@misc{WachsMachimbarrenaWrightetal.2022,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Machimbarrena, Juan Manuel and Wright, Michelle F. and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Yang, Soeun and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia and Sung Hong, Jun and Krause, Norman},
  title     = {Associations between Coping Strategies and Cyberhate Involvement: Evidence from Adolescents across Three World Regions},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56192},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-561927},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Cyberhate represents a risk to adolescents' development and peaceful coexistence in democratic societies. Yet, not much is known about the relationship between adolescents' ability to cope with cyberhate and their cyberhate involvement. To fill current gaps in the literature and inform the development of media education programs, the present study investigated various coping strategies in a hypothetical cyberhate scenario as correlates for being cyberhate victims, perpetrators, and both victim-perpetrators. The sample consisted of 6829 adolescents aged 12-18 years old (Mage = 14.93, SD = 1.64; girls: 50.4\%, boys: 48.9\%, and 0.7\% did not indicate their gender) from Asia, Europe, and North America. Results showed that adolescents who endorsed distal advice or endorsed technical coping showed a lower likelihood to be victims, perpetrators, or victim-perpetrators. In contrast, if adolescents felt helpless or endorsed retaliation to cope with cyberhate, they showed higher odds of being involved in cyberhate as victims, perpetrators, or victim-perpetrators. Finally, adolescents who endorsed close support as a coping strategy showed a lower likelihood to be victim-perpetrators, and adolescents who endorsed assertive coping showed higher odds of being victims. In conclusion, the results confirm the importance of addressing adolescents' ability to deal with cyberhate to develop more tailored prevention approaches. More specifically, such initiatives should focus on adolescents who feel helpless or feel inclined to retaliate. In addition, adolescents should be educated to practice distal advice and technical coping when experiencing cyberhate. Implications for the design and instruction of evidence-based cyberhate prevention (e.g., online educational games, virtual learning environments) will be discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsMachimbarrenaWrightetal.2022,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Machimbarrena, Juan Manuel and Wright, Michelle F. and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Yang, Soeun and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia and Sung Hong, Jun and Krause, Norman},
  title     = {Associations between Coping Strategies and Cyberhate Involvement: Evidence from Adolescents across Three World Regions},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  edition   = {11},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel, Schweiz},
  issn      = {1660-4601},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph19116749},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Cyberhate represents a risk to adolescents' development and peaceful coexistence in democratic societies. Yet, not much is known about the relationship between adolescents' ability to cope with cyberhate and their cyberhate involvement. To fill current gaps in the literature and inform the development of media education programs, the present study investigated various coping strategies in a hypothetical cyberhate scenario as correlates for being cyberhate victims, perpetrators, and both victim-perpetrators. The sample consisted of 6829 adolescents aged 12-18 years old (Mage = 14.93, SD = 1.64; girls: 50.4\%, boys: 48.9\%, and 0.7\% did not indicate their gender) from Asia, Europe, and North America. Results showed that adolescents who endorsed distal advice or endorsed technical coping showed a lower likelihood to be victims, perpetrators, or victim-perpetrators. In contrast, if adolescents felt helpless or endorsed retaliation to cope with cyberhate, they showed higher odds of being involved in cyberhate as victims, perpetrators, or victim-perpetrators. Finally, adolescents who endorsed close support as a coping strategy showed a lower likelihood to be victim-perpetrators, and adolescents who endorsed assertive coping showed higher odds of being victims. In conclusion, the results confirm the importance of addressing adolescents' ability to deal with cyberhate to develop more tailored prevention approaches. More specifically, such initiatives should focus on adolescents who feel helpless or feel inclined to retaliate. In addition, adolescents should be educated to practice distal advice and technical coping when experiencing cyberhate. Implications for the design and instruction of evidence-based cyberhate prevention (e.g., online educational games, virtual learning environments) will be discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsGamezGuadixWright2022,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {Online hate speech victimization and depressive symptoms among adolescents},
  series = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {Cyberpsychology, behavior and social networking},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Liebert},
  address   = {New Rochelle},
  issn      = {2152-2715},
  doi       = {10.1089/cyber.2022.0009},
