboring African tectonic plate. Here, the authors' modelling results suggest that Victoria microplate rotation is caused by edge-driven lithospheric processes related to the specific geometry of rheologically weak and strong regions.}, language = {en} } @article{OllierMelligerLilliestam2020, author = {Ollier, Lana and Melliger, Marc Andr{\´e} and Lilliestam, Johan}, title = {Friends or foes?}, series = {Energies : open-access journal of related scientific research, technology development and studies in policy and management}, volume = {13}, journal = {Energies : open-access journal of related scientific research, technology development and studies in policy and management}, number = {23}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1996-1073}, doi = {10.3390/en13236339}, pages = {23}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Energy efficiency measures and the deployment of renewable energy are commonly presented as two sides of the same coin-as necessary and synergistic measures to decarbonize energy systems and reach the temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. Here, we quantitatively investigate the policies and performances of the EU Member States to see whether renewables and energy efficiency policies are politically synergistic or if they rather compete for political attention and resources. We find that Member States, especially the ones perceived as climate leaders, tend to prioritize renewables over energy efficiency in target setting. Further, almost every country performs well in either renewable energy or energy efficiency, but rarely performs well in both. We find no support for the assertion that the policies are synergistic, but some evidence that they compete. However, multi-linear regression models for performance show that performance, especially in energy efficiency, is also strongly associated with general economic growth cycles, and not only efficiency policy as such. We conclude that renewable energy and energy efficiency are not synergistic policies, and that there is some competition between them.}, language = {en} } @article{KehmJaehnertDeubeletal.2020, author = {Kehm, Richard and J{\"a}hnert, Markus and Deubel, Stefanie and Flore, Tanina and K{\"o}nig, Jeannette and Jung, Tobias and Stadion, Mandy and Jonas, Wenke and Sch{\"u}rmann, Annette and Grune, Tilman and H{\"o}hn, Annika}, title = {Redox homeostasis and cell cycle activation mediate beta-cell mass expansion in aged, diabetes-prone mice under metabolic stress conditions: role of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP)}, series = {Redox Biology}, volume = {37}, journal = {Redox Biology}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {2213-2317}, doi = {10.1016/j.redox.2020.101748}, pages = {11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Overnutrition contributes to insulin resistance, obesity and metabolic stress, initiating a loss of functional beta-cells and diabetes development. Whether these damaging effects are amplified in advanced age is barely investigated. Therefore, New Zealand Obese (NZO) mice, a well-established model for the investigation of human obesity-associated type 2 diabetes, were fed a metabolically challenging diet with a high-fat, carbohydrate restricted period followed by a carbohydrate intervention in young as well as advanced age. Interestingly, while young NZO mice developed massive hyperglycemia in response to carbohydrate feeding, leading to beta-cell dysfunction and cell death, aged counterparts compensated the increased insulin demand by persistent beta-cell function and beta-cell mass expansion. Beta-cell loss in young NZO islets was linked to increased expression of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), presumably initiating an apoptosis-signaling cascade via caspase-3 activation. In contrast, islets of aged NZOs exhibited a sustained redox balance without changes in TXNIP expression, associated with higher proliferative potential by cell cycle activation. These findings support the relevance of a maintained proliferative potential and redox homeostasis for preserving islet functionality under metabolic stress, with the peculiarity that this adaptive response emerged with advanced age in diabetesprone NZO mice.}, language = {en} } @article{MtilatilaBronstertShresthaetal.2020, author = {Mtilatila, Lucy Mphatso Ng'ombe and Bronstert, Axel and Shrestha, Pallav and Kadewere, Peter and Vormoor, Klaus Josef}, title = {Susceptibility of water resources and hydropower production to climate change in the tropics}, series = {Hydrology : open access journal}, volume = {7}, journal = {Hydrology : open access journal}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2306-5338}, doi = {10.3390/hydrology7030054}, pages = {26}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The sensitivity of key hydrologic variables and hydropower generation to climate change in the Lake Malawi and Shire River basins is assessed. The study adapts the mesoscale Hydrological Model (mHM) which is applied separately in the Upper Lake Malawi and Shire River basins. A particular Lake Malawi model, which focuses on reservoir routing and lake water balance, has been developed and is interlinked between the two basins. Climate change projections from 20 Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment (CORDEX) models for Africa based on two scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) for the periods 2021-2050 and 2071-2100 are used. An annual temperature increase of 1 degrees C decreases mean lake level and outflow by 0.3 m and 17\%, respectively, signifying the importance of intensified evaporation for Lake Malawi's water budget. Meanwhile, a +5\% (-5\%) deviation in annual rainfall changes mean lake level by +0.7 m (-0.6 m). The combined effects of temperature increase and rainfall decrease result in significantly lower flows in the Shire River. The hydrological river regime may change from perennial to seasonal with the combination of annual temperature increase and precipitation decrease beyond 1.5 degrees C (3.5 degrees C) and -20\% (-15\%). The study further projects a reduction in annual hydropower production between 1\% (RCP8.5) and 2.5\% (RCP4.5) during 2021-2050 and between 5\% (RCP4.5) and 24\% (RCP8.5) during 2071-2100. The results show that it is of great importance that a further development of hydro energy on the Shire River should take into account the effects of climate change, e.g., longer low flow periods and/or higher discharge fluctuations, and thus uncertainty in the amount of electricity produced.}, language = {en} } @article{RottlerFranckeBuergeretal.2020, author = {Rottler, Erwin and Francke, Till and B{\"u}rger, Gerd and Bronstert, Axel}, title = {Long-term changes in central European river discharge for 1869-2016}, series = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences}, volume = {24}, journal = {Hydrology and Earth System Sciences}, number = {4}, publisher = {Copernicus}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1027-5606}, doi = {10.5194/hess-24-1721-2020}, pages = {1721 -- 1740}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Recent climatic changes have the potential to severely alter river runoff, particularly in snow-dominated river basins. Effects of changing snow covers superimpose with changes in precipitation and anthropogenic modifications of the watershed and river network. In the attempt to identify and disentangle long-term effects of different mechanisms, we employ a set of analytical tools to extract long-term changes in river runoff at high resolution. We combine quantile sampling with moving average trend statistics and empirical mode decomposition and apply these tools to discharge data recorded along rivers with nival, pluvial and mixed flow regimes as well as temperature and precipitation data covering the time frame 1869-2016. With a focus on central Europe, we analyse the long-term impact of snow cover and precipitation changes along with their interaction with reservoir constructions. Our results show that runoff seasonality of snow-dominated rivers decreases. Runoff increases in winter and spring, while discharge decreases in summer and at the beginning of autumn. We attribute this redistribution of annual flow mainly to reservoir constructions in the Alpine ridge. During the course of the last century, large fractions of the Alpine rivers were dammed to produce hydropower. In recent decades, runoff changes induced by reservoir constructions seem to overlap with changes in snow cover. We suggest that Alpine signals propagate downstream and affect runoff far outside the Alpine area in river segments with mixed flow regimes. Furthermore, our results hint at more (intense) rain-fall in recent decades. Detected increases in high discharge can be traced back to corresponding changes in precipitation.