@article{GleichSpittaButleretal.2020,
  author    = {Gleich, Tobias and Spitta, Gianna and Butler, Oisin and Zacharias, Kristin and Aydin, Semiha and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Garbusow, Maria and Rapp, Michael Armin and Schubert, Florian and Buchert, Ralph and Heinz, Andreas and Gallinat, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {Dopamine D2/3 receptor availability in alcohol use disorder and individuals at high risk},
  series = {Addiction Biology},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {Addiction Biology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1369-1600},
  doi       = {10.1111/adb.12915},
  pages     = {1 -- 10},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is the most common substance use disorder worldwide. Although dopamine-related findings were often observed in AUD, associated neurobiological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Therefore, in the present study, we investigate D2/3 receptor availability in healthy participants, participants at high risk (HR) to develop addiction (not diagnosed with AUD), and AUD patients in a detoxified stage, applying F-18-fallypride positron emission tomography (F-18-PET). Specifically, D2/3 receptor availability was investigated in (1) 19 low-risk (LR) controls, (2) 19 HR participants, and (3) 20 AUD patients after alcohol detoxification. Quality and severity of addiction were assessed with clinical questionnaires and (neuro)psychological tests. PET data were corrected for age of participants and smoking status. In the dorsal striatum, we observed significant reductions of D2/3 receptor availability in AUD patients compared with LR participants. Further, receptor availability in HR participants was observed to be intermediate between LR and AUD groups (linearly decreasing). Still, in direct comparison, no group difference was observed between LR and HR groups or between HR and AUD groups. Further, the score of the Alcohol Dependence Scale (ADS) was inversely correlated with D2/3 receptor availability in the combined sample. Thus, in line with a dimensional approach, striatal D2/3 receptor availability showed a linear decrease from LR participants to HR participants to AUD patients, which was paralleled by clinical measures. Our study shows that a core neurobiological feature in AUD seems to be detectable in an early, subclinical state, allowing more individualized alcohol prevention programs in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SeboldGarbusowNebeetal.2018,
  author    = {Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Garbusow, Maria and Nebe, S. and Sundmacher, L. and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Wittchen, H. U. and Smolka, M. and Zimmermann, U. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Huys, Q. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Heinz, A.},
  title     = {From goals to habits in alcohol dependence},
  series = {European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists},
  volume    = {48},
  journal   = {European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Paris},
  issn      = {0924-9338},
  pages     = {S274 -- S274},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SeboldDesernoNebeetal.2014,
  author    = {Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Deserno, Lorenz and Nebe, Stefan and Schad, Daniel and Garbusow, Maria and Haegele, Claudia and Keller, Juergen and Juenger, Elisabeth and Kathmann, Norbert and Smolka, Michael N. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Heinz, Andreas and Huys, Quentin J. M.},
  title     = {Model-based and model-free decisions in alcohol dependence},
  series = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography},
  volume    = {70},
  journal   = {Neuropsychobiology : international journal of experimental and clinical research in biological psychiatry, pharmacopsychiatry, Biological Psychology/Pharmacopsychology and Pharmacoelectroencephalography},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Karger},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {0302-282X},
  doi       = {10.1159/000362840},
  pages     = {122 -- 131},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Human and animal work suggests a shift from goal-directed to habitual decision-making in addiction. However, the evidence for this in human alcohol dependence is as yet inconclusive. Methods: Twenty-six healthy controls and 26 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients underwent behavioral testing with a 2-step task designed to disentangle goal-directed and habitual response patterns. Results: Alcohol-dependent patients showed less evidence of goal-directed choices than healthy controls, particularly after losses. There was no difference in the strength of the habitual component. The group differences did not survive controlling for performance on the Digit Symbol Substitution Task. Conclusion: Chronic alcohol use appears to selectively impair goal-directed function, rather than promoting habitual responding. It appears to do so particularly after nonrewards, and this may be mediated by the effects of alcohol on more general cognitive functions subserved by the prefrontal cortex.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GarbusowSommerNebeetal.2018,
  author    = {Garbusow, Maria and Sommer, Christian and Nebe, Stephan and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Smolka, Michael N. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Heinz, Andreas},
  title     = {Multi-level evidence of general pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer in alcohol use disorder},
  series = {Alcoholism : clinical and experimental research ; the official journal of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Alcoholism : clinical and experimental research ; the official journal of the American Medical Society on Alcoholism and the Research Society on Alcoholism},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0145-6008},
