@article{GoebelMcCrinkFischeretal.2018,
  author    = {G{\"o}bel, Silke M. and McCrink, Koleen and Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Observation of directional storybook reading influences young children's counting direction},
  series = {Journal of experimental child psychology},
  volume    = {166},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental child psychology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0022-0965},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jecp.2017.08.001},
  pages     = {49 -- 66},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Even before formal schooling, children map numbers onto space in a directional manner. The origin of this preliterate spatial-numerical association is still debated. We investigated the role of enculturation for shaping the directionality of the association between numbers and space, focusing on counting behavior in 3- to 5-year-old preliterate children. Two studies provide evidence that, after observing reading from storybooks (left-to-right or right-to-left reading) children change their counting direction in line with the direction of observed reading. Just observing visuospatial directional movements had no such effect on counting direction. Complementarily, we document that book illustrations, prevalent in children's cultures, exhibit directionality that conforms to the direction of a culture's written language. We propose that shared book reading activates spatiotemporal representations of order in young children, which in turn affect their spatial representation of numbers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2017,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Competing Biases in Mental Arithmetic},
  series = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Frontiers in human neuroscience},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1662-5161},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnhum.2017.00037},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Mental arithmetic exhibits various biases. Among those is a tendency to overestimate addition and to underestimate subtraction outcomes. Does such "operational momentum" (OM) also affect multiplication and division? Twenty-six adults produced lines whose lengths corresponded to the correct outcomes of multiplication and division problems shown in symbolic format. We found a reliable tendency to over-estimate division outcomes, i.e., reverse OM. We suggest that anchoring on the first operand (a tendency to use this number as a reference for further quantitative reasoning) contributes to cognitive biases in mental arithmetic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ShakiFischer2017,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Competing Biases in Mental Arithmetic},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-103492},
  pages     = {5},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Mental arithmetic exhibits various biases. Among those is a tendency to overestimate addition and to underestimate subtraction outcomes. Does such "operational momentum" (OM) also affect multiplication and division? Twenty-six adults produced lines whose lengths corresponded to the correct outcomes of multiplication and division problems shown in symbolic format. We found a reliable tendency to over-estimate division outcomes, i.e., reverse OM. We suggest that anchoring on the first operand (a tendency to use this number as a reference for further quantitative reasoning) contributes to cognitive biases in mental arithmetic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FelisattiLaubrockShakietal.2020,
  author    = {Felisatti, Arianna and Laubrock, Jochen and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Commentary},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {620},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-46041},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-460413},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2020},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2018,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Deconstructing spatial-numerical associations},
  series = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  volume    = {175},
  journal   = {Cognition : international journal of cognitive science},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0010-0277},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.cognition.2018.02.022},
  pages     = {109 -- 113},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been studied extensively in the past two decades, always requiring either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing. This means that the typical finding of an association of small numbers with left or bottom space and of larger numbers with right or top space could be due to these requirements and not the conceptual representation of numbers. The present study compares explicit and implicit magnitude processing in an implicit spatial-directional task and identifies SNAs as artefacts of either explicit magnitude processing or explicit spatial-directional processing; they do not reveal spatial conceptual links. This finding requires revision of current accounts of the relationship between numbers and space.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FischerShaki2018,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Number concepts: abstract and embodied},
  series = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences},
  volume    = {373},
  journal   = {Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences},
  number    = {1752},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0962-8436},
  doi       = {10.1098/rstb.2017.0125},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Numerical knowledge, including number concepts and arithmetic procedures, seems to be a clear-cut case for abstract symbol manipulation. Yet, evidence from perceptual and motor behaviour reveals that natural number knowledge and simple arithmetic also remain closely associated with modal experiences. Following a review of behavioural, animal and neuroscience studies of number processing, we propose a revised understanding of psychological number concepts as grounded in physical constraints, embodied in experience and situated through task-specific intentions. The idea that number concepts occupy a range of positions on the continuum between abstract and modal conceptual knowledge also accounts for systematic heuristics and biases in mental arithmetic, thus inviting psycho-logical approaches to the study of the mathematical mind.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FischerShaki2018,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Repeating Numbers Reduces Results: Violations of the Identity Axiom in Mental Arithmetic},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02453},