}, language = {en} } @article{GuerreroFickelBenhaiemetal.2020, author = {Guerrero, Tania P. and Fickel, J{\"o}rns and Benhaiem, Sarah and Weyrich, Alexandra}, title = {Epigenomics and gene regulation in mammalian social systems}, series = {Current zoology}, volume = {66}, journal = {Current zoology}, number = {3}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1674-5507}, doi = {10.1093/cz/zoaa005}, pages = {307 -- 319}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Social epigenomics is a new field of research that studies how the social environment shapes the epigenome and how in turn the epigenome modulates behavior. We focus on describing known gene-environment interactions (GEIs) and epigenetic mechanisms in different mammalian social systems. To illustrate how epigenetic mechanisms integrate GEls, we highlight examples where epigenetic mechanisms are associated with social behaviors and with their maintenance through neuroendocrine, locomotor, and metabolic responses. We discuss future research trajectories and open questions for the emerging field of social epigenomics in nonmodel and naturally occurring social systems. Finally, we outline the technological advances that aid the study of epigenetic mechanisms in the establishment of GEIs and vice versa.}, language = {en} } @article{PrieskeChaabeneGaebleretal.2020, author = {Prieske, Olaf and Chaabene, Helmi and G{\"a}bler, Martijn and Herz, Michael and Helm, Norman and Markov, Adrian and Granacher, Urs}, title = {Seasonal changes in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness and the relationships with sporting success in young sub-elite judo athletes}, series = {International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH}, volume = {17}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH}, number = {19}, publisher = {MDPI AG}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1660-4601}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph17197169}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {This exploratory study aimed to monitor long-term seasonal developments in measures of anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness in young judo athletes, and to compute associations between these measures and sporting success. Forty-four young judoka (20 females, 24 males) volunteered to participate. Tests for the assessment of anthropometry (e.g., body height/mass), body-composition (e.g., lean body mass), muscle strength (isometric handgrip strength), vertical jumping (e.g., countermovement-jump (CMJ) height), and dynamic balance (Y-balance test) were conducted at the beginning and end of a 10-month training season. Additionally, sporting success at the end of the season was recorded for each athlete. Analyses revealed significant time x sex interaction effects for lean-body-mass, isometric handgrip strength, and CMJ height (0.7 <= d <= 1.6). Post-hoc analyses showed larger gains for all measures in young males (1.9 <= d <= 6.0) compared with females (d = 2.4) across the season. Additionally, significant increases in body height and mass as well as Y-balance test scores were found from pre-to-post-test (1.2 <= d <= 4.3), irrespective of sex. Further, non-significant small-to-moderate-sized correlations were identified between changes in anthropometry/body composition/physical fitness and sporting success (p > 0.05; -0.34 <= rho <= 0.32). Regression analysis confirmed that no model significantly predicted sporting success. Ten months of judo training and/or growth/maturation contributed to significant changes in anthropometry, body composition, and physical fitness, particularly in young male judo athletes.}, language = {en} } @article{PremierFickelHeurichetal.2020, author = {Premier, Joseph and Fickel, J{\"o}rns and Heurich, Marco and Kramer-Schadt, Stephanie}, title = {The boon and bane of boldness}, series = {Movement Ecology}, volume = {8}, journal = {Movement Ecology}, number = {1}, publisher = {BioMed Central}, address = {London}, issn = {2051-3933}, doi = {10.1186/s40462-020-00204-y}, pages = {1 -- 17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background: Many felid species are of high conservation concern, and with increasing human disturbance the situation is worsening. Small isolated populations are at risk of genetic impoverishment decreasing within-species biodiversity. Movement is known to be a key behavioural trait that shapes both demographic and genetic dynamics and affects population survival. However, we have limited knowledge on how different manifestations of movement behaviour translate to population processes. In this study, we aimed to 1) understand the potential effects of movement behaviour on the genetic diversity of small felid populations in heterogeneous landscapes, while 2) presenting a simulation tool that can help inform conservation practitioners following, or considering, population management actions targeting the risk of genetic impoverishment. Methods: We developed a spatially explicit individual-based population model including neutral genetic markers for felids and applied this to the example of Eurasian lynx. Using a neutral landscape approach, we simulated reintroductions into a three-patch system, comprising two breeding patches separated by a larger patch of differing landscape heterogeneity, and tested for the effects of various behavioural movement syndromes and founder population sizes. We explored a range of movement syndromes by simulating populations with various movement model parametrisations that range from 'shy' to 'bold' movement behaviour. Results: We find that movement syndromes can lead to a higher loss of genetic diversity and an increase in between population genetic structure for both "bold" and "shy" movement behaviours, depending on landscape conditions, with larger decreases in genetic diversity and larger increases in genetic differentiation associated with bold movement syndromes, where the first colonisers quickly reproduce and subsequently dominate the gene pool. In addition, we underline the fact that a larger founder population can offset the genetic losses associated with subpopulation isolation and gene pool dominance. Conclusions We identified a movement syndrome trade-off for population genetic variation, whereby bold-explorers could be saviours - by connecting populations and promoting panmixia, or sinks - by increasing genetic losses via a 'founder takes all' effect, whereas shy-stayers maintain a more gradual genetic drift due to their more cautious behaviour. Simulations should incorporate movement behaviour to provide better projections of long-term population viability and within-species biodiversity, which includes genetic diversity. Simulations incorporating demographics and genetics have great potential for informing conservation management actions, such as population reintroductions or reinforcements. Here, we present such a simulation tool for solitary felids.