@article{PenaAnguloNadalRomeroGonzalezHidalgoetal.2019,
  author    = {Pena-Angulo, D. and Nadal-Romero, E. and Gonzalez-Hidalgo, J. C. and Albaladejo, J. and Andreu, V and Bagarello, V and Barhi, H. and Batalla, R. J. and Bernal, S. and Bienes, R. and Campo, J. and Campo-Bescos, M. A. and Canatario-Duarte, A. and Canton, Y. and Casali, J. and Castillo, V and Cerda, Artemi and Cheggour, A. and Cid, Patricio and Cortesi, N. and Desir, G. and Diaz-Pereira, E. and Espigares, T. and Estrany, Joan and Fernandez-Raga, M. and Ferreira, Carla S. S. and Ferro, Vito and Gallart, Francesc and Gimenez, R. and Gimeno, E. and Gomez, J. A. and Gomez-Gutierrez, A. and Gomez-Macpherson, H. and Gonzalez-Pelayo, O. and Hueso-Gonzalez, P. and Kairis, O. and Karatzas, G. P. and Klotz, S. and Kosmas, C. and Lana-Renault, Noemi and Lasanta, T. and Latron, J. and Lazaro, R. and Le Bissonnais, Y. and Le Bouteiller, C. and Licciardello, F. and Lopez-Tarazon, Jos{\´e} Andr{\´e}s and Lucia, A. and Marin, C. and Marques, M. J. and Martinez-Fernandez, J. and Martinez-Mena, M. and Martinez-Murillo, J. F. and Mateos, L. and Mathys, N. and Merino-Martin, L. and Moreno-de las Heras, M. and Moustakas, N. and Nicolau, J. M. and Novara, A. and Pampalone, V and Raclot, D. and Rodriguez-Blanco, M. L. and Rodrigo-Comino, Jes{\´u}s and Romero-Diaz, A. and Roose, E. and Rubio, J. L. and Ruiz-Sinoga, J. D. and Schnabel, S. and Senciales-Gonzalez, J. M. and Simonneaux, V and Sole-Benet, A. and Taguas, E. and Taboada-Castro, M. M. and Taboada-Castro, M. T. and Todisco, Francesca and Ubeda, X. and Varouchakis, E. A. and Vericat, Damia and Wittenberg, L. and Zabaleta, A. and Zorn, M.},
  title     = {Spatial variability of the relationships of runoff and sediment yield with weather types throughout the Mediterranean basin},
  series = {Journal of hydrology},
  volume    = {571},
  journal   = {Journal of hydrology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0022-1694},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.01.059},
  pages     = {390 -- 405},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Soil degradation by water is a serious environmental problem worldwide, with specific climatic factors being the major causes. We investigated the relationships between synoptic atmospheric patterns (i.e. weather types, WTs) and runoff, erosion and sediment yield throughout the Mediterranean basin by analyzing a large database of natural rainfall events at 68 research sites in 9 countries. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to identify spatial relationships of the different WTs including three hydro-sedimentary variables: rainfall, runoff, and sediment yield (SY, used to refer to both soil erosion measured at plot scale and sediment yield registered at catchment scale). The results indicated 4 spatial classes of rainfall and runoff: (a) northern sites dependent on North (N) and North West (NW) flows; (b) eastern sites dependent on E and NE flows; (c) southern sites dependent on S and SE flows; and, finally, (d) western sites dependent on W and SW flows. Conversely, three spatial classes are identified for SY characterized by: (a) N and NE flows in northern sites (b) E flows in eastern sites, and (c) W and SW flows in western sites. Most of the rainfall, runoff and SY occurred during a small number of daily events, and just a few WTs accounted for large percentages of the total. Our results confirm that characterization by WT improves understanding of the general conditions under which runoff and SY occur, and provides useful information for understanding the spatial variability of runoff, and SY throughout the Mediterranean basin. The approach used here could be useful to aid of the design of regional water management and soil conservation measures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SoliveresMaestreUlrichetal.2015,
  author    = {Soliveres, Santiago and Maestre, Fernando T. and Ulrich, Werner and Manning, Peter and Boch, Steffen and Bowker, Matthew A. and Prati, Daniel and Delgado-Baquerizo, Manuel and Quero, Jose L. and Sch{\"o}ning, Ingo and Gallardo, Antonio and Weisser, Wolfgang W. and M{\"u}ller, J{\"o}rg and Socher, Stephanie A. and Garcia-Gomez, Miguel and Ochoa, Victoria and Schulze, Ernst-Detlef and Fischer, Markus and Allan, Eric},
  title     = {Intransitive competition is widespread in plant communities and maintains their species richness},
  series = {Ecology letters},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Ecology letters},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1461-023X},
