@misc{SodoudiYuanKindetal.2013,
  author    = {Sodoudi, Forough and Yuan, Xiaohui and Kind, Rainer and Lebedev, Sergei and Adam, Joanne M-C. and K{\"a}stle, Emanuel and Tilmann, Frederik},
  title     = {Seismic evidence for stratification in composition and anisotropic fabric within the thick lithosphere of Kalahari Craton},
  series = {Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Geochemistry, geophysics, geosystems},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {1525-2027},
  doi       = {10.1002/2013GC004955},
  pages     = {5393 -- 5412},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Based on joint consideration of S receiver functions and surface-wave anisotropy we present evidence for the existence of a thick and layered lithosphere beneath the Kalahari Craton. Our results show that frozen-in anisotropy and compositional changes can generate sharp Mid-Lithospheric Discontinuities (MLD) at depths of 85 and 150-200 km, respectively. We found that a 50 km thick anisotropic layer, containing 3\% S wave anisotropy and with a fast-velocity axis different from that in the layer beneath, can account for the first MLD at about 85 km depth. Significant correlation between the depths of an apparent boundary separating the depleted and metasomatised lithosphere, as inferred from chemical tomography, and those of our second MLD led us to characterize it as a compositional boundary, most likely due to the modification of the cratonic mantle lithosphere by magma infiltration. The deepening of this boundary from 150 to 200 km is spatially correlated with the surficial expression of the Thabazimbi-Murchison Lineament (TML), implying that the TML isolates the lithosphere of the Limpopo terrane from that of the ancient Kaapvaal terrane. The largest velocity contrast (3.6-4.7\%) is observed at a boundary located at depths of 260-280 km beneath the Archean domains and the older Proterozoic belt. This boundary most likely represents the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary, which shallows to about 200 km beneath the younger Proterozoic belt. Thus, the Kalahari lithosphere may have survived multiple episodes of intense magmatism and collisional rifting during the billions of years of its history, which left their imprint in its internal layering.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KastleWeberKrueger2017,
  author    = {Kastle, Emanuel D. and Weber, Michael and Kr{\"u}ger, Frank},
  title     = {Complex Deep Structure of the African Low-Velocity Zone},
  series = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
  volume    = {107},
  journal   = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
  publisher = {Seismological Society of America},
  address   = {Albany},
  issn      = {0037-1106},
  doi       = {10.1785/0120160215},
  pages     = {1688 -- 1703},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {We use recently deployed seismological arrays in Africa to sample a 2D cross section through the mantle down to the core-mantle boundary (CMB). By making use of travel-time residuals of S, ScS, and SKS phases, a new shear-velocity model of the African low-velocity zone (ALVZ) is derived. Our model suggests between 1.2\% shear-velocity reduction at the top and 5\% at the bottom with respect to 1D reference models. The average reduction over the whole low-velocity zone (LVZ) amounts to 2\% in the presented model and is therefore about twice as strong as values found in global tomographic models. The top of the LVZ reaches up to 1200-km depth, and its lateral extent at the CMB is about 35 degrees. We propose the existence of a gap of 300 km, splitting the structure into two blocks. Our results are based on remarkable differences in SK(K) S travel-time residuals over a few degrees distance. The complexity of the structure could provide a key to an improved understanding of the deep-mantle LVZ dynamics and composition by comparison to geodynamic models. The gap in the model might suggest that the 2D cross section is cutting through a 3D indentation in the boundary of the ALVZ but may also be interpreted as a sign of two individual plumes, rather than one large homogeneous upwelling.},
  language  = {en}
}