}, language = {en} } @article{SandauGranacher2020, author = {Sandau, Ingo and Granacher, Urs}, title = {Effects of the barbell load on the acceleration phase during the snatch in elite Olympic weightlifting}, series = {Sports}, volume = {8}, journal = {Sports}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2075-4663}, doi = {10.3390/sports8050059}, pages = {10}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The load-depended loss of vertical barbell velocity at the end of the acceleration phase limits the maximum weight that can be lifted. Thus, the purpose of this study was to analyze how increased barbell loads affect the vertical barbell velocity in the sub-phases of the acceleration phase during the snatch. It was hypothesized that the load-dependent velocity loss at the end of the acceleration phase is primarily associated with a velocity loss during the 1st pull. For this purpose, 14 male elite weightlifters lifted seven load-stages from 70-100\% of their personal best in the snatch. The load-velocity relationship was calculated using linear regression analysis to determine the velocity loss at 1st pull, transition, and 2nd pull. A group mean data contrast analysis revealed the highest load-dependent velocity loss for the 1st pull (t = 1.85, p = 0.044, g = 0.49 [-0.05, 1.04]) which confirmed our study hypothesis. In contrast to the group mean data, the individual athlete showed a unique response to increased loads during the acceleration sub-phases of the snatch. With the proposed method, individualized training recommendations on exercise selection and loading schemes can be derived to specifically improve the sub-phases of the snatch acceleration phase. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of single-subject assessment when working with elite athletes in Olympic weightlifting.}, language = {en} } @article{ZuSchultzWolffetal.2020, author = {Zu, Fengshuo and Schultz, Thorsten and Wolff, Christian Michael and Shin, Dongguen and Frohloff, Lennart and Neher, Dieter and Amsalem, Patrick and Koch, Norbert}, title = {Position-locking of volatile reaction products by atmosphere and capping layers slows down photodecomposition of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite}, series = {RSC Advances}, volume = {10}, journal = {RSC Advances}, number = {30}, publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry}, address = {Cambridge}, issn = {2046-2069}, doi = {10.1039/d0ra03572f}, pages = {17534 -- 17542}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The remarkable progress of metal halide perovskites in photovoltaics has led to the power conversion efficiency approaching 26\%. However, practical applications of perovskite-based solar cells are challenged by the stability issues, of which the most critical one is photo-induced degradation. Bare CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite films are known to decompose rapidly, with methylammonium and iodine as volatile species and residual solid PbI2 and metallic Pb, under vacuum under white light illumination, on the timescale of minutes. We find, in agreement with previous work, that the degradation is non-uniform and proceeds predominantly from the surface, and that illumination under N-2 and ambient air (relative humidity 20\%) does not induce substantial degradation even after several hours. Yet, in all cases the release of iodine from the perovskite surface is directly identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This goes in hand with a loss of organic cations and the formation of metallic Pb. When CH3NH3PbI3 films are covered with a few nm thick organic capping layer, either charge selective or non-selective, the rapid photodecomposition process under ultrahigh vacuum is reduced by more than one order of magnitude, and becomes similar in timescale to that under N-2 or air. We conclude that the light-induced decomposition reaction of CH3NH3PbI3, leading to volatile methylammonium and iodine, is largely reversible as long as these products are restrained from leaving the surface. This is readily achieved by ambient atmospheric pressure, as well as a thin organic capping layer even under ultrahigh vacuum. In addition to explaining the impact of gas pressure on the stability of this perovskite, our results indicate that covalently "locking" the position of perovskite components at the surface or an interface should enhance the overall photostability.}, language = {en} } @article{XiaoLiuWangetal.2020, author = {Xiao, Shangbin and Liu, Liu and Wang, Wei and Lorke, Andreas and Woodhouse, Jason Nicholas and Grossart, Hans-Peter}, title = {A Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for continuous in situ measurement of CH4 and CO2 dissolved in water}, series = {Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS}, volume = {24}, journal = {Hydrology and earth system sciences : HESS}, number = {7}, publisher = {European Geosciences Union (EGU) ; Copernicus}, address = {Munich}, issn = {1027-5606}, doi = {10.5194/hess-24-3871-2020}, pages = {3871 -- 3880}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Biogenic greenhouse gas emissions, e.g., of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters, contribute substantially to global warming. In aquatic systems, dissolved greenhouse gases are highly heterogeneous in both space and time. To better understand the biological and physical processes that affect sources and sinks of both CH4 and CO2, their dissolved concentrations need to be measured with high spatial and temporal resolution. To achieve this goal, we developed the Fast-Response Automated Gas Equilibrator (FaRAGE) for real-time in situ measurement of dissolved CH4 and CO2 concentrations at the water surface and in the water column. FaRAGE can achieve an exceptionally short response time (t(95\%) = 12 s when including the response time of the gas analyzer) while retaining an equilibration ratio of 62.6\% and a measurement accuracy of 0.5\% for CH4. A similar performance was observed for dissolved CO2 (t(95\%) = 10 s, equilibration ratio 67.1 \%). An equilibration ratio as high as 91.8\% can be reached at the cost of a slightly increased response time (16 s). The FaRAGE is capable of continuously measuring dissolved CO2 and CH4 concentrations in the nM-to-submM (10(-9)-10(-3) mol L-1) range with a detection limit of subnM (10(-10) mol L-1), when coupling with a cavity ring-down greenhouse gas analyzer (Picarro GasScouter). FaRAGE allows for the possibility of mapping dissolved concentration in a "quasi" three-dimensional manner in lakes and provides an inexpensive alternative to other commercial gas equilibrators. It is simple to operate and suitable for continuous monitoring with a strong tolerance for suspended particles. While the FaRAGE is developed for inland waters, it can be also applied to ocean waters by tuning the gas-water mixing ratio. The FaRAGE is easily adapted to suit other gas analyzers expanding the range of potential applications, including nitrous oxide and isotopic composition of the gases.}, language = {en} } @article{LyallNikoloskiGechev2020, author = {Lyall, Rafe and Nikoloski, Zoran and Gechev, Tsanko}, title = {Comparative analysis of ROS network genes in extremophile Eukaryotes}, series = {International journal of molecular sciences}, volume = {21}, journal = {International journal of molecular sciences}, number = {23}, publisher = {Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1422-0067}, doi = {10.3390/ijms21239131}, pages = {27}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The reactive oxygen species (ROS) gene network, consisting of both ROS-generating and detoxifying enzymes, adjusts ROS levels in response to various stimuli. We performed a cross-kingdom comparison of ROS gene networks to investigate how they have evolved across all Eukaryotes, including protists, fungi, plants and animals. We included the genomes of 16 extremotolerant Eukaryotes to gain insight into ROS gene evolution in organisms that experience extreme stress conditions. Our analysis focused on ROS genes found in all Eukaryotes (such as catalases, superoxide dismutases, glutathione reductases, peroxidases and glutathione peroxidase/peroxiredoxins) as well as those specific to certain groups, such as ascorbate peroxidases, dehydroascorbate/monodehydroascorbate reductases in plants and other photosynthetic organisms. ROS-producing NADPH oxidases (NOX) were found in most multicellular organisms, although several NOX-like genes were identified in unicellular or filamentous