@article{PenkRichter2017,
  author    = {Penk, Christiane and Richter, Dirk},
  title     = {Change in test-taking motivation and its relationship to test performance in low-stakes assessments},
  series = {Educational assessment, evaluation and accountability},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Educational assessment, evaluation and accountability},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {1874-8597},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11092-016-9248-7},
  pages     = {55 -- 79},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Since the turn of the century, an increasing number of low-stakes assessments (i.e., assessments without direct consequences for the test-takers) are being used to evaluate the quality of educational systems. Internationally, research has shown that low-stakes test results can be biased due to students' low test-taking motivation and that students' effort levels can vary throughout a testing session involving both cognitive and noncognitive tests. Thus, it is possible that students' motivation varies throughout a single cognitive test and in turn affects test performance. This study examines the change in test-taking motivation within a 2-h cognitive low-stakes test and its association with test performance. Based on expectancy-value theory, we assessed three components of test-taking motivation (expectancy for success, value, and effort) and investigated its change. Using data from a large-scale student achievement study of German ninth-graders, we employed second-order latent growth modeling and structural equation modeling to predict test performance in mathematics. On average, students' effort and perceived value of the test decreased, whereas expectancy for success remained stable. Overall, initial test-taking motivation was a better predictor of test performance than change in motivation. Only the variability of change in the expectancy component was positively related to test performance. The theoretical and practical implications for test practitioners are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{PenkRichter2017,
  author    = {Penk, Christiane and Richter, Dirk},
  title     = {Erratum to: Penk, Christiane, Richter, Dirk: Change in test-taking motivation and its relationship to test performance in low-stakes assessments. - (Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability. - 29 (2017), S. 55 - 79. - doi.org/10.1007/s11092-016-9248-7)},
  series = {Educational assessment, evaluation and accountability},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Educational assessment, evaluation and accountability},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {1874-8597},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11092-016-9249-6},
  pages     = {81 -- 82},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VockPenkKoeller2014,
  author    = {Vock, Miriam and Penk, Christiane and Koeller, Olaf},
  title     = {Who skips a grade? Findings concerning grade acceleration in German schools},
  series = {Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Forschung und Praxis},
  volume    = {61},
  journal   = {Psychologie in Erziehung und Unterricht : Zeitschrift f{\"u}r Forschung und Praxis},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Reinhardt},
  address   = {M{\"u}nchen},
  issn      = {0342-183X},
  doi       = {10.2378/peu2013.art22d},
  pages     = {153 -- 164},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {This study examines how often and in which form students use the option of gradeskipping in Germany and what characterizes those students. The database was derived from a sample of N = 4,103 students (grades 8-10), who were tested within the standardisation process of the national educational standards in mathematics. For these students data existed on their mathematical competence (educational standard items) and intelligence (subtests word analogies and figural analogies of the KFT 4-12 + R). Furthermore, we identified n = 33 (0,8\%) students by questionnaire, who had already skipped one grade. Those accelerated students are predominantly boys, had skipped the grade during their first years at school and performed only slightly above-average on two cognitive ability scales. At the time the survey was conducted, 39\% did not attend a Gymnasium and 34 \% had to repeat one grade after having been accelerated. While they report average grades in relation to their peers, their mathematical competence is well above average.},
  language  = {de}
}