  doi       = {10.1111/ele.12456},
  pages     = {790 -- 798},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Intransitive competition networks, those in which there is no single best competitor, may ensure species coexistence. However, their frequency and importance in maintaining diversity in real-world ecosystems remain unclear. We used two large data sets from drylands and agricultural grasslands to assess: (1) the generality of intransitive competition, (2) intransitivity-richness relationships and (3) effects of two major drivers of biodiversity loss (aridity and land-use intensification) on intransitivity and species richness. Intransitive competition occurred in >65\% of sites and was associated with higher species richness. Intransitivity increased with aridity, partly buffering its negative effects on diversity, but was decreased by intensive land use, enhancing its negative effects on diversity. These contrasting responses likely arise because intransitivity is promoted by temporal heterogeneity, which is enhanced by aridity but may decline with land-use intensity. We show that intransitivity is widespread in nature and increases diversity, but it can be lost with environmental homogenisation.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NishikawaMizunoGomezetal.2017,
  author    = {Nishikawa, Ken-Ichi and Mizuno, Yosuke and Gomez, Jose L. and Dutan, Ioana and Meli, Athina and White, Charley and Niemiec, Jacek and Kobzar, Oleh and Pohl, Martin and Frederiksen, Jacob Trier and Nordlund, Ake and Sol, Helene and Hardee, Philip E. and Hartmann, Dieter H.},
  title     = {Microscopic Processes in Global Relativistic Jets Containing Helical Magnetic Fields: Dependence on Jet Radius},
  series = {Galaxies : open access journal},
  volume    = {5},
  journal   = {Galaxies : open access journal},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2075-4434},
  doi       = {10.3390/galaxies5040058},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {In this study, we investigate the interaction of jets with their environment at a microscopic level, which is a key open question in the study of relativistic jets. Using small simulation systems during past research, we initially studied the evolution of both electron-proton and electron-positron relativistic jets containing helical magnetic fields, by focusing on their interactions with an ambient plasma. Here, using larger jet radii, we have performed simulations of global jets containing helical magnetic fields in order to examine how helical magnetic fields affect kinetic instabilities, such as the Weibel instability, the kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (kKHI) and the mushroom instability (MI). We found that the evolution of global jets strongly depends on the size of the jet radius. For example, phase bunching of jet electrons, in particular in the electron-proton jet, is mixed with a larger jet radius as a result of the more complicated structures of magnetic fields with excited kinetic instabilities. In our simulation, these kinetic instabilities led to new types of instabilities in global jets. In the electron-proton jet simulation, a modified recollimation occurred, and jet electrons were strongly perturbed. In the electron-positron jet simulation, mixed kinetic instabilities occurred early, followed by a turbulence-like structure. Simulations using much larger (and longer) systems are required in order to further thoroughly investigate the evolution of global jets containing helical magnetic fields.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NishikawaMizunoGomezetal.2019,
  author    = {Nishikawa, Ken-Ichi and Mizuno, Yosuke and Gomez, Jose L. and Duţan, Ioana and Meli, Athina and Niemiec, Jacek and Kobzar, Oleh and Pohl, Martin and Sol, H{\´e}l{\`e}ne and MacDonald, Nicholas and Hartmann, Dieter H.},
  title     = {Relativistic jet simulations of the weibel instability in the slab model to cylindrical jets with helical magnetic fields},
  series = {Galaxies : open access journal},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Galaxies : open access journal},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2075-4434},
  doi       = {10.3390/galaxies7010029},