species. However, despite the extreme conditions experienced by extremophile species, we found no evidence for expansion of ROS-related gene families in these species compared to other Eukaryotes. Tardigrades and rotifers do show ROS gene expansions that could be related to their extreme lifestyles, although a high rate of lineage-specific horizontal gene transfer events, coupled with recent tetraploidy in rotifers, could explain this observation. This suggests that the basal Eukaryotic ROS scavenging systems are sufficient to maintain ROS homeostasis even under the most extreme conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{NowakGennermannPerssonetal.2020, author = {Nowak, Jacqueline and Gennermann, Kristin and Persson, Staffan and Nikoloski, Zoran}, title = {CytoSeg 2.0}, series = {Bioinformatics}, volume = {36}, journal = {Bioinformatics}, number = {9}, publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {1367-4803}, doi = {10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa035}, pages = {2950 -- 2951}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Motivation: Actin filaments (AFs) are dynamic structures that substantially change their organization over time. The dynamic behavior and the relatively low signal-to-noise ratio during live-cell imaging have rendered the quantification of the actin organization a difficult task. Results: We developed an automated image-based framework that extracts AFs from fluorescence microscopy images and represents them as networks, which are automatically analyzed to identify and compare biologically relevant features. Although the source code is freely available, we have now implemented the framework into a graphical user interface that can be installed as a Fiji plugin, thus enabling easy access by the research community.}, language = {en} } @article{RazaghiMoghadamNikoloski2020, author = {Razaghi-Moghadam, Zahra and Nikoloski, Zoran}, title = {Supervised learning of gene-regulatory networks based on graph distance profiles of transcriptomics data}, series = {npj Systems biology and applications}, volume = {6}, journal = {npj Systems biology and applications}, number = {1}, publisher = {Nature Publ. Group}, address = {London}, issn = {2056-7189}, doi = {10.1038/s41540-020-0140-1}, pages = {8}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Characterisation of gene-regulatory network (GRN) interactions provides a stepping stone to understanding how genes affect cellular phenotypes. Yet, despite advances in profiling technologies, GRN reconstruction from gene expression data remains a pressing problem in systems biology. Here, we devise a supervised learning approach, GRADIS, which utilises support vector machine to reconstruct GRNs based on distance profiles obtained from a graph representation of transcriptomics data. By employing the data fromEscherichia coliandSaccharomyces cerevisiaeas well as synthetic networks from the DREAM4 and five network inference challenges, we demonstrate that our GRADIS approach outperforms the state-of-the-art supervised and unsupervided approaches. This holds when predictions about target genes for individual transcription factors as well as for the entire network are considered. We employ experimentally verified GRNs fromE. coliandS. cerevisiaeto validate the predictions and obtain further insights in the performance of the proposed approach. Our GRADIS approach offers the possibility for usage of other network-based representations of large-scale data, and can be readily extended to help the characterisation of other cellular networks, including protein-protein and protein-metabolite interactions.}, language = {en} } @article{TongKuekenNikoloski2020, author = {Tong, Hao and K{\"u}ken, Anika and Nikoloski, Zoran}, title = {Integrating molecular markers into metabolic models improves genomic selection for Arabidopsis growth}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {11}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {1}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group UK}, address = {London}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-16279-5}, pages = {9}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The current trends of crop yield improvements are not expected to meet the projected rise in demand. Genomic selection uses molecular markers and machine learning to identify superior genotypes with improved traits, such as growth. Plant growth directly depends on rates of metabolic reactions which transform nutrients into the building blocks of biomass. Here, we predict growth of Arabidopsis thaliana accessions by employing genomic prediction of reaction rates estimated from accession-specific metabolic models. We demonstrate that, comparing to classical genomic selection on the available data sets for 67 accessions, our approach improves the prediction accuracy for growth within and across nitrogen environments by 32.6\% and 51.4\%, respectively, and from optimal nitrogen to low carbon environment by 50.4\%. Therefore, integration of molecular markers into metabolic models offers an approach to predict traits directly related to metabolism, and its usefulness in breeding can be examined by gathering matching datasets in crops. An increase in genomic selection (GS) accuracy can accelerate genetic gain by shortening the breeding cycles. Here, the authors introduce a network-based GS method that uses metabolic models and improves the prediction accuracy of Arabidopsis growth within and across environments.}, language = {en} } @article{SchneiderFritzschePuciulMalinowskaetal.2020, author = {Schneider, Matthias and Fritzsche, Nora and Puciul-Malinowska, Agnieszka and Baliś, Andrzej and Mostafa, Amr and Bald, Ilko and Zapotoczny, Szczepan and Taubert, Andreas}, title = {Surface etching of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) with NaOH}, series = {Polymers}, volume = {12}, journal = {Polymers}, number = {8}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2073-4360}, doi = {10.3390/polym12081711}, pages = {16}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The article describes a systematic investigation of the effects of an aqueous NaOH treatment of 3D printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) scaffolds for surface activation. The PLA surface undergoes several morphology changes and after an initial surface roughening, the surface becomes smoother again before the material dissolves. Erosion rates and surface morphologies can be controlled by the treatment. At the same time, the bulk mechanical properties of the treated materials remain unaltered. This indicates that NaOH treatment of 3D printed PLA scaffolds is a simple, yet viable strategy for surface activation without compromising the mechanical stability of PLA scaffolds.}, language = {en} } @article{MorishitaLazeckyWrightetal.2020, author = {Morishita, Yu and Lazecky, Milan and Wright, Tim J. and Weiss, Jonathan R. and Elliott, John R. and Hooper, Andy}, title = {LiCSBAS}, series = {Remote sensing}, volume = {12}, journal = {Remote sensing}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2072-4292}, doi = {10.3390/rs12030424}, pages = {29}, year = {2020}, abstract = {For the past five years, the 2-satellite Sentinel-1 constellation has provided abundant and useful Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data, which have the potential to reveal global ground surface deformation at high spatial and temporal resolutions. However, for most users, fully exploiting the large amount of associated data is challenging, especially over wide areas. To help address this challenge, we have developed LiCSBAS, an open-source SAR interferometry (InSAR) time series analysis package that integrates with the automated Sentinel-1 InSAR processor (LiCSAR). LiCSBAS utilizes freely available LiCSAR products, and users can save processing time and disk space while obtaining the results of InSAR time series analysis. In the LiCSBAS processing scheme, interferograms with many unwrapping errors are automatically identified by loop closure and removed. Reliable time series and velocities are derived with the aid of masking using several noise indices. The easy implementation of atmospheric corrections to reduce noise is achieved with the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR (GACOS). Using case studies in southern Tohoku and the Echigo Plain, Japan, we demonstrate that LiCSBAS applied to LiCSAR products can detect both large-scale (>100 km) and localized (similar to km) relative displacements with an accuracy of <1 cm/epoch and similar to 2 mm/yr. We detect displacements with different temporal characteristics, including linear, periodic, and episodic, in Niigata, Ojiya, and Sanjo City, respectively. LiCSBAS and LiCSAR products facilitate greater exploitation of globally available and abundant SAR datasets and enhance their applications for scientific research and societal benefit.