  pages     = {416 -- 423},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Online hate speech has become a widespread problem in the daily life of adolescents. Despite growing societal and academic interest in this online risk, not much is known about the relationship between online hate speech victimization (OHSV) and adolescents' mental well-being. In addition, potential factors influencing the magnitude of this relationship remain unclear. To address these gaps in the literature, this study investigated the relationship between OHSV and depressive symptoms and the buffering effects of resilience in this relationship. The sample consists of 1,632 adolescents (49.1\% girls) between 12 and 18 years old (M-age = 13.83, SDage = 1.23), recruited from nine schools across Spain. Self-report questionnaires were administered to assess OHSV, depressive symptoms, and resilience. Regression analyses revealed that OHSV was positively linked to depressive symptoms. In addition, victims of online hate speech were less likely to report depressive symptoms when they reported average or high levels of resilience (i.e., social competence, personal competence, structured style, social resources, and family cohesion) compared with those with low levels of resilience. Our findings highlight the need for the development of intervention programs and the relevance of focusing on internal and external developmental assets to mitigate negative outcomes for victims of online hate speech.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WachsWrightSittichaietal.2019,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F. and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Kim, Eun-mee and Yang, Soeun and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Almendros, Carmen and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia},
  title     = {Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {592},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-44229},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-442294},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WrightWachsGamezGuadix2021,
  author    = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {J{\´o}venes ante el ciberodio},
  series = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n},
  number    = {67},
  publisher = {Grupo Comunicar},
  address   = {Huelva},
  issn      = {1134-3478},
  doi       = {10.3916/C67-2021-02},
  pages     = {21 -- 33},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Adolescents around the world are increasingly exposed to cyberhate. More knowledge is needed to understand how adolescents cope with cyberhate and how they can be supported when exposed. To this end, the present study investigated the associations between parental mediation of Internet use and adolescents' problem-focused coping strategies for hypothetical cyberhate victimization while considering family support as a moderator of these relationships. The sample consisted of self-reports of 5,960 adolescents between 12-18 years old (M=14.94; SD=1.61; females: 50.7\%) from Cyprus, Germany, Greece, India, Spain, South Korea, and Thailand. A structural equation model was used to investigate the relationship among parental mediation, family support, and coping with cyberhate. Findings showed a positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents' problem-focused coping strategies, and a negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents' capability to cope productively with cyberhate. In addition, family support strengthened the positive relationship between instructive parental mediation and adolescents' use of coping strategies and attenuated the negative relationship between restrictive parental mediation and adolescents' use of coping strategies. The findings highlight the need for parental education training and underscore the importance of family support for increasing adolescents' ability to cope productively with cyberhate.},
  language  = {es}
}
@article{WachsWrightSittichaietal.2019,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F. and Sittichai, Ruthaychonnee and Singh, Ritu and Biswal, Ramakrishna and Kim, Eun-mee and Yang, Soeun and G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Almendros, Carmen and Flora, Katerina and Daskalou, Vassiliki and Maziridou, Evdoxia},
  title     = {Associations between Witnessing and Perpetrating Online Hate in Eight Countries},
  series = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health},
  number    = {20},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1660-4601},
  doi       = {10.3390/ijerph16203992},
  pages     = {13},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Online hate is a topic that has received considerable interest lately, as online hate represents a risk to self-determination and peaceful coexistence in societies around the globe. However, not much is known about the explanations for adolescents posting or forwarding hateful online material or how adolescents cope with this newly emerging online risk. Thus, we sought to better understand the relationship between a bystander to and perpetrator of online hate, and the moderating effects of problem-focused coping strategies (e.g., assertive, technical coping) within this relationship. Self-report questionnaires on witnessing and committing online hate and assertive and technical coping were completed by 6829 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age from eight countries. The results showed that increases in witnessing online hate were positively related to being a perpetrator