  pages     = {20},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The particle-in-cell (PIC) method was developed to investigate microscopic phenomena, and with the advances in computing power, newly developed codes have been used for several fields, such as astrophysical, magnetospheric, and solar plasmas. PIC applications have grown extensively, with large computing powers available on supercomputers such as Pleiades and Blue Waters in the US. For astrophysical plasma research, PIC methods have been utilized for several topics, such as reconnection, pulsar dynamics, non-relativistic shocks, relativistic shocks, and relativistic jets. PIC simulations of relativistic jets have been reviewed with emphasis placed on the physics involved in the simulations. This review summarizes PIC simulations, starting with the Weibel instability in slab models of jets, and then focuses on global jet evolution in helical magnetic field geometry. In particular, we address kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities and mushroom instabilities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NishikawaMizunoNiemiecetal.2016,
  author    = {Nishikawa, Ken-Ichi and Mizuno, Yosuke and Niemiec, Jacek and Kobzar, Oleh and Pohl, Martin and Gomez, Jose L. and Dutan, Ioana and Frederiksen, Jacob Trier and Nordlund, Ake and Meli, Athina and Sol, Helene and Hardee, Philip E. and Hartmann, Dieter H.},
  title     = {Microscopic Processes in Global Relativistic Jets Containing Helical Magnetic Fields},
  series = {Galaxies : open access journal},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Galaxies : open access journal},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2075-4434},
  doi       = {10.3390/galaxies4040038},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In the study of relativistic jets one of the key open questions is their interaction with the environment on the microscopic level. Here, we study the initial evolution of both electron-proton (e(-)-p(+)) and electron-positron (e(+/-)) relativistic jets containing helical magnetic fields, focusing on their interaction with an ambient plasma. We have performed simulations of "global" jets containing helical magnetic fields in order to examine how helical magnetic fields affect kinetic instabilities such as the Weibel instability, the kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (kKHI) and the Mushroom instability (MI). In our initial simulation study these kinetic instabilities are suppressed and new types of instabilities can grow. In the e(-)-p(+) jet simulation a recollimation-like instability occurs and jet electrons are strongly perturbed. In the e(+/-) jet simulation a recollimation-like instability occurs at early times followed by a kinetic instability and the general structure is similar to a simulation without helical magnetic field. Simulations using much larger systems are required in order to thoroughly follow the evolution of global jets containing helical magnetic fields.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{NishikawaMizunoNiemiecetal.2016,
  author    = {Nishikawa, Ken-Ichi and Mizuno, Yosuke and Niemiec, Jacek and Kobzar, Oleh and Pohl, Martin and G{\´o}mez, Jose L. and Duţan, Ioana and Pe'er, Asaf and Frederiksen, Jacob Trier and Nordlund, {\AA}ke and Meli, Athina and Sol, Helene and Hardee, Philip E. and Hartmann, Dieter H.},
  title     = {Microscopic processes in global relativistic jets containing helical magnetic fields},
  series = {Galaxies},
  journal   = {Galaxies},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407604},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In the study of relativistic jets one of the key open questions is their interaction with the environment on the microscopic level. Here, we study the initial evolution of both electron-proton (e(-)-p(+)) and electron-positron (e(+/-)) relativistic jets containing helical magnetic fields, focusing on their interaction with an ambient plasma. We have performed simulations of "global" jets containing helical magnetic fields in order to examine how helical magnetic fields affect kinetic instabilities such as the Weibel instability, the kinetic Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (kKHI) and the Mushroom instability (MI). In our initial simulation study these kinetic instabilities are suppressed and new types of instabilities can grow. In the e(-)-p(+) jet simulation a recollimation-like instability occurs and jet electrons are strongly perturbed. In the e(+/-) jet simulation a recollimation-like instability occurs at early times followed by a kinetic instability and the general structure is similar to a simulation without helical magnetic field. Simulations using much larger systems are required in order to thoroughly follow the evolution of global jets containing helical magnetic fields.},
  language  = {en}
}