}, language = {en} } @article{LiuAdlerLipusetal.2020, author = {Liu, Qi and Adler, Karsten and Lipus, Daniel and K{\"a}mpf, Horst and Bussert, Robert and Plessen, Birgit and Schulz, Hans-Martin and Krauze, Patryk and Horn, Fabian and Wagner, Dirk and Mangelsdorf, Kai and Alawi, Mashal}, title = {Microbial signatures in deep CO2-saturated miocene sediments of the active Hartousov mofette system (NW Czech Republic)}, series = {Frontiers in microbiology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in microbiology}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-302X}, doi = {10.3389/fmicb.2020.543260}, pages = {21}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Hartousov mofette system is a natural CO2 degassing site in the central Cheb Basin (Eger Rift, Central Europe). In early 2016 a 108 m deep core was obtained from this system to investigate the impact of ascending mantle-derived CO2 on indigenous deep microbial communities and their surrounding life habitat. During drilling, a CO2 blow out occurred at a depth of 78.5 meter below surface (mbs) suggesting a CO2 reservoir associated with a deep low-permeable CO2-saturated saline aquifer at the transition from Early Miocene terrestrial to lacustrine sediments. Past microbial communities were investigated by hopanoids and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) reflecting the environmental conditions during the time of deposition rather than showing a signal of the current deep biosphere. The composition and distribution of the deep microbial community potentially stimulated by the upward migration of CO2 starting during Mid Pleistocene time was investigated by intact polar lipids (IPLs), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis. The deep biosphere is characterized by microorganisms that are linked to the distribution and migration of the ascending CO2-saturated groundwater and the availability of organic matter instead of being linked to single lithological units of the investigated rock profile. Our findings revealed high relative abundances of common soil and water bacteria, in particular the facultative, anaerobic and potential iron-oxidizing Acidovorax and other members of the family Comamonadaceae across the whole recovered core. The results also highlighted the frequent detection of the putative sulfate-oxidizing and CO2-fixating genus Sulfuricurvum at certain depths. A set of new IPLs are suggested to be indicative for microorganisms associated to CO2 accumulation in the mofette system.}, language = {en} } @article{SchellenbergReichertHardtetal.2020, author = {Schellenberg, Johannes and Reichert, Jessica and Hardt, Martin and Klingelh{\"o}fer, Ines and Morlock, Gertrud and Schubert, Patrick and Bižić, Mina and Grossart, Hans-Peter and K{\"a}mpfer, Peter and Wilke, Thomas and Glaeser, Stefanie P.}, title = {The bacterial microbiome of the long-term aquarium cultured high-microbial abundance sponge Haliclona cnidata}, series = {Frontiers in Marine Science}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Marine Science}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2296-7745}, doi = {10.3389/fmars.2020.00266}, pages = {20}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Marine sponges host highly diverse but specific bacterial communities that provide essential functions for the sponge holobiont, including antimicrobial defense. Here, we characterized the bacterial microbiome of the marine sponge Haliclona cnidata that has been in culture in an artificial marine aquarium system. We tested the hypotheses (1) that the long-term aquarium cultured sponge H. cnidata is tightly associated with a typical sponge bacterial microbiota and (2) that the symbiotic Bacteria sustain bioactivity under harmful environmental conditions to facilitate holobiont survival by preventing pathogen invasion. Microscopic and phylogenetic analyses of the bacterial microbiota revealed that H. cnidata represents a high microbial abundance (HMA) sponge with a temporally stable bacterial community that significantly shifts with changing aquarium conditions. A 4-week incubation experiment was performed in small closed aquarium systems with antibiotic and/or light exclusion treatments to reduce the total bacterial and photosynthetically active sponge-associated microbiota to a treatment-specific resilient community. While the holobiont was severely affected by the experimental treatment (i.e., bleaching of the sponge, reduced bacterial abundance, shifted bacterial community composition), the biological defense and bacterial community interactions (i.e., quorum sensing activity) remained intact. 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed a resilient community of 105 bacterial taxa, which remained in the treated sponges. These 105 taxa accounted for a relative abundance of 72-83\% of the bacterial sponge microbiota of non-treated sponge fragments that have been cultured under the same conditions. We conclude that a sponge-specific resilient community stays biologically active under harmful environmental conditions, facilitating the resilience of the holobiont. In H. cnidata, bacteria are located in bacteriocytes, which may have contributed to the observed phenomenon.}, language = {en} } @article{GamezGuadixWachsWright2020, author = {Gamez-Guadix, Manuel and Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F.}, title = {"Haters back off!" psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents}, series = {Psicothema}, volume = {32}, journal = {Psicothema}, number = {4}, publisher = {Colegio oficial de psicologos de asturias}, address = {Oviedo}, issn = {0214-9915}, doi = {10.7334/psicothema2020.219}, pages = {567 -- 574}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background: Cyberhate is a growing form of online aggression against a person or a group based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, religion, or disability. The present study aims to examine psychometric properties of the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire, the prevalence of coping strategies in Spanish adolescents, differences in coping strategies based in sex, age, and victim status, and the association between coping with cyberhate and adolescents' mental well-being. Method: The sample consisted of 1,005 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (Mage = 14.28 years, SD = 1.63; 51.9\% girls) who completed self-report measures on coping strategies, victimization status, and mental well-being. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a structure for the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire composed of six factors, namely Distal advice, Assertiveness, Helplessness/Selfblame, Close support, Technical coping, and Retaliation. It demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The three most frequently endorsed coping strategies were Technical coping, Close support, and Assertiveness. In addition, lower Helplessness/Self-blame, and higher Close-support, Assertiveness, and Distal advice were significantly related to adolescents' better mental well-being. Conclusion: Prevention programs that educate adolescents about how to deal with cyberhate are needed.