  pages     = {9},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Even simple mental arithmetic is fraught with cognitive biases. For example, adding repeated numbers (so-called tie problems, e.g., 2 + 2) not only has a speed and accuracy advantage over adding different numbers (e.g., 1 + 3) but may also lead to under-representation of the result relative to a standard value (Charras et al., 2012, 2014). Does the tie advantage merely reflect easier encoding or retrieval compared to non-ties, or also a distorted result representation? To answer this question, 47 healthy adults performed two tasks, both of which indicated under-representation of tie results: In a result-to-position pointing task (Experiment 1) we measured the spatial mapping of numbers and found a left-bias for tie compared to non-tie problems. In a result-to-line-length production task (Experiment 2) we measured the underlying magnitude representation directly and obtained shorter lines for tie-compared to non-tie problems. These observations suggest that the processing benefit of tie problems comes at the cost of representational reduction of result meaning. This conclusion is discussed in the context of a recent model of arithmetic heuristics and biases.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiPinhasFischer2017,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Pinhas, Michal and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Heuristics and biases in mental arithmetic},
  series = {Thinking \& Reasoning},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Thinking \& Reasoning},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1354-6783},
  doi       = {10.1080/13546783.2017.1348987},
  pages     = {138 -- 156},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Mental arithmetic is characterised by a tendency to overestimate addition and to underestimate subtraction results: the operational momentum (OM) effect. Here, motivated by contentious explanations of this effect, we developed and tested an arithmetic heuristics and biases model that predicts reverse OM due to cognitive anchoring effects. Participants produced bi-directional lines with lengths corresponding to the results of arithmetic problems. In two experiments, we found regular OM with zero problems (e.g., 3+0, 3-0) but reverse OM with non-zero problems (e.g., 2+1, 4-1). In a third experiment, we tested the prediction of our model. Our results suggest the presence of at least three competing biases in mental arithmetic: a more-or-less heuristic, a sign-space association and an anchoring bias. We conclude that mental arithmetic exhibits shortcuts for decision-making similar to traditional domains of reasoning and problem-solving.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ShakiFischer2019,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Commentary on: E. H. Toomarian ; E. M. Hubbard, On the genesis of spatial-numerical associations: Evolutionary and cultural factors co-construct the mental number line. - (Neuroscience \& Biobehavioral Reviews. - vol 95, 2018, pg 189 - 190)},
  series = {Neuroscience \& biobehavioral reviews : official journal of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society},
  volume    = {98},
  journal   = {Neuroscience \& biobehavioral reviews : official journal of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0149-7634},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.12.018},
  pages     = {335 -- 335},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ShakiFischer2018,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Commentary on: Elizabeth H. Toomarian; Edward M. Hubbard: On the genesis of spatial-numerical associations : evolutionary and cultural factors co-construct the mental number line. - In: Neuroscience \& biobehavioral reviews. - 90 (2018), S. 184 - 199},
  series = {Neuroscience \& biobehavioral reviews : official journal of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society},
  volume    = {95},
  journal   = {Neuroscience \& biobehavioral reviews : official journal of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0149-7634},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.10.002},
  pages     = {189 -- 190},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FischerShaki2019,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {How to make talks less boring},
  series = {Nature : the international weekly journal of science},
  volume    = {565},
  journal   = {Nature : the international weekly journal of science},
  number    = {7739},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0028-0836},
  doi       = {10.1038/d41586-019-00153-6},
  pages     = {294 -- 294},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2013,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Your neighbors define your value a study of spatial bias in number comparison},
  series = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics},
  volume    = {142},
  journal   = {Acta psychologica : international journal of psychonomics},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0001-6918},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.01.004},
  pages     = {308 -- 313},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Several chronometric biases in numerical cognition have informed our understanding of a mental number line (MNL). Complementing this approach, we investigated spatial performance in a magnitude comparison task. Participants located the larger or smaller number of a pair on a horizontal line representing the interval from 0 to 10. Experiments 1 and 2 used only number pairs one unit apart and found that digits were localized farther to the right with "select larger" instructions than with "select smaller" instructions. However, when numerical distance was varied (Experiment 3), digits were localized away from numerically near neighbors. This repulsion effect reveals context-specific distortions in number representation not previously noticed with chronometric measures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{FischerShaki2014,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Reading space into numbers: an update},
  series = {Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science},
  volume    = {15},
  booktitle = {Cognitive processing : international quarterly of cognitive science},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {1612-4782},
  pages     = {S21 -- S21},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{FischerShaki2014,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Spatial biases in mental arithmetic},
  series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  volume    = {67},
  journal   = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1747-0218},
  doi       = {10.1080/17470218.2014.927516},
  pages     = {1457 -- 1460},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FischerShaki2014,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Spatial associations in numerical cognition-From single digits to arithmetic},
  series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  volume    = {67},
  journal   = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1747-0218},
  doi       = {10.1080/17470218.2014.927515},
  pages     = {1461 -- 1483},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The literature on spatial associations during number processing is dominated by the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect. We describe spatial biases found for single digits and pairs of numbers, first in the "original" speeded parity task and then extending the scope to encompass different tasks, a range of measures, and various populations. Then we review theoretical accounts before surveying the emerging evidence for similar spatial associations during mental arithmetic. We conclude that the mental number line hypothesis and an embodied approach are useful frameworks for further studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PinhasShakiFischer2014,
  author    = {Pinhas, Michal and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Heed the signs: Operation signs have spatial associations},
  series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  volume    = {67},
  journal   = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1747-0218},
  doi       = {10.1080/17470218.2014.892516},
  pages     = {1527 -- 1540},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Mental arithmetic shows systematic spatial biases. The association between numbers and space is well documented, but it is unknown whether arithmetic operation signs also have spatial associations and whether or not they contribute to spatial biases found in arithmetic. Adult participants classified plus and minus signs with left and right button presses under two counterbalanced response rules. Results from two experiments showed that spatially congruent responses (i.e., right-side responses for the plus sign and left-side responses for the minus sign) were responded to faster than spatially incongruent ones (i.e., left-side responses for the plus sign and right-side responses for the minus sign). We also report correlations between this novel operation sign spatial association (OSSA) effect and other spatial biases in number processing. In a control experiment with no explicit processing requirements for the operation signs there were no sign-related spatial biases. Overall, the results suggest that (a) arithmetic operation signs can evoke spatial associations (OSSA), (b) experience with arithmetic operations probably underlies the OSSA, and (c) the OSSA only partially contributes to spatial biases in arithmetic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{ShakiFischer2014,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Removing spatial responses reveals spatial concepts even in a culture with mixed reading habits},
  series = {Frontiers in human neuroscienc},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Frontiers in human neuroscienc},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1662-5161},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnhum.2014.00966},
  pages     = {2},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{FischerShaki2015,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Two steps to space for numbers},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00612},
  pages     = {3},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiSeryFischer2015,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Sery, Noa and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {1 + 2 is more than 2 + 1: Violations of commutativity and identity axioms in mental arithmetic},
  series = {Journal of cognitive psychology},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Journal of cognitive psychology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {2044-5911},
  doi       = {10.1080/20445911.2014.973414},
  pages     = {471 -- 477},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Over the past decade or so, a large number of studies have revealed that conceptual meaning is sensitive to situational context. More recently, similar contextual influences have been documented in the domain of number knowledge. Here we show such context dependency in a length production task. Adult participants saw single digit addition problems of the form n1 + n2 and produced the sum by changing bi-directionally the length of a horizontally extended line, using radially arranged buttons. We found that longer lines were produced when n1 < n2 compared to n1 > n2 and that unit size increased with result size. Thus, the mathematical axioms of commutativity and identity do not seem to hold in mental addition. We discuss implications of these observations for our understanding of cognitive mechanisms involved in mental arithmetic and for situated cognition generally.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{WinterMatlockShakietal.2015,
  author    = {Winter, Bodo and Matlock, Teenie and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Mental number space in three dimensions},
  series = {Neuroscience \& biobehavioral reviews : official journal of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Neuroscience \& biobehavioral reviews : official journal of the International Behavioral Neuroscience Society},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0149-7634},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.005},
