@article{BroscheitBuetowEnglertetal.1996,
  author    = {Broscheit, Frank and B{\"u}tow, Martin and Englert, Wolfgang and Jahn, Gert and Klohn, Werner and Knitschky, Wolfgang and Reinecke, Hans-Joachim and M{\"u}ller, Helmut and Reinhardt, Karl Heinz and Schmidt, Marianne and Schmidtke, Kurt-Dietmar and Sch{\"o}pflin, F. and Starke, Rainer and Vahldiek, B. W. and Wehrs, Klaus and Wetzel, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Seydlitz Erdkunde 2},
  publisher = {Schroedel},
  address   = {Hannover},
  pages     = {128 S.},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserWyschkonSchmidtetal.2008,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Wyschkon, Anne and Schmidt, Martin H. and Blanz, Bernhard and Ihle, Wolfgang},
  title     = {Ein Entwicklungsmodell des Substanzmissbrauchs im fr{\"u}hen Erwachsenenalter},
  issn      = {0942-5403},
  doi       = {10.1026/0942-5403.17.1.31},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HomBlomeyerSchmidtetal.2007,
  author    = {Hom, Erika and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Jugendliche die fr{\"u}hzeitig rauchen und trinken : eine Risikogruppe?},
  issn      = {1661-4747},
  doi       = {10.1024/1661-4747.55.3.155},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {Epidemiological studies have reported elevated rates of legal drug consumption among adolescents in Germany. The aim of this study was to ascertain patterns and parameters of smoking and drinking in early-users as well as to examine possible determinants of risky patterns of use. Participants were from a longitudinal study of a birth cohort of 384 children at risk. Assessments of adolescent drug consumption as well as of individual and social determinants were obtained at age 15. Adolescents drinking and smoking during the same period (past four weeks) were characterized by more excessive and impulsive consumption and by higher rates of cannabis use. No specific determinants of concurrent use could be found. These findings suggest that adolescents displaying early concurrent tobacco and alcohol use may be at higher risk for substance use problems and should be targeted by prevention programs.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchmidtEsserIhleetal.2009,
  author    = {Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Ihle, Wolfgang and Lay, Barbara},
  title     = {Die Bedeutung psychischer und famili{\"a}rer Faktoren f{\"u}r die Delinquenzentwicklung bis ins Erwachsenenalter},
  issn      = {0026-9301},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Es werden Befunde aus einer prospektiven Laengsschnittstudie praesentiert, in der 321 Probanden im Alter von 8, 13, 18 und 25 Jahren untersucht werden konnten; ihre Dunkelfelddelinquenz wurde mit 18 und 25 Jahren erfasst. Wir suchten nach Assoziationen zur Delinquenzentwicklung und erwarteten Unterschiede zwischen auf das Jugendalter beschraenkter gegenueber ins fruehe Erwachsenenalter fortgesetzter sowie spaet, d.h. nach dem Alter von 18 Jahren, beginnender Delinquenz. Wir fanden gemeinsame Risikofaktoren und fuer die drei Verlaufstypen spezifische Risikokonstellationen, die eher im Jugendalter als in der Kindheit identifiziert wurden. Widrige familiaere Bedingungen, Entwicklungsverzoegerungen und psychische Stoerungen scheinen mit Delinquenz als eher persistentem Verhalten assoziiert.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{PitzerEsserSchmidtetal.2009,
  author    = {Pitzer, Martina and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Temperamental predictors of externalizing problems among boys and girls : a longitudinal study in a high-risk sample from ages 3 months to 15 years},
  issn      = {0940-1334},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00406-009-0009-1},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {In a high-risk community sample, we examined the role of regulative temperament and emotionality as well as the extent of gender specificity in the development of externalizing problems. 151 boys and 157 girls born at differing degrees of obstetric and psychosocial risk were followed from birth into adolescence. In infancy and childhood, NYLS- derived temperamental characteristics were assessed by a highly structured parent interview and standardized behavioral observations. At age 15 years, externalizing problems were measured by the Child Behavior Checklist. As revealed by multiple linear regression and logistic regression, low regulative abilities predicted adolescent behavioral and attentional problems over and above obstetric and psychosocial risks. Gender specificity was found in the strength of the association rather than in the kind with a stronger long-term prediction from infant and toddler temperament in girls. Compared to regulative abilities, temperament factors describing aspects of mood and fear/withdrawal versus approach tendencies played a minor role in the development of externalizing problems. Findings are discussed in terms of gender-specific risk factors and possible differential developmental trajectories to subtypes of disruptive behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchmidBlomeyerBeckeretal.2009,
  author    = {Schmid, Brigitte and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Becker, Katja and Treutlein, Jens and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Buchmann, Arlette F. and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Rietschel, Marcella and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {The interaction between the dopamine transporter gene and age at onset in relation to tobacco and alcohol use among 19-year-olds},