}, language = {en} } @article{DahmStillerMechieetal.2020, author = {Dahm, Torsten and Stiller, Manfred and Mechie, James and Heimann, Sebastian and Hensch, Martin and Woith, Heiko and Schmidt, Bernd and Gabriel, Gerald and Weber, Michael}, title = {Seismological and geophysical signatures of the deep crustal magma systems of the cenozoic volcanic fields Beneath the Eifel, Germany}, series = {Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems}, volume = {21}, journal = {Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems}, number = {9}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1525-2027}, doi = {10.1029/2020GC009062}, pages = {21}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The Quaternary volcanic fields of the Eifel (Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany) had their last eruptions less than 13,000 years ago. Recently, deep low-frequency (DLF) earthquakes were detected beneath one of the volcanic fields showing evidence of ongoing magmatic activity in the lower crust and upper mantle. In this work, seismic wide- and steep-angle experiments from 1978/1979 and 1987/1988 are compiled, partially reprocessed and interpreted, together with other data to better determine the location, size, shape, and state of magmatic reservoirs in the Eifel region near the crust-mantle boundary. We discuss seismic evidence for a low-velocity gradient layer from 30-36 km depth, which has developed over a large region under all Quaternary volcanic fields of the Rhenish Massif and can be explained by the presence of partial melts. We show that the DLF earthquakes connect the postulated upper mantle reservoir with the upper crust at a depth of about 8 km, directly below one of the youngest phonolitic volcanic centers in the Eifel, where CO(2)originating from the mantle is massively outgassing. A bright spot in the West Eifel between 6 and 10 km depth represents a Tertiary magma reservoir and is seen as a model for a differentiated reservoir beneath the young phonolitic center today. We find that the distribution of volcanic fields is controlled by the Variscan lithospheric structures and terrane boundaries as a whole, which is reflected by an offset of the Moho depth, a wedge-shaped transparent zone in the lower crust and the system of thrusts over about 120 km length.}, language = {en} } @article{WunderlingWilleitDongesetal.2020, author = {Wunderling, Nico and Willeit, Matteo and Donges, Jonathan and Winkelmann, Ricarda}, title = {Global warming due to loss of large ice masses and Arctic summer sea ice}, series = {Nature Communications}, volume = {11}, journal = {Nature Communications}, number = {1}, publisher = {Nature Publishing Group}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2041-1723}, doi = {10.1038/s41467-020-18934-3}, pages = {14}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Several large-scale cryosphere elements such as the Arctic summer sea ice, the mountain glaciers, the Greenland and West Antarctic Ice Sheet have changed substantially during the last century due to anthropogenic global warming. However, the impacts of their possible future disintegration on global mean temperature (GMT) and climate feedbacks have not yet been comprehensively evaluated. Here, we quantify this response using an Earth system model of intermediate complexity. Overall, we find a median additional global warming of 0.43 degrees C (interquartile range: 0.39-0.46 degrees C) at a CO2 concentration of 400 ppm. Most of this response (55\%) is caused by albedo changes, but lapse rate together with water vapour (30\%) and cloud feedbacks (15\%) also contribute significantly. While a decay of the ice sheets would occur on centennial to millennial time scales, the Arctic might become ice-free during summer within the 21st century. Our findings imply an additional increase of the GMT on intermediate to long time scales. The disintegration of cryosphere elements such as the Arctic summer sea ice, mountain glaciers, Greenland and West Antarctica is associated with temperature and radiative feedbacks. In this work, the authors quantify these feedbacks and find an additional global warming of 0.43 degrees C.}, language = {en} } @article{GarciaBenitoQuartiQuelozetal.2020, author = {Garc{\´i}a-Benito, In{\´e}s and Quarti, Claudio and Queloz, Valentin I. E. and Hofstetter, Yvonne J. and Becker-Koch, David and Caprioglio, Pietro and Neher, Dieter and Orlandi, Simonetta and Cavazzini, Marco and Pozzi, Gianluca and Even, Jacky and Nazeeruddin, Mohammad Khaja and Vaynzof, Yana and Grancini, Giulia}, title = {Fluorination of organic spacer impacts on the structural and optical response of 2D perovskites}, series = {Frontiers in Chemistry}, volume = {7}, journal = {Frontiers in Chemistry}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2296-2646}, doi = {10.3389/fchem.2019.00946}, pages = {1 -- 11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Low-dimensional hybrid perovskites have triggered significant research interest due to their intrinsically tunable optoelectronic properties and technologically relevant material stability. In particular, the role of the organic spacer on the inherent structural and optical features in two-dimensional (2D) perovskites is paramount for material optimization. To obtain a deeper understanding of the relationship between spacers and the corresponding 2D perovskite film properties, we explore the influence of the partial substitution of hydrogen atoms by fluorine in an alkylammonium organic cation, resulting in (Lc)(2)PbI4 and (Lf)(2)PbI4 2D perovskites, respectively. Consequently, optical analysis reveals a clear 0.2 eV blue-shift in the excitonic position at room temperature. This result can be mainly attributed to a band gap opening, with negligible effects on the exciton binding energy. According to Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, the band gap increases due to a larger distortion of the structure that decreases the atomic overlap of the wavefunctions and correspondingly bandwidth of the valence and conduction bands. In addition, fluorination impacts the structural rigidity of the 2D perovskite, resulting in a stable structure at room temperature and the absence of phase transitions at a low temperature, in contrast to the widely reported polymorphism in some non-fluorinated materials that exhibit such a phase transition. This indicates that a small perturbation in the material structure can strongly influence the overall structural stability and related phase transition of 2D perovskites, making them more robust to any phase change. This work provides key information on how the fluorine content in organic spacer influence the structural distortion of 2D perovskites and their optical properties which possess remarkable importance for future optoelectronic applications, for instance in the field of light-emitting devices or sensors.}, language = {en} } @article{HaeseliDeubelJungetal.2020, author = {H{\"a}seli, Steffen and Deubel, Stefanie and Jung, Tobias and Grune, Tilman and Ott, Christiane}, title = {Cardiomyocyte contractility and autophagy in a premature senescence model of cardiac aging}, series = {Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity}, volume = {2020}, journal = {Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity}, number = {Special Issue}, publisher = {Landes Bioscience}, address = {Austin, Tex.}, issn = {1942-0994}, doi = {10.1155/2020/8141307}, pages = {14}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Globally, cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the aging population. While the clinical pathology of the aging heart is thoroughly characterized, underlying molecular mechanisms are still insufficiently clarified. The aim of the present study was to establish an in vitro model system of cardiomyocyte premature senescence, culturing heart muscle cells derived from neonatal C57Bl/6J mice for 21 days. Premature senescence of neonatal cardiac myocytes was induced by prolonged culture time in an oxygen-rich postnatal environment. Age-related changes in cellular function were determined by senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, increasing presence of cell cycle regulators, such as p16, p53, and p21, accumulation of protein aggregates, and restricted proteolysis in terms of decreasing (macro-)autophagy. Furthermore, the culture system was functionally characterized for alterations in cell morphology and contractility. An increase in cellular size associated with induced expression of atrial natriuretic peptides demonstrated a stress-induced hypertrophic phenotype in neonatal cardiomyocytes. Using the recently developed analytical software tool Myocyter, we were able to show a spatiotemporal constraint in spontaneous contraction behavior during cultivation. Within the present study, the 21-day culture of neonatal cardiomyocytes was defined as a functional model system of premature cardiac senescence to study age-related changes in cardiomyocyte contractility and autophagy.