  pages     = {128A -- 128A},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchadGarbusowFriedeletal.2018,
  author    = {Schad, Daniel and Garbusow, Maria and Friedel, Eva and Sommer, Christian and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and H{\"a}gele, Claudia and Bernhardt, Nadine and Nebe, Stephan and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Liu, Shuyan and Eichmann, Uta and Beck, Anne and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Walter, Henrik and Sterzer, Philipp and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Smolka, Michael N. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael Armin},
  title     = {Neural correlates of instrumental responding in the context of alcohol-related cues index disorder severity and relapse risk},
  series = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience : official organ of the German Society for Biological Psychiatry},
  volume    = {269},
  journal   = {European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience : official organ of the German Society for Biological Psychiatry},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {0940-1334},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00406-017-0860-4},
  pages     = {295 -- 308},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The influence of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli on ongoing behavior may contribute to explaining how alcohol cues stimulate drug seeking and intake. Using a Pavlovian-instrumental transfer task, we investigated the effects of alcohol-related cues on approach behavior (i.e., instrumental response behavior) and its neural correlates, and related both to the relapse after detoxification in alcohol-dependent patients. Thirty-one recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 24 healthy controls underwent instrumental training, where approach or non-approach towards initially neutral stimuli was reinforced by monetary incentives. Approach behavior was tested during extinction with either alcohol-related or neutral stimuli (as Pavlovian cues) presented in the background during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Patients were subsequently followed up for 6 months. We observed that alcohol-related background stimuli inhibited the approach behavior in detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (t = -3.86, p < .001), but not in healthy controls (t = -0.92, p = .36). This behavioral inhibition was associated with neural activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) (t((30)) = 2.06, p < .05). Interestingly, both the effects were only present in subsequent abstainers, but not relapsers and in those with mild but not severe dependence. Our data show that alcohol-related cues can acquire inhibitory behavioral features typical of aversive stimuli despite being accompanied by a stronger NAcc activation, suggesting salience attribution. The fact that these findings are restricted to abstinence and milder illness suggests that they may be potential resilience factors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SekutowiczGuggenmosKuitunenPauletal.2019,
  author    = {Sekutowicz, Maria and Guggenmos, Matthias and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Garbusow, Maria and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Pelz, Patricia and Priller, Josef and Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich and Smolka, Michael N. and Zimmermann, Ulrich S. and Heinz, Andreas and Sterzer, Philipp and Schmack, Katharina},
  title     = {Neural Response Patterns During Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Predict Alcohol Relapse and Young Adult Drinking},
  series = {Biological psychiatry : a journal of psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics ; a publication of the Society of Biological Psychiatry},
  volume    = {86},
  journal   = {Biological psychiatry : a journal of psychiatric neuroscience and therapeutics ; a publication of the Society of Biological Psychiatry},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0006-3223},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.06.028},
  pages     = {857 -- 863},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {BACKGROUND: Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) describes the influence of conditioned stimuli on instrumental behaviors and is discussed as a key process underlying substance abuse. Here, we tested whether neural responses during alcohol-related PIT predict future relapse in alcohol-dependent patients and future drinking behavior in adolescents. METHODS: Recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients (n = 52) and young adults without dependence (n = 136) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during an alcohol-related PIT paradigm, and their drinking behavior was assessed in a 12-month follow-up. To predict future drinking behavior from PIT activation patterns, we used a multivoxel classification scheme based on linear support vector machines. RESULTS: When training and testing the classification scheme in patients, PIT activation patterns predicted future relapse with 71.2\% accuracy. Feature selection revealed that classification was exclusively based on activation patterns in medial prefrontal cortex. To probe the generalizability of this functional magnetic resonance imaging-based prediction of future drinking behavior, we applied the support vector machine classifier that had been trained on patients to PIT functional magnetic resonance imaging data from adolescents. An analysis of cross-classification predictions revealed that those young social drinkers who were classified as abstainers showed a greater reduction in alcohol consumption at 12-month follow-up than those classified as relapsers (Delta = -24.4 +/- 6.0 g vs. -5.7 +/- 3.6 g; p = .019). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that neural responses during PIT could constitute a generalized prognostic marker for future drinking behavior in established alcohol use disorder and in at-risk states.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SeboldNebeGarbusowetal.2017,
