@article{MuldashevSobolev2020, author = {Muldashev, Iskander A. and Sobolev, Stephan}, title = {What controls maximum magnitudes of giant subduction earthquakes?}, series = {Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems}, volume = {21}, journal = {Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems}, number = {9}, publisher = {American Geophysical Union}, address = {Washington}, issn = {1525-2027}, doi = {10.1029/2020GC009145}, pages = {15}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Giant earthquakes with magnitudes above 8.5 occur only in subduction zones. Despite the developments made in observing large subduction zone earthquakes with geophysical instruments, the factors controlling the maximum size of these earthquakes are still poorly understood. Previous studies have suggested the importance of slab shape, roughness of the plate interface contact, state of the strain in the upper plate, thickness of sediments filling the trenches, and subduction rate. Here, we present 2-D cross-scale numerical models of seismic cycles for subduction zones with various geometries, subduction channel friction configurations, and subduction rates. We found that low-angle subduction and thick sediments in the subduction channel are the necessary conditions for generating giant earthquakes, while the subduction rate has a negligible effect. We suggest that these key parameters determine the maximum magnitude of a subduction earthquake by controlling the seismogenic zone width and smoothness of the subduction interface. This interpretation supports previous studies that are based upon observations and scaling laws. Our modeling results also suggest that low static friction in the sediment-filled subduction channel results in neutral or moderate compressive deformation in the overriding plate for low-angle subduction zones hosting giant earthquakes. These modeling results agree well with observations for the largest earthquakes. Based on our models we predict maximum magnitudes of subduction earthquakes worldwide, demonstrating the fit to magnitudes of all giant earthquakes of the 20th and 21st centuries and good agreement with the predictions based on statistical analyses of observations.}, language = {en} } @article{Schuster2020, author = {Schuster, Dirk}, title = {Exclusive border crossing considerations on exclusive, inner-religious demarcations}, series = {Interdisciplinary journal for religion and transformation in contemporary society : J-RaT}, volume = {5}, journal = {Interdisciplinary journal for religion and transformation in contemporary society : J-RaT}, number = {2}, publisher = {Brill}, address = {Leiden}, issn = {2365-3140}, doi = {10.30965/23642807-00502009}, pages = {469 -- 492}, year = {2020}, abstract = {From 1933, the inner Protestant 'German Christians Church Movement' from Thuringia took control over some Protestant regional churches in Germany. For the German Christians the main motives of their agitation were the creation of a 'volkisch' belief system based on race, Christianity and 'dejudaization' (of Christianity).
Based on the theoretical considerations of spaces, boundaries and exclusion, the article uses the example of the German Christians to show under which conditions individuals are denied entry into an imaginary religious space. 'Exclusivist border crossings,' as this phenomena is named here on the theoretical perspective, can explain how religious arguments exclude people from entering a religious space such as salvation when the access criteria are linked to birth-related conditions.}, language = {en} } @article{GrossClausWohlseinetal.2020, author = {Gross, Stephanie and Claus, Philip and Wohlsein, Peter and Kesselring, Tina and Lakemeyer, Jan and Reckendorf, Anja and Roller, Marco and Tiedemann, Ralph and Siebert, Ursula}, title = {Indication of lethal interactions between a solitary bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the German Baltic Sea}, series = {BMC zoology}, volume = {5}, journal = {BMC zoology}, number = {1}, publisher = {BMC}, address = {London}, issn = {2056-3132}, doi = {10.1186/s40850-020-00061-7}, pages = {9}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Background Aggressive interactions between bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) have been reported in different parts of the world since the late 1990s. In the Baltic Sea, harbor porpoises are the only native cetacean species, while bottlenose dolphins may appear there temporarily. In the fall of 2016, a solitary male photo-identified bottlenose dolphin stayed in the German Baltic Sea of Schleswig-Holstein for 3 months. During that time, the necropsies of the stranded harbor porpoises revealed types of trauma of varying degrees in six animals, which is unusual in this area. The purpose of this study was to determine if the