of online hate. Assertive and technical coping strategies were negatively related with perpetrating online hate. Bystanders of online hate reported fewer instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported higher levels of assertive and technical coping strategies, and more frequent instances of perpetrating online hate when they reported lower levels of assertive and technical coping strategies. In conclusion, our findings suggest that, if effective, prevention and intervention programs that target online hate should consider educating young people about problem-focused coping strategies, self-assertiveness, and media skills. Implications for future research are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsCastellanosWettsteinetal.2023,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Castellanos, Melisa and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {Associations between classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and countering hate speech among adolescents},
  series = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence},
  number    = {5-6},
  publisher = {Sage Publ.},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks},
  issn      = {1552-6518},
  doi       = {10.1177/08862605221120905},
  pages     = {5067 -- 5091},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Although hate speech is widely recognized as an online phenomenon, very few studies have investigated hate speech among adolescents in offline settings (e.g., schools). At the same time, not much is known about countering hate speech (counterspeech) among adolescents and which factors are associated with it. To this end, the present study used the socio-ecological framework to investigate the direct and indirect links among one contextual factor (i.e., classroom climate) and two intrapersonal factors (i.e., empathy for victims of hate speech, self-efficacy regarding intervention in hate speech) to understand counterspeech among adolescents. The sample is based on self-reports of 3,225 students in Grades 7 to 9 (51.7\% self-identified as female) from 36 schools in Germany and Switzerland. Self-report questionnaires were administered to measure classroom climate, empathy, self-efficacy, and counterspeech. After controlling for adolescents' grade, gender, immigrant background, and socioeconomic status (SES), the 2-(1-1)-1 multilevel mediation analysis showed that classroom climate (L2), empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1) had a positive effect on countering hate speech (L1). Classroom climate (L2) was also positively linked to empathy for victims of hate speech (L1), and self-efficacy toward intervention in hate speech (L1). Furthermore, classroom climate (L2) was indirectly associated with countering hate speech (L1) via greater empathy (L1) and self-efficacy (L1). The findings highlight the need to focus on contextual and intrapersonal factors when trying to facilitate adolescents' willingness to face hate speech with civic courage and proactively engage against it.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WachsWettsteinBilzetal.2022,
  author    = {Wachs, Sebastian and Wettstein, Alexander and Bilz, Ludwig and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {Motivos del discurso de odio en la adolescencia y su relaci{\´o}n con las normas sociales},
  series = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Comunicar : revista cient{\´i}fica de comunicaci{\´o}n y educaci{\´o}n},
  number    = {71},
  publisher = {Grupo Comunicar},
  address   = {Huelva},
  issn      = {1134-3478},
  doi       = {10.3916/C71-2022-01},
  pages     = {9 -- 20},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Hate speech has become a widespread phenomenon, however, it remains largely unclear why adolescents engage in it and which factors are associated with their motivations for perpetrating hate speech. To this end, we developed the multidimensional "Motivations for Hate Speech Perpetration Scale" (MHATE) and evaluated the psychometric properties. We also explored the associations between social norms and adolescents' motivations for hate speech perpetration. The sample consisted of 346 adolescents from Switzerland (54.6\% boys; Mage=14; SD=0.96) who reported engagement in hate speech as perpetrators. The analyses revealed good psychometric properties for the MHATE, including good internal consistency. The most frequently endorsed subscale was revenge, followed by ideology, group conformity, status enhancement, exhilaration, and power. The results also showed that descriptive norms and peer pressure were related to a wide range of different motivations for perpetrating hate speech. Injunctive norms, however, were only associated with power. In conclusion, findings indicate that hate speech fulfills various functions. We argue that knowing the specific motivations that underlie hate speech could help us derive individually tailored prevention strategies (e.g., anger management, promoting an inclusive classroom climate). Furthermore, we suggest that practitioners working in the field of hate speech prevention give special attention to social norms surrounding adolescents.},
  language  = {es}
}
@article{GamezGuadixWachsWright2020,
  author    = {Gamez-Guadix, Manuel and Wachs, Sebastian and Wright, Michelle F.},
  title     = {"Haters back off!" psychometric properties of the coping with cyberhate questionnaire and relationship with well-being in Spanish adolescents},