}, language = {en} } @article{GanguliPaprotnyHasanetal.2020, author = {Ganguli, Poulomi and Paprotny, Dominik and Hasan, Mehedi and G{\"u}ntner, Andreas and Merz, Bruno}, title = {Projected changes in compound flood hazard from riverine and coastal floods in northwestern Europe}, series = {Earth's future}, volume = {8}, journal = {Earth's future}, number = {11}, publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell}, address = {Hoboken, NJ}, issn = {2328-4277}, doi = {10.1029/2020EF001752}, pages = {19}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Compound flooding in coastal regions, that is, the simultaneous or successive occurrence of high sea levels and high river flows, is expected to increase in a warmer world. To date, however, there is no robust evidence on projected changes in compound flooding for northwestern Europe. We combine projected storm surges and river floods with probabilistic, localized relative sea-level rise (SLR) scenarios to assess the future compound flood hazard over northwestern coastal Europe in the high (RCP8.5) emission scenario. We use high-resolution, dynamically downscaled regional climate models (RCM) to drive a storm surge model and a hydrological model, and analyze the joint occurrence of high coastal water levels and associated river peaks in a multivariate copula-based approach. The RCM-forced multimodel mean reasonably represents the observed spatial pattern of the dependence strength between annual maxima surge and peak river discharge, although substantial discrepancies exist between observed and simulated dependence strength. All models overestimate the dependence strength, possibly due to limitations in model parameterizations. This bias affects compound flood hazard estimates and requires further investigation. While our results suggest decreasing compound flood hazard over the majority of sites by 2050s (2040-2069) compared to the reference period (1985-2005), an increase in projected compound flood hazard is limited to around 34\% of the sites. Further, we show the substantial role of SLR, a driver of compound floods, which has frequently been neglected. Our findings highlight the need to be aware of the limitations of the current generation of Earth system models in simulating coastal compound floods.}, language = {en} } @article{MetinDungSchroeteretal.2020, author = {Metin, Ayse Duha and Dung, Nguyen Viet and Schr{\"o}ter, Kai and Vorogushyn, Sergiy and Guse, Bj{\"o}rn and Kreibich, Heidi and Merz, Bruno}, title = {The role of spatial dependence for large-scale flood risk estimation}, series = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences}, volume = {20}, journal = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences}, number = {4}, publisher = {European Geosciences Union (EGU) ; Copernicus}, address = {G{\"o}ttingen}, issn = {1561-8633}, doi = {10.5194/nhess-20-967-2020}, pages = {967 -- 979}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Flood risk assessments are typically based on scenarios which assume homogeneous return periods of flood peaks throughout the catchment. This assumption is unrealistic for real flood events and may bias risk estimates for specific return periods. We investigate how three assumptions about the spatial dependence affect risk estimates: (i) spatially homogeneous scenarios (complete dependence), (ii) spatially heterogeneous scenarios (modelled dependence) and (iii) spatially heterogeneous but uncorrelated scenarios (complete independence). To this end, the model chain RFM (regional flood model) is applied to the Elbe catchment in Germany, accounting for the spatio-temporal dynamics of all flood generation processes, from the rainfall through catchment and river system processes to damage mechanisms. Different assumptions about the spatial dependence do not influence the expected annual damage (EAD); however, they bias the risk curve, i.e. the cumulative distribution function of damage. The widespread assumption of complete dependence strongly overestimates flood damage of the order of 100\% for return periods larger than approximately 200 years. On the other hand, for small and medium floods with return periods smaller than approximately 50 years, damage is underestimated. The overestimation aggravates when risk is estimated for larger areas. This study demonstrates the importance of representing the spatial dependence of flood peaks and damage for risk assessments.}, language = {en} } @article{MuehlenbeckPritschWartenburgeretal.2020, author = {M{\"u}hlenbeck, Cordelia Anna and Pritsch, Carla and Wartenburger, Isabell and Telkemeyer, Silke and Liebal, Katja}, title = {Attentional bias to facial expressions of different emotions}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00795}, pages = {9}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The attentional bias to negative information enables humans to quickly identify and to respond appropriately to potentially threatening situations. Because of its adaptive function, the enhanced sensitivity to negative information is expected to represent a universal trait, shared by all humans regardless of their cultural background. However, existing research focuses almost exclusively on humans from Western industrialized societies, who are not representative for the human species. Therefore, we compare humans from two distinct cultural contexts: adolescents and children from Germany, a Western industrialized society, and from the not equal Akhoe Hai parallel to om, semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers in Namibia. We predicted that both groups show an attentional bias toward negative facial expressions as compared to neutral or positive faces. We used eye-tracking to measure their fixation duration on facial expressions depicting different emotions, including negative (fear, anger), positive (happy), and neutral faces. Both Germans and the not equal Akhoe Hai parallel to om gazed longer at fearful faces, but shorter on angry faces, challenging the notion of a general bias toward negative emotions. For happy faces, fixation durations varied between the two groups, suggesting more flexibility in the response to positive emotions. Our findings emphasize the need for placing research on emotion perception into an evolutionary, cross-cultural comparative framework that considers the adaptive significance of specific emotions, rather than differentiating between positive and negative information, and enables systematic comparisons across participants from diverse cultural backgrounds.}, language = {en} } @article{Franzke2020, author = {Franzke, Jochen}, title = {Deutschlands Krisenmanagement in der CORONA-Pandemie.