appearance of the bottlenose dolphin could be linked to the trauma of the harbor porpoise carcasses. Results Pathological findings in these animals included subcutaneous, thoracic and abdominal hemorrhages, multiple, mainly bilateral, rib fractures, and one instance of lung laceration. These findings correspond with the previously reported dolphin-caused injuries in other regions. Moreover, public sighting reports showed a spatial and temporal correlation between the appearance of the dolphin and the stranding of fatally injured harbor porpoises. Conclusion Despite the fact that no attack has been witnessed in German waters to date, our findings indicate the first record of lethal interactions between a bottlenose dolphin and harbor porpoises in the German Baltic Sea. Furthermore, to our knowledge, this is the first report of porpoise aggression by a socially isolated bottlenose dolphin.}, language = {en} } @article{KoonceTikhonenkoGraef2020, author = {Koonce, Michael and Tikhonenko, Irina and Gr{\"a}f, Ralph}, title = {Dictyostelium cell fixation}, series = {Methods and protocols}, volume = {3}, journal = {Methods and protocols}, number = {3}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2409-9279}, doi = {10.3390/mps3030047}, pages = {6}, year = {2020}, abstract = {We share two simple modifications to enhance the fixation and imaging of relatively small, motile, and rounded model cells. These include cell centrifugation and the addition of trace amounts of glutaraldehyde to existing fixation methods. Though they need to be carefully considered in each context, they have been useful to our studies of the spatial relationships of the microtubule cytoskeletal system.}, language = {en} } @article{BoernertRinglebWestphalZarubaetal.2020, author = {B{\"o}rnert-Ringleb, Moritz and Westphal, Andrea and Zaruba, Nicole and Gutmann, Franziska and Vock, Miriam}, title = {The relationship between attitudes toward inclusion, beliefs about teaching and learning, and subsequent automatic evaluations amongst student teachers}, series = {Frontiers in education}, volume = {5}, journal = {Frontiers in education}, publisher = {Frontiers Media}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {2504-284X}, doi = {10.3389/feduc.2020.584464}, pages = {11}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Teachers' attitudes toward inclusion are frequently cited as being an important predictor of how successfully a given inclusive school system is implemented. At the same time, beliefs about the nature of teaching and learning are discussed as a possible predictor of attitudes toward inclusion. However, more recent research emphasizes the need of considering implicit processes, such as automatic evaluations, when describing attitudes and beliefs. Previous evidence on the association of attitudes toward inclusion and beliefs about teaching and learning is solely based on explicit reports. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between attitudes toward inclusion, beliefs about teaching and learning, and the subsequent automatic evaluations of pre-service teachers (N = 197). The results revealed differences between pre-service teachers' explicit attitudes/beliefs and their subsequent automatic evaluations. Differences in the relationship between attitudes toward inclusion and beliefs about teaching and learning occur when teachers focus either on explicit measures or automatic evaluations. These differences might be due to different facets of the same attitude object being represented. Relying solely on either explicit measures or automatic evaluations at the exclusion of the other might lead to erroneous assumptions about the relation of attitudes toward inclusion and beliefs about teaching and learning.}, language = {en} } @article{HudsonHagedoornBubeck2020, author = {Hudson, Paul and Hagedoorn, Liselotte and Bubeck, Philip}, title = {Potential linkages between social capital, flood risk perceptions, and self-efficacy}, series = {International journal of disaster risk science}, volume = {11}, journal = {International journal of disaster risk science}, number = {3}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Berlin}, issn = {2095-0055}, doi = {10.1007/s13753-020-00259-w}, pages = {251 -- 262}, year = {2020}, abstract = {A growing focus is being placed on both individuals and communities to adapt to flooding as part of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030. Adaptation to flooding requires sufficient social capital (linkages between members of society), risk perceptions (understanding of risk), and self-efficacy (self-perceived ability to limit disaster impacts) to be effective. However, there is limited understanding of how social capital, risk perceptions, and self-efficacy interact. We seek to explore how social capital interacts with variables known to increase the likelihood of successful adaptation. To study these linkages we analyze survey data of 1010 respondents across two communities in Thua Tien-Hue Province in central Vietnam, using ordered probit models. We find positive correlations between social capital, risk perceptions, and self-efficacy overall. This is a partly contrary finding to what was found in previous studies linking these concepts in Europe, which may be a result from the difference in risk context. The absence of an overall negative exchange between these factors has positive implications for proactive flood risk adaptation.