@article{ThiedeArrowsmithBookhagenetal.2006,
  author    = {Thiede, Rasmus Christoph and Arrowsmith, J. Ram{\´o}n and Bookhagen, Bodo and McWilliams, Michael O. and Sobel, Edward and Strecker, Manfred},
  title     = {Dome formation and extension in the Tethyan Himalaya, Leo Pargil, northwest India},
  doi       = {10.1130/B25872.1},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {Metamorphic dome complexes occur within the internal structures of the northern Himalaya and southern Tibet. Their origin, deformation, and fault displacement patterns are poorly constrained. We report new field mapping, structural data, and cooling ages from the western flank of the Leo Pargil dome in the northwestern Himalaya in an attempt to characterize its post-middle Miocene structural development. The western flank of the dome is characterized by shallow, west-dipping pervasive foliation and WNW-ESE mineral lineation. Shear-sense indicators demonstrate that it is affected by east-west normal faulting that facilitated exhumation of high-grade metamorphic rocks in a contractional setting. Sustained top-to-northwest normal faulting during exhumation is observed in a progressive transition from ductile to brittle deformation. Garnet and kyanite indicate that the Leo Pargil dome was exhumed from the mid-crust. Ar- 40/Ar-39 mica and apatite fission track (AFT) ages constrain cooling and exhumation pathways front 350 to 60 degrees C and suggest that the dome cooled in three stages since the middle Miocene. Ar-40/Ar-39 white mica ages of 16-14 Ma suggest a first phase of rapid cooling and provide minimum estimates for the onset of dome exhumation. AFT ages between 10 and 8 Ma suggest that ductile fault displacement had ceased by then, and AFT track-length data from high-elevation samples indicate that the rate of cooling had decreased significantly. We interpret this to indicate decreased fault displacement along the Leo Pargil shear zone and possibly a transition to the Kaurik-Chango normal fault system between 10 and 6 Ma. AFT ages from lower elevations indicate accelerated cooling since the Pliocene that cannot be related to pure fault displacement, and therefore may reflect more pronounced regionally distributed and erosion-driven exhumation},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ThiedeArrowsmithBookhagenetal.2005,
  author    = {Thiede, Rasmus Christoph and Arrowsmith, J. Ram{\´o}n and Bookhagen, Bodo and McWilliams, Michael O. and Sobel, Edward and Strecker, Manfred},
  title     = {From tectonically to erosionally controlled development of the Himalayan orogen},
  issn      = {0091-7613},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Whether variations in the spatial distribution of erosion influence the location, style, and magnitude of deformation within the Himalayan orogen is a matter of debate. We report new Ar-40/Ar-39 white mica and apatite fission- track (AFT) ages that measure the vertical component of exhumation rates along an similar to 120-km-wide NE-SW transect spanning the greater Sutlej region of northwest India. The Ar-40/Ar-39 data indicate that first the High Himalayan Crystalline units cooled below their closing temperature during the early to middle Miocene. Subsequently, Lesser Himalayan Crystalline nappes cooled rapidly, indicating southward propagation of the orogen during late Miocene to Pliocene time. The AFT data, in contrast, imply synchronous exhumation of a NE-SW-oriented similar to 80 x 40 km region spanning both crystalline nappes during the Pliocene-Quaternary. The locus of pronounced exhumation defined by the AFT data correlates with a region of high precipitation, discharge, and sediment flux rates during the Holocene. This correlation suggests that although tectonic processes exerted the dominant control on the denudation pattern before and until the middle Miocene; erosion may have been the most important factor since the Pliocene},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HokeGarzioneAraneoetal.2009,
  author    = {Hoke, Gregory D. and Garzione, Carmala N. and Araneo, Diego C. and Latorre, Claudio and Strecker, Manfred and Williams, Kendra J.},
  title     = {The stable isotope altimeter : do quaternary pedogenic carbonates predict modern elevations?},
  issn      = {0091-7613},
  doi       = {10.1130/G30308a.1},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Stable isotope altimetry is a useful tool for estimating paleoelevation in sedimentary records. Yet questions remain regarding how source moisture, climate, and local topography can influence these estimates. Here we present stable isotope altimetry results on late Quaternary pedogenic carbonates of known elevation on both flanks of the Andean orogen at 33 degrees S. We measured delta O-18 values of pedogenic carbonates and river water samples from small drainages at regular elevation increments within the Rio Aconcagua (Chile) and Rio Mendoza (Argentina) catchments. The delta O-18 values of river waters correlate well with elevation and show similar isotopic gradients between the Chilean (-3.7 parts per thousand/km) and Argentine (-4.8 parts per thousand/km) sides of the range. Uncertainties associated with scatter in the river water data and assumptions about the temperature of carbonate formation indicate that elevation estimates have 1 sigma errors of 350-450 m. We estimate the isotopic composition of soil water from pedogenic carbonates on both sides of the range by assuming mean annual temperatures based the modern temperature lapse rate from meteorological station data. Combined, our data show that stable isotope altimetry produces reasonable estimates of modern elevation, with the majority of our samples (60\%) within the 1 sigma uncertainties and 77\% within 2 sigma.},
  language  = {en}
}