  pages     = {209 -- 219},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {A large number of experimental findings from neuroscience and experimental psychology demonstrated interactions between spatial cognition and numerical cognition. In particular, many researchers posited a horizontal mental number line, where small numbers are thought of as being to the left of larger numbers. This review synthesizes work on the mental association between space and number, indicating the existence of multiple spatial mappings: recent research has found associations between number and vertical space, as well as associations between number and near/far space. We discuss number space in three dimensions with an eye on potential origins of the different number mappings, and how these number mappings fit in with our current knowledge of brain organization and brain-culture interactions. We derive novel predictions and show how this research fits into a general view of cognition as embodied, grounded and situated. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PinhasShakiFischer2015,
  author    = {Pinhas, Michal and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Addition goes where the big numbers are: evidence for a reversed operational momentum effect},
  series = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1069-9384},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13423-014-0786-z},
  pages     = {993 -- 1000},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Number processing evokes spatial biases, both when dealing with single digits and in more complex mental calculations. Here we investigated whether these two biases have a common origin, by examining their flexibility. Participants pointed to the locations of arithmetic results on a visually presented line with an inverted, right-to-left number arrangement. We found directionally opposite spatial biases for mental arithmetic and for a parity task administered both before and after the arithmetic task. We discuss implications of this dissociation in our results for the task-dependent cognitive representation of numbers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@unpublished{ShakiFischer2015,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Newborn chicks need no number tricks. Commentary: Number-space mapping in the newborn chick resembles humans' mental number line},
  series = {Frontiers in human neuroscienc},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in human neuroscienc},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1662-5161},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnhum.2015.00451},
  pages     = {3},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischerGoebel2012,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H. and Goebel, Silke M.},
  title     = {Direction counts A comparative study of spatially directional counting biases in cultures with different reading directions},
  series = {Journal of experimental child psychology},
  volume    = {112},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental child psychology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0022-0965},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jecp.2011.12.005},
  pages     = {275 -- 281},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Western adults associate small numbers with left space and large numbers with right space. Where does this pervasive spatial-numerical association come from? In this study, we first recorded directional counting preferences in adults with different reading experiences (left to right, right to left, mixed, and illiterate) and observed a clear relationship between reading and counting directions. We then recorded directional counting preferences in pre-schoolers and elementary school children from three of these reading cultures (left to right, right to left, and mixed). Culture-specific counting biases existed before reading acquisition in children as young as 3 years and were subsequently modified by early reading experience. Together, our results suggest that both directional counting and scanning activities contribute to number-space associations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2012,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Multiple spatial mappings in numerical cognition},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/a0027562},
  pages     = {804 -- 809},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {A recent cross-cultural comparison (Shaki, Fischer, \& Petrusic, 2009) suggested that spatially consistent processing habits for words and numbers are a necessary condition for the spatial representation of numbers (Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes; SNARC effect). Here we reexamine the SNARC in Israelis who read text from right to left but numbers from left to right. We show that, despite these spatially inconsistent processing habits, a SNARC effect still emerges when the response dimension is spatially orthogonal to the conflicting processing dimension. These results clarify the cognitive conditions for spatial-numerical mappings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2014,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Random walks on the mental number line},
  series = {Experimental brain research},
  volume    = {232},
  journal   = {Experimental brain research},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0014-4819},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00221-013-3718-7},
  pages     = {43 -- 49},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ShakiFischer2015,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Newborn chicks need no number tricks},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {414},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406425},
  pages     = {3},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {kein Abstract},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FischerShaki2015,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Two steps to space for numbers},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {412},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-406522},
  pages     = {3},
  year      = {2015},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FischerShaki2016,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Measuring spatial-numerical associations: evidence for a purely conceptual link},
  series = {Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action},
  volume    = {80},