  issn      = {1355-6215},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1369-1600.2009.00171.x},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Recent evidence suggests that heterogeneity in the age at onset could explain the inconsistent findings of association studies relating the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene with alcohol and nicotine consumption. The aim of this study was to examine interactions between two DAT1 polymorphisms and different initiation ages with regard to alcohol and tobacco consumption levels and dependence. Two hundred and ninety-one young adults (135 males, 156 females) participating in the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk were genotyped for the 40-bp variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) and rs27072 polymorphisms of DAT1. Age at initiation was assessed at age 15 and 19 years. Information about current alcohol and tobacco consumption was obtained at age 19 years using self-report measures and structured interviews. Results suggest that age at onset of intensive consumption moderated the association of the DAT1 gene with early adult substance use and dependence, revealing a DAT1 effect only among individuals homozygous for the 10r allele of the 40-bp VNTR who had started daily smoking or being intoxicated early in life. Equally, carriers of the T allele of the rs27072 polymorphism reporting an early age at first intoxication showed higher current alcohol consumption at age 19 years. In contrast, no interaction between rs27072 and the age at first cigarette with regard to later smoking was observed. These findings provide evidence that the DAT1 gene interacts with an early heavy or regular drug exposure of the maturing adolescent brain to predict substance (ab)use in young adulthood. Further studies are required to confirm these findings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BuchmannBlomeyerJennenSteinmetzetal.2013,
  author    = {Buchmann, Arlette F. and Blomeyer, Dorothea and Jennen-Steinmetz, Christine and Schmidt, Martin H. and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Banaschewski, Tobias and Laucht, Manfred},
  title     = {Early smoking onset may promise initial pleasurable sensations and later addiction},
  series = {Addiction biology},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Addiction biology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1369-1600},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00377.x},
  pages     = {947 -- 954},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {There is converging evidence suggesting a particular susceptibility to the addictive properties of nicotine among adolescents. The aim of the current study was to prospectively ascertain the relationship between age at first cigarette and initial smoking experiences, and to examine the combined effects of these characteristics of adolescent smoking behavior on adult smoking. It was hypothesized that the association between earlier age at first cigarette and later development of nicotine dependence may, at least in part, be attributable to differences in experiencing pleasurable early smoking sensations. Data were drawn from the participants of the Mannheim Study of Children at Risk, an ongoing epidemiological cohort study from birth to adulthood. Structured interviews at age 15, 19 and 22 years were conducted to assess the age at first cigarette, early smoking experiences and current smoking behavior in 213 young adults. In addition, the participants completed the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence. Adolescents who smoked their first cigarette at an earlier age reported more pleasurable sensations from the cigarette, and they were more likely to be regular smokers at age 22. The age at first cigarette also predicted the number of cigarettes smoked and dependence at age 22. Thus, both the age of first cigarette and the pleasure experienced from the cigarette independently predicted aspects of smoking at age 22.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JedrusikBodeStudenckaSmolkaetal.2013,
  author    = {Jedrusik-Bode, Monika and Studencka, Maja and Smolka, Christian and Baumann, Tobias and Schmidt, Henning and Kampf, Jan and Paap, Franziska and Martin, Sophie and Tazi, Jamal and M{\"u}ller, Kristian M. and Kr{\"u}ger, Marcus and Braun, Thomas and Bober, Eva},
  title     = {The sirtuin SIRT6 regulates stress granule formation in C. elegans and mammals},
  series = {Journal of cell science},
  volume    = {126},
  journal   = {Journal of cell science},
  number    = {22},
  publisher = {Company of Biologists Limited},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {0021-9533},
  doi       = {10.1242/jcs.130708},
  pages     = {5166 -- +},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {SIRT6 is a NAD(+)-dependent deacetylase that modulates chromatin structure and safeguards genomic stability. Until now, SIRT6 has been assigned to the nucleus and only nuclear targets of SIRT6 are known. Here, we demonstrate that in response to stress, C. elegans SIR-2.4 and its mammalian orthologue SIRT6 localize to cytoplasmic stress granules, interact with various stress granule components and induce their assembly. Loss of SIRT6 or inhibition of its catalytic activity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts impairs stress granule formation and delays disassembly during recovery, whereas deficiency of SIR-2.4 diminishes maintenance of P granules and decreases survival of C. elegans under stress conditions. Our findings uncover a novel, evolutionary conserved function of SIRT6 in the maintenance of stress granules in response to stress.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LauchtEsserSchmidtetal.1996,
  author    = {Laucht, Manfred and Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H. and St{\"o}hr, R.-M. and Weindrich, D. and Ihle, Wolfgang and Marcus, A.},
  title     = {Viereinhalb Jahre danach : Mannheimer Risikokinder im Vorschulalter},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{EsserSchmidt1996,
  author    = {Esser, G{\"u}nter and Schmidt, Martin H.},
  title     = {Prevalence, course and risk factors for mental disorders},
  year      = {1996},
  language  = {en}
}