}, language = {en} } @article{KolyvushkoLatzkeDahmanietal.2020, author = {Kolyvushko, Oleksandr and Latzke, Juliane and Dahmani, Ismail and Osterrieder, Nikolaus and Chiantia, Salvatore and Azab, Walid}, title = {Differentially-charged liposomes interact with alphaherpesviruses and interfere with virus entry}, series = {Pathogens}, volume = {9}, journal = {Pathogens}, number = {5}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2076-0817}, doi = {10.3390/pathogens9050359}, pages = {9}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is induced by infection with several members of the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. There is evidence that PS is used by the equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) during entry, but the exact role of PS and other phospholipids in the entry process remains unknown. Here, we investigated the interaction of differently charged phospholipids with virus particles and determined their influence on infection. Our data show that liposomes containing negatively charged PS or positively charged DOTAP (N-[1-(2,3-Dioleoyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium) inhibited EHV-1 infection, while neutral phosphatidylcholine (PC) had no effect. Inhibition of infection with PS was transient, decreased with time, and was dose dependent. Our findings indicate that both cationic and anionic phospholipids can interact with the virus and reduce infectivity, while, presumably, acting through different mechanisms. Charged phospholipids were found to have antiviral effects and may be used to inhibit EHV-1 infection.}, language = {en} } @article{MendelHercherZupoketal.2020, author = {Mendel, Ralf R. and Hercher, Thomas W. and Zupok, Arkadiusz and Hasnat, Muhammad Abrar and Leimk{\"u}hler, Silke}, title = {The requirement of inorganic Fe-S clusters for the biosynthesis of the organometallic molybdenum cofactor}, series = {Inorganics : open access journal}, volume = {8}, journal = {Inorganics : open access journal}, number = {7}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {2304-6740}, doi = {10.3390/inorganics8070043}, pages = {23}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are essential protein cofactors. In enzymes, they are present either in the rhombic [2Fe-2S] or the cubic [4Fe-4S] form, where they are involved in catalysis and electron transfer and in the biosynthesis of metal-containing prosthetic groups like the molybdenum cofactor (Moco). Here, we give an overview of the assembly of Fe-S clusters in bacteria and humans and present their connection to the Moco biosynthesis pathway. In all organisms, Fe-S cluster assembly starts with the abstraction of sulfur froml-cysteine and its transfer to a scaffold protein. After formation, Fe-S clusters are transferred to carrier proteins that insert them into recipient apo-proteins. In eukaryotes like humans and plants, Fe-S cluster assembly takes place both in mitochondria and in the cytosol. Both Moco biosynthesis and Fe-S cluster assembly are highly conserved among all kingdoms of life. Moco is a tricyclic pterin compound with molybdenum coordinated through its unique dithiolene group. Moco biosynthesis begins in the mitochondria in a Fe-S cluster dependent step involving radical/S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) chemistry. An intermediate is transferred to the cytosol where the dithiolene group is formed, to which molybdenum is finally added. Further connections between Fe-S cluster assembly and Moco biosynthesis are discussed in detail.}, language = {en} } @article{LevyMussackBrunneretal.2020, author = {Levy, Jessica and Mussack, Dominic and Brunner, Martin and Keller, Ulrich and Cardoso-Leite, Pedro and Fischbach, Antoine}, title = {Contrasting classical and machine learning approaches in the estimation of value-added scores in large-scale educational data}, series = {Frontiers in psychology}, volume = {11}, journal = {Frontiers in psychology}, publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation}, address = {Lausanne}, issn = {1664-1078}, doi = {10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02190}, pages = {18}, year = {2020}, abstract = {There is no consensus on which statistical model estimates school value-added (VA) most accurately. To date, the two most common statistical models used for the calculation of VA scores are two classical methods: linear regression and multilevel models. These models have the advantage of being relatively transparent and thus understandable for most researchers and practitioners. However, these statistical models are bound to certain assumptions (e.g., linearity) that might limit their prediction accuracy. Machine learning methods, which have yielded spectacular results in numerous fields, may be a valuable alternative to these classical models. Although big data is not new in general, it is relatively new in the realm of social sciences and education. New types of data require new data analytical approaches. Such techniques have already evolved in fields with a long tradition in crunching big data (e.g., gene technology). The objective of the present paper is to competently apply these "imported" techniques to education data, more precisely VA scores, and assess when and how they can extend or replace the classical psychometrics toolbox. The different models include linear and non-linear methods and extend classical models with the most commonly used machine learning methods (i.e., random forest, neural networks, support vector machines, and boosting). We used representative data of 3,026 students in 153 schools who took part in the standardized achievement tests of the Luxembourg School Monitoring Program in grades 1 and 3. Multilevel models outperformed classical linear and polynomial regressions, as well as different machine learning models. However, it could be observed that across all schools, school VA scores from different model types correlated highly. Yet, the percentage of disagreements as compared to multilevel models was not trivial and real-life implications for individual schools may still be dramatic depending on the model type used. Implications of these results and possible ethical concerns regarding the use of machine learning methods for decision-making in education are discussed.}, language = {en} } @article{CavaelDiehlLentzsch2020, author = {Cavael, Ulrike and Diehl, Katharina and Lentzsch, Peter}, title = {Assessment of growth suppression in apple production with replant soils}, series = {Ecological indicators : integrating monitoring, assessment and management}, volume = {109}, journal = {Ecological indicators : integrating monitoring, assessment and management}, publisher = {Elsevier Science}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {1470-160X}, doi = {10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.105846}, pages = {9}, year = {2020}, abstract = {Apple replant disease (ARD) is a specific apple-related form of soil fertility loss due to unidentified causes and is also known as soil fatigue. The effect typically appears in monoculture production sites and leads to production decreases of up to 50\%, even though the cultivation practice remains the same. However, an indication of replant disease is challenged by the lack of specification of the particular microbial group responsible for ARD. The objective of this study was to establish an algorithm for estimating growth suppression in orchards irrespective of the unknowns in the complex causal relationship by assessing plant-soil interaction in the orchard several years after planting. Based on a comparison between no-replant and replant soils, the Alternaria group (Ag) was identified as a soil-fungal population responding to replant with abundance. The trunk cross-sectional area (CSA) was found to be a practical and robust parameter representing below-ground and above-ground tree performance. Suppression of tree vigour was therefore calculated by dividing the two inversely related parameters, Q = ln(Ag)/CSA, as a function of soil-fungal proportions and plant responses at the single-tree level. On this basis, five clusters of tree vigour suppression (Q) were defined: (1) no tree vigour suppression/vital (0\%), (2) escalating (- 38\%), (3) strong (- 53\%), (4) very strong (- 62\%), and (5) critical (- 74\%). By calculating Q at the level of the single tree, trees were clustered according to tree vigour suppression. The weighted frequency of clusters in the field allowed replant impact to be quantified at field level. Applied to a case study on sandy brown, dry diluvial soils in Brandenburg, Germany, the calculated tree vigour suppression was 46\% compared to the potential tree vigour on no-replant soil in the same field. It is highly likely that the calculated growth suppression corresponds to ARD-impact This result is relevant for identifying functional changes in soil and for monitoring the economic effects of soil fatigue in apple orchards, particularly where long-period crop rotation or plot exchange are improbable.}, language = {en} }