  series = {Psicothema},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Psicothema},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Colegio oficial de psicologos de asturias},
  address   = {Oviedo},
  issn      = {0214-9915},
  doi       = {10.7334/psicothema2020.219},
  pages     = {567 -- 574},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Background: Cyberhate is a growing form of online aggression against a person or a group based on race, ethnicity, nationality, sexual orientation, gender, religion, or disability. The present study aims to examine psychometric properties of the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire, the prevalence of coping strategies in Spanish adolescents, differences in coping strategies based in sex, age, and victim status, and the association between coping with cyberhate and adolescents' mental well-being. Method: The sample consisted of 1,005 adolescents between 12 and 18 years old (Mage = 14.28 years, SD = 1.63; 51.9\% girls) who completed self-report measures on coping strategies, victimization status, and mental well-being. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analyses showed a structure for the Coping with Cyberhate Questionnaire composed of six factors, namely Distal advice, Assertiveness, Helplessness/Selfblame, Close support, Technical coping, and Retaliation. It demonstrated acceptable internal consistency. The three most frequently endorsed coping strategies were Technical coping, Close support, and Assertiveness. In addition, lower Helplessness/Self-blame, and higher Close-support, Assertiveness, and Distal advice were significantly related to adolescents' better mental well-being. Conclusion: Prevention programs that educate adolescents about how to deal with cyberhate are needed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GamezGuadixMateosWachsetal.2022,
  author    = {G{\´a}mez-Guadix, Manuel and Mateos, Estibaliz and Wachs, Sebastian and Blanco, Marta},
  title     = {Self-harm on the internet among adolescents},
  series = {Psicothema},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Psicothema},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Departamento de Psicolog{\´i}a de la Universidad de Oviedo, Colegio Oficial de Psic{\´o}logos del Principado de Asturias, Vicerrectorado de Investigaci{\´o}n de la Universidad de Oviedo},
  address   = {Oviedo},
  issn      = {0214-9915},
  doi       = {10.7334/psicothema2021.328},
  pages     = {233 -- 239},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Background: Using the internet to search for information or share images about self-harm is an emerging risk among young people. The aims of this study were (a) to analyze the prevalence of different types of self-harm on the internet and differences by sex and age, and (b) to examine the relationship of self-harm on the internet with intrapersonal factors (i.e., depression and anxiety) and interpersonal factors (i.e., family cohesion and social resources). Method: The sample consisted of 1,877 adolescents (946 girls) between 12 and 17 years old (Mage = 13.41, SD = 1.25) who completed self-report measures. Results: Approximately 11\% of the participants had been involved in some type of self-harm on the internet. The prevalence was significantly higher among girls than boys and among adolescents older than 15 years old. Depression and anxiety increased the risk of self-harm on the internet, whereas family cohesion decreased the probability of self-harm on the internet. Conclusions: Self-harm on the internet is a relatively widespread phenomenon among Spanish adolescents. Prevention programs should include emotional regulation, coping skills, and resilience to reduce in this behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WrightWachsGamezGuadix2022,
  author    = {Wright, Michelle F. and Wachs, Sebastian and Gamez-Guadix, Manuel},
  title     = {The Role of Perceived Gay-Straight Alliance Social Support in the Longitudinal Association Between Homophobic Cyberbullying and LGBTQIA Adolescents' Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms},
  series = {Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Journal of youth and adolescence : a multidisciplinary research publication},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0047-2891},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10964-022-01585-6},
  pages     = {1388 -- 1396},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {There has been little research attention given to how Gay-Straight Alliances might mitigate mental health consequences associated with experiencing homophobic cyberbullying. To address this gap in knowledge, the purpose of this one-year longitudinal study was to investigate the moderating effect of perceived social support from Gay-Straight Alliances in the relationships among homophobic cyberbullying victimization and bystanding and depressive and anxiety symptoms among 466 LGBTQIA adolescents (M-age = 15.76; 52\% female). The findings revealed that perceived social support was related negatively to homophobic cyberbullying involvement and depressive and anxiety symptoms. Homophobic cyberbullying involvement was related positively to depressive and anxiety symptoms. High perceived social support buffered against the depressive and anxiety symptoms resulting from homophobic victimization and bystanding among LGBTQIA adolescents but low levels and average levels did not moderate these associations. These findings highlight the importance of expanding Gay-Straight Alliances in schools.},
  language  = {en}
}