}, series = {Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej}, volume = {14}, journal = {Rocznik Integracji Europejskiej}, publisher = {Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu}, address = {Poznań}, issn = {1899-6256}, doi = {10.14746/rie.2020.14.21}, pages = {325 -- 342}, year = {2020}, language = {de} } @article{RamachandranRupakhetiLawrence2020, author = {Ramachandran, Srikanthan and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Lawrence, Mark}, title = {Black carbon dominates the aerosol absorption over the Indo-Gangetic Plain and the Himalayan foothills}, series = {Environment international : a journal of science, technology, health, monitoring and policy}, volume = {142}, journal = {Environment international : a journal of science, technology, health, monitoring and policy}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Oxford}, issn = {0160-4120}, doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2020.105814}, pages = {12}, year = {2020}, abstract = {This study, based on new and high quality in situ observations, quantifies for the first time, the individual contributions of light-absorbing aerosols (black carbon (BC), brown carbon (BrC) and dust) to aerosol absorption over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) and the Himalayan foothill region, a relatively poorly studied region with several sensitive ecosystems of global importance, as well as highly vulnerable populations. The annual and seasonal average single scattering albedo (SSA) over Kathmandu is the lowest of all the locations. The SSA over Kathmandu is < 0.89 during all seasons, which confirms the dominance of light-absorbing carbonaceous aerosols from local and regional sources over Kathmandu. It is observed here that the SSA decreases with increasing elevation, confirming the dominance of light absorbing carbonaceous aerosols at higher elevations. In contrast, the SSA over the IGP does not exhibit a pronounced spatial variation. BC dominates (>= 75\%) the aerosol absorption over the IGP and the Himalayan foothills throughout the year. Higher BC concentration at elevated locations in the Himalayas leads to lower SSA at elevated locations in the Himalayas. The contribution of dust to aerosol absorption is higher throughout the year over the IGP than over the Himalayan foothills. The aerosol absorption over South Asia is very high, exceeding available observations over East Asia, and also exceeds previous model estimates. This quantification will be valuable as observational constraints to help improve regional simulations of climate change, impacts on the glaciers and the hydrological cycle, and will help to direct the focus towards BC as the main contributor to aerosol-induced warming in the region.}, language = {en} } @article{RamachandranRupakhetiLawrence2020, author = {Ramachandran, Srikanthan and Rupakheti, Maheswar and Lawrence, Mark}, title = {Aerosol-induced atmospheric heating rate decreases over South and East Asia as a result of changing content and composition}, series = {Scientific reports}, volume = {10}, journal = {Scientific reports}, number = {1}, publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature}, address = {[London]}, issn = {2045-2322}, doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-76936-z}, pages = {17}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Aerosol emissions from human activities are extensive and changing rapidly over Asia. Model simulations and satellite observations indicate a dipole pattern in aerosol emissions and loading between South Asia and East Asia, two of the most heavily polluted regions of the world. We examine the previously unexplored diverging trends in the existing dipole pattern of aerosols between East and South Asia using the high quality, two-decade long ground-based time series of observations of aerosol properties from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET), from satellites (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)), and from model simulations (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). The data cover the period since 2001 for Kanpur (South Asia) and Beijing (East Asia), two locations taken as being broadly representative of the respective regions. Since 2010 a dipole in aerosol optical depth (AOD) is maintained, but the trend is reversed-the decrease in AOD over Beijing (East Asia) is rapid since 2010, being 17\% less in current decade compared to first decade of twenty-first century, while the AOD over South Asia increased by 12\% during the same period. Furthermore, we find that the aerosol composition is also changing over time. The single scattering albedo (SSA), a measure of aerosol's absorption capacity and related to aerosol composition, is slightly higher over Beijing than Kanpur, and has increased from 0.91 in 2002 to 0.93 in 2017 over Beijing and from 0.89 to 0.92 during the same period over Kanpur, confirming that aerosols in this region have on an average become more scattering in nature. These changes have led to a notable decrease in aerosol-induced atmospheric heating rate (HR) over both regions between the two decades, decreasing considerably more over East Asia (- 31\%) than over South Asia (- 9\%). The annual mean HR is lower now, it is still large (>= 0.6 K per day), which has significant climate implications. The seasonal trends in AOD, SSA and HR are more pronounced than their respective annual trends over both regions. The seasonal trends are caused mainly by the increase/decrease in anthropogenic aerosol emissions (sulfate, black carbon and organic carbon) while the natural aerosols (dust and sea salt) did not change significantly over South and East Asia during the last two decades. The MERRA-2 model is able to simulate the observed trends in AODs well but not the magnitude, while it also did not simulate the SSA values or trends well. These robust findings based on observations of key aerosol parameters and previously unrecognized diverging trends over South and East Asia need to be accounted for in current state-of-the-art climate models to ensure accurate quantification of the complex and evolving impact of aerosols on the regional climate over Asia.}, language = {en} } @article{MejiaMonasterioMetzlerVollmer2020, author = {Mejia-Monasterio, Carlos and Metzler, Ralf and Vollmer, J{\"u}rgen}, title = {Editorial: anomalous transport}, series = {Frontiers in Physics}, volume = {8}, journal = {Frontiers in Physics}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2296-424X}, doi = {10.3389/fphy.2020.622417}, pages = {4}, year = {2020}, language = {en} } @article{KruseKolmogorovPestryakovaetal.2020, author = {Kruse, Stefan and Kolmogorov, Aleksey I. and Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna and Herzschuh, Ulrike}, title = {Long-lived larch clones may conserve adaptations that could restrict treeline migration in northern Siberia}, series = {Ecology and evolution}, volume = {10}, journal = {Ecology and evolution}, number = {18}, publisher = {Wiley}, address = {Hoboken}, issn = {2045-7758}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.6660}, pages = {10017 -- 10030}, year = {2020}, abstract = {The occurrence of refugia beyond the arctic treeline and genetic adaptation therein play a crucial role of largely unknown effect size. While refugia have potential for rapidly colonizing the tundra under global warming, the taxa may be maladapted to the new environmental conditions. Understanding the genetic composition and age of refugia is thus crucial for predicting any migration response. Here, we genotype 194 larch individuals from an similar to 1.8 km(2)area in northcentral Siberia on the southern Taimyr Peninsula by applying an assay of 16 nuclear microsatellite markers. For estimating the age of clonal individuals, we counted tree rings at sections along branches to establish a lateral growth rate that was then combined with geographic distance. Findings reveal that the predominant reproduction type is clonal (58.76\%) by short distance spreading of ramets. One outlier of clones 1 km apart could have been dispersed by reindeer. In clonal groups and within individuals, we find that somatic mutations accumulate with geographic distance. Clonal groups of two or more individuals are observed. Clonal age estimates regularly suggest individuals as old as 2,200 years, which coincides with a major environmental change that forced a treeline retreat in the region. We conclude that individuals with clonal growth mode were naturally selected as it lowers the likely risk of extinction under a harsh environment. We discuss this legacy from the past that might now be a maladaptation and hinder expansion under currently strongly increasing temperatures.}, language = {en} }