  journal   = {Psychological research : an international journal of perception, attention, memory, and action},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {0340-0727},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00426-015-0646-0},
  pages     = {109 -- 112},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Previous work on spatial-numerical association (SNAs) included either spatially distributed stimuli or responses. This raises the possibility that the inferred spatial nature of number concepts was a methodological artifact. We present results from a novel task that involves two categories (spatially oriented objects and number magnitudes) and dissociates spatial classification from number classification. The results reveal SNAs without inferential limitations of previous work and point to a working memory mechanism that transfers spatial coding across categories.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FelisattiLaubrockShakietal.2020,
  author    = {Felisatti, Arianna and Laubrock, Jochen and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Commentary},
  series = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Human Neuroscience},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1662-5161},
  doi       = {10.3389/fnhum.2020.00099},
  pages     = {4},
  year      = {2020},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FischerMiklashevskyShaki2018,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Miklashevsky, Alex A. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Commentary : The Developmental Trajectory of the Operational Momentum Effect},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02259},
  pages     = {3},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FischerMiklashevskyShaki2019,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Miklashevsky, Alex A. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Commentary : The Developmental Trajectory of the Operational Momentum Effect},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {502},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42316},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423169},
  pages     = {3},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FischerShaki2017,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Implicit Spatial-Numerical Associations: Negative Numbers and the Role of Counting Direction},
  series = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  volume    = {43},
  journal   = {Journal of experimental psychology : Human perception and performance},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0096-1523},
  doi       = {10.1037/xhp0000369},
  pages     = {639 -- 643},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {It has been debated whether negative number concepts are cognitively represented on the same mental number line as positive number concepts. The present study reviews this debate and identifies limitations of previous studies. A method with nonspatial stimuli and responses is applied to overcome these limitations and to document a systematic implicit association of negative numbers with left space, thus indicating a leftward extension of the mental number line. Importantly, this result only held for left-to-right counting adults. Implications for the experiential basis of abstract conceptual knowledge are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2020,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Nothing to dance about: unclear evidence for symbolic representations and numerical competence in honeybees},
  series = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences},
  volume    = {287},
  journal   = {Proceedings of the Royal Society of London : B, Biological sciences},
  number    = {1925},
  publisher = {Royal Society},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0962-8452},
  doi       = {10.1098/rspb.2019.2840},
  pages     = {2},
  year      = {2020},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WoodShakiFischer2021,
  author    = {Wood, Danielle and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Turn the beat around: Commentary on "Slow and fast beat sequences are represented differently through space" (De Tommaso \& Prpic, 2020, in Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics)},
  series = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
  volume    = {83},
  journal   = {Attention, perception, \& psychophysics : AP\&P ; a journal of the Psychonomic Society, Inc.},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1943-3921},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-021-02247-8},
  pages     = {1518 -- 1521},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {There has been increasing interest in the spatial mapping of various perceptual and cognitive magnitudes, such as expanding the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect into domains outside of numerical cognition. Recently, De Tommaso and Prpic (Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics, 82, 2765-2773, 2020) reported in this journal that only fast tempos over 104 beats per minute have spatial associations, with more right-sided associations and faster responses for faster tempos. After discussing the role of perceived loudness and possible response strategies, we propose and recommend methodological improvements for further research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FelisattiLaubrockShakietal.2020,
  author    = {Felisatti, Arianna and Laubrock, Jochen and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {A biological foundation for spatial-numerical associations},
  series = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  volume    = {1477},
  journal   = {Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0077-8923},
  doi       = {10.1111/nyas.14418},
  pages     = {44 -- 53},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {"Left" and "right" coordinates control our spatial behavior and even influence abstract thoughts. For number concepts, horizontal spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) have been widely documented: we associate few with left and many with right. Importantly, increments are universally coded on the right side even in preverbal humans and nonhuman animals, thus questioning the fundamental role of directional cultural habits, such as reading or finger counting. Here, we propose a biological, nonnumerical mechanism for the origin of SNAs on the basis of asymmetric tuning of animal brains for different spatial frequencies (SFs). The resulting selective visual processing predicts both universal SNAs and their context-dependence. We support our proposal by analyzing the stimuli used to document SNAs in newborns for their SF content. As predicted, the SFs contained in visual patterns with few versus many elements preferentially engage right versus left brain hemispheres, respectively, thus predicting left-versus rightward behavioral biases. Our "brain's asymmetric frequency tuning" hypothesis explains the perceptual origin of horizontal SNAs for nonsymbolic visual numerosities and might be extensible to the auditory domain.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShakiFischer2020,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Systematic spatial distortion of quantitative estimates},
  series = {Psychological research},
  volume    = {85},
  journal   = {Psychological research},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {0340-0727},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00426-020-01390-5},
  pages     = {2177 -- 2185},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Magnitude estimation has been studied since the beginnings of scientific psychology and constitutes a fundamental aspect of human behavior. Yet, it has apparently never been noticed that estimates depend on the spatial arrangement used. We tested 167 adults in three experiments to show that the spatial layout of stimuli and responses systematically distorts number estimation, length production, and weight reproduction performance. The direction of distortion depends on the observer's counting habits, but does not seem to reflect the use of spatially associated number concepts. Our results imply that all quantitative estimates are contaminated by a "spell of space" whenever stimuli or responses are spatially distributed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FelisattiAagtenMurphyLaubrocketal.2020,
  author    = {Felisatti, Arianna and Aagten-Murphy, David and Laubrock, Jochen and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {The brain's asymmetric frequency tuning},
  series = {Symmetry / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Symmetry / Molecular Diversity Preservation International (MDPI)},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2073-8994},
  doi       = {10.3390/sym12122083},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {To construct a coherent multi-modal percept, vertebrate brains extract low-level features (such as spatial and temporal frequencies) from incoming sensory signals. However, because frequency processing is lateralized with the right hemisphere favouring low frequencies while the left favours higher frequencies, this introduces asymmetries between the hemispheres. Here, we describe how this lateralization shapes the development of several cognitive domains, ranging from visuo-spatial and numerical cognition to language, social cognition, and even aesthetic appreciation, and leads to the emergence of asymmetries in behaviour. We discuss the neuropsychological and educational implications of these emergent asymmetries and suggest future research approaches.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AartsAndersonAndersonetal.2015,
  author    = {Aarts, Alexander A. and Anderson, Joanna E. and Anderson, Christopher J. and Attridge, Peter R. and Attwood, Angela and Axt, Jordan and Babel, Molly and Bahnik, Stepan and Baranski, Erica and Barnett-Cowan, Michael and Bartmess, Elizabeth and Beer, Jennifer and Bell, Raoul and Bentley, Heather and Beyan, Leah and Binion, Grace and Borsboom, Denny and Bosch, Annick and Bosco, Frank A. and Bowman, Sara D. and Brandt, Mark J. and Braswell, Erin and Brohmer, Hilmar and Brown, Benjamin T. and Brown, Kristina and Bruening, Jovita and Calhoun-Sauls, Ann and Callahan, Shannon P. and Chagnon, Elizabeth and Chandler, Jesse and Chartier, Christopher R. and Cheung, Felix and Christopherson, Cody D. and Cillessen, Linda and Clay, Russ and Cleary, Hayley and Cloud, Mark D. and Cohn, Michael and Cohoon, Johanna and Columbus, Simon and Cordes, Andreas and Costantini, Giulio and Alvarez, Leslie D. Cramblet and Cremata, Ed and Crusius, Jan and DeCoster, Jamie and DeGaetano, Michelle A. and Della Penna, Nicolas and den Bezemer, Bobby and Deserno, Marie K. and Devitt, Olivia and Dewitte, Laura and Dobolyi, David G. and Dodson, Geneva T. and Donnellan, M. Brent and Donohue, Ryan and Dore, Rebecca A. and Dorrough, Angela and Dreber, Anna and Dugas, Michelle and Dunn, Elizabeth W. and Easey, Kayleigh and Eboigbe, Sylvia and Eggleston, Casey and Embley, Jo and Epskamp, Sacha and Errington, Timothy M. and Estel, Vivien and Farach, Frank J. and Feather, Jenelle and Fedor, Anna and Fernandez-Castilla, Belen and Fiedler, Susann and Field, James G. and Fitneva, Stanka A. and Flagan, Taru and Forest, Amanda L. and Forsell, Eskil and Foster, Joshua D. and Frank, Michael C. and Frazier, Rebecca S. and Fuchs, Heather and Gable, Philip and Galak, Jeff and Galliani, Elisa Maria and Gampa, Anup and Garcia, Sara and Gazarian, Douglas and Gilbert, Elizabeth and Giner-Sorolla, Roger and Gl{\"o}ckner, Andreas and G{\"o}llner, Lars and Goh, Jin X. and Goldberg, Rebecca and Goodbourn, Patrick T. and Gordon-McKeon, Shauna and Gorges, Bryan and Gorges, Jessie and Goss, Justin and Graham, Jesse and Grange, James A. and Gray, Jeremy and Hartgerink, Chris and Hartshorne, Joshua and Hasselman, Fred and Hayes, Timothy and Heikensten, Emma and Henninger, Felix and Hodsoll, John and Holubar, Taylor and Hoogendoorn, Gea and Humphries, Denise J. and Hung, Cathy O. -Y. and Immelman, Nathali and Irsik, Vanessa C. and Jahn, Georg and Jaekel, Frank and Jekel, Marc and Johannesson, Magnus and Johnson, Larissa G. and Johnson, David J. and Johnson, Kate M. and Johnston, William J. and Jonas, Kai and Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A. and Kappes, Heather Barry and Kelso, Kim and Kidwell, Mallory C. and Kim, Seung Kyung and Kirkhart, Matthew and Kleinberg, Bennett and Knezevic, Goran and Kolorz, Franziska Maria and Kossakowski, Jolanda J. and Krause, Robert Wilhelm and Krijnen, Job and Kuhlmann, Tim and Kunkels, Yoram K. and Kyc, Megan M. and Lai, Calvin K. and Laique, Aamir and Lakens, Daniel and Lane, Kristin A. and Lassetter, Bethany and Lazarevic, Ljiljana B. and LeBel, Etienne P. and Lee, Key Jung and Lee, Minha and Lemm, Kristi and Levitan, Carmel A. and Lewis, Melissa and Lin, Lin and Lin, Stephanie and Lippold, Matthias