  author    = {Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Nebe, Stephan and Garbusow, Maria and Schad, Daniel and Sommer, Christian and Rapp, Michael Armin and Smolka, Michael N. and Huys, Quentin J. M. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Heinz, Andreas},
  title     = {Neurobiological correlates of learning and decision-making in alcohol dependence},
  series = {European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Paris},
  issn      = {0924-9338},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.084},
  pages     = {S11 -- S11},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{DeekenReichertZechetal.,
  author    = {Deeken, Friederike and Reichert, Markus and Zech, Hilmar and Wenzel, Julia and Wedemeyer, Friederike and Aguilera, Alvaro and Aslan, Acelya and Bach, Patrick and Bahr, Nadja Samia and Ebrahimi, Claudia and Fischbach, Pascale Christine and Ganz, Marvin and Garbusow, Maria and Großkopf, Charlotte M. and Heigert, Marie and Hentschel, Angela and Karl, Damian and Pelz, Patricia and Pinger, Mathieu and Riemerschmid, Carlotta and Rosenthal, Annika and Steffen, Johannes and Strehle, Jens and Weiss, Franziska and Wieder, Gesine and Wieland, Alfred and Zaiser, Judith and Zimmermann, Sina and Walter, Henrik and Lenz, Bernd and Deserno, Lorenz and Smolka, Michael N. and Liu, Shuyan and Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich Walter and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael Armin},
  title     = {Patterns of Alcohol Consumption Among Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdowns in Germany},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {805},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57146},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-571460},
  pages     = {11},
  abstract  = {Importance Alcohol consumption (AC) leads to death and disability worldwide. Ongoing discussions on potential negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on AC need to be informed by real-world evidence. Objective To examine whether lockdown measures are associated with AC and consumption-related temporal and psychological within-person mechanisms. Design, Setting, and Participants This quantitative, intensive, longitudinal cohort study recruited 1743 participants from 3 sites from February 20, 2020, to February 28, 2021. Data were provided before and within the second lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: before lockdown (October 2 to November 1, 2020); light lockdown (November 2 to December 15, 2020); and hard lockdown (December 16, 2020, to February 28, 2021). Main Outcomes and Measures Daily ratings of AC (main outcome) captured during 3 lockdown phases (main variable) and temporal (weekends and holidays) and psychological (social isolation and drinking intention) correlates. Results Of the 1743 screened participants, 189 (119 [63.0\%] male; median [IQR] age, 37 [27.5-52.0] years) with at least 2 alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) yet without the need for medically supervised alcohol withdrawal were included. These individuals provided 14 694 smartphone ratings from October 2020 through February 2021. Multilevel modeling revealed significantly higher AC (grams of alcohol per day) on weekend days vs weekdays (β = 11.39; 95\% CI, 10.00-12.77; P < .001). Alcohol consumption was above the overall average on Christmas (β = 26.82; 95\% CI, 21.87-31.77; P < .001) and New Year's Eve (β = 66.88; 95\% CI, 59.22-74.54; P < .001). During the hard lockdown, perceived social isolation was significantly higher (β = 0.12; 95\% CI, 0.06-0.15; P < .001), but AC was significantly lower (β = -5.45; 95\% CI, -8.00 to -2.90; P = .001). Independent of lockdown, intention to drink less alcohol was associated with lower AC (β = -11.10; 95\% CI, -13.63 to -8.58; P < .001). Notably, differences in AC between weekend and weekdays decreased both during the hard lockdown (β = -6.14; 95\% CI, -9.96 to -2.31; P = .002) and in participants with severe AUD (β = -6.26; 95\% CI, -10.18 to -2.34; P = .002). Conclusions and Relevance This 5-month cohort study found no immediate negative associations of lockdown measures with overall AC. Rather, weekend-weekday and holiday AC patterns exceeded lockdown effects. Differences in AC between weekend days and weekdays evinced that weekend drinking cycles decreased as a function of AUD severity and lockdown measures, indicating a potential mechanism of losing and regaining control. This finding suggests that temporal patterns and drinking intention constitute promising targets for prevention and intervention, even in high-risk individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DeekenReichertZechetal.2022,
  author    = {Deeken, Friederike and Reichert, Markus and Zech, Hilmar and Wenzel, Julia and Wedemeyer, Friederike and Aguilera, Alvaro and Aslan, Acelya and Bach, Patrick and Bahr, Nadja Samia and Ebrahimi, Claudia and Fischbach, Pascale Christine and Ganz, Marvin and Garbusow, Maria and Großkopf, Charlotte M. and Heigert, Marie and Hentschel, Angela and Karl, Damian and Pelz, Patricia and Pinger, Mathieu and Riemerschmid, Carlotta and Rosenthal, Annika and Steffen, Johannes and Strehle, Jens and Weiss,, Franziska and Wieder, Gesine and Wieland, Alfred and Zaiser, Judith and Zimmermann, Sina and Walter, Henrik and Lenz, Bernd and Deserno, Lorenz and Smolka, Michael N. and Liu, Shuyan and Ebner-Priemer, Ulrich Walter and Heinz, Andreas and Rapp, Michael Armin},
  title     = {Patterns of Alcohol Consumption Among Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdowns in Germany},
  series = {JAMA Network Open},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {JAMA Network Open},
  edition   = {8},
  publisher = {JAMA Network / American Medical Association},
  address   = {Chicago, Illinois, USA},
  issn      = {2574-3805},
  doi       = {10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.24641},
  pages     = {1 -- 11},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Importance Alcohol consumption (AC) leads to death and disability worldwide. Ongoing discussions on potential negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on AC need to be informed by real-world evidence. Objective To examine whether lockdown measures are associated with AC and consumption-related temporal and psychological within-person mechanisms. Design, Setting, and Participants This quantitative, intensive, longitudinal cohort study recruited 1743 participants from 3 sites from February 20, 2020, to February 28, 2021. Data were provided before and within the second lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: before lockdown (October 2 to November 1, 2020); light lockdown (November 2 to December 15, 2020); and hard lockdown (December 16, 2020, to February 28, 2021). Main Outcomes and Measures Daily ratings of AC (main outcome) captured during 3 lockdown phases (main variable) and temporal (weekends and holidays) and psychological (social isolation and drinking intention) correlates. Results Of the 1743 screened participants, 189 (119 [63.0\%] male; median [IQR] age, 37 [27.5-52.0] years) with at least 2 alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) yet without the need for medically supervised alcohol withdrawal were included. These individuals provided 14 694 smartphone ratings from October 2020 through February 2021. Multilevel modeling revealed significantly higher AC (grams of alcohol per day) on weekend days vs weekdays (β = 11.39; 95\% CI, 10.00-12.77; P < .001). Alcohol consumption was above the overall average on Christmas (β = 26.82; 95\% CI, 21.87-31.77; P < .001) and New Year's Eve (β = 66.88; 95\% CI, 59.22-74.54; P < .001). During the hard lockdown, perceived social isolation was significantly higher (β = 0.12; 95\% CI, 0.06-0.15; P < .001), but AC was significantly lower (β = -5.45; 95\% CI, -8.00 to -2.90; P = .001). Independent of lockdown, intention to drink less alcohol was associated with lower AC (β = -11.10; 95\% CI, -13.63 to -8.58; P < .001). Notably, differences in AC between weekend and weekdays decreased both during the hard lockdown (β = -6.14; 95\% CI, -9.96 to -2.31; P = .002) and in participants with severe AUD (β = -6.26; 95\% CI, -10.18 to -2.34; P = .002). Conclusions and Relevance This 5-month cohort study found no immediate negative associations of lockdown measures with overall AC. Rather, weekend-weekday and holiday AC patterns exceeded lockdown effects. Differences in AC between weekend days and weekdays evinced that weekend drinking cycles decreased as a function of AUD severity and lockdown measures, indicating a potential mechanism of losing and regaining control. This finding suggests that temporal patterns and drinking intention constitute promising targets for prevention and intervention, even in high-risk individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{GarbusowSommerNebeetal.2018,
  author    = {Garbusow, Maria and Sommer, C. and Nebe, S. and Sebold, Miriam Hannah and Kuitunen-Paul, S{\"o}ren and Wittchen, H. U. and Smolka, M. and Zimmermann, U. and Rapp, Michael Armin and Huys, Q. and Schlagenhauf, Florian and Heinz, A.},
  title     = {Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in the course of alcohol use disorder},
  series = {European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists},
  volume    = {48},
  journal   = {European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {ISSY-LES-MOULINEAUX},
  issn      = {0924-9338},
  pages     = {S546 -- S546},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Background: Pavlovian processes are thought to play an important role in the development, maintenance and relapse of alcohol dependence, possibly by influencing and usurping on- going thought and behavior. The influence of Pavlovian stimuli on on-going behavior is paradigmatically measured by Pavlovian-to-instrumental-transfer (PIT) tasks. These involve multiple stages and are complex. Whether increased PIT is involved in human alcohol dependence is uncertain. We therefore aimed to establish and validate a modified PIT paradigm that would be robust, consistent, and tolerated by healthy controls as well as by patients suffering from alcohol dependence, and to explore whether alcohol dependence is associated with enhanced Pavlovian-Instrumental transfer. Methods: 32 recently detoxified alcohol-dependent patients and 32 age and gender matched healthy controls performed a PIT task with instrumental go/no-go approach behaviours. The task involved both Pavlovian stimuli associated with monetary rewards and losses, and images of drinks. Results: Both patients and healthy controls showed a robust and temporally stable PIT effect. Strengths of PIT effects to drug-related and monetary conditioned stimuli were highly correlated. Patients more frequently showed a PIT effect and the effect was stronger in response to aversively conditioned CSs (conditioned suppression), but there was no group difference in response to appetitive CSs. Conclusion: The implementation of PIT has favorably robust properties in chronic alcohol- dependent patients and in healthy controls. It shows internal consistency between monetary and drug-related cues. The findings support an association of alcohol dependence with an increased propensity towards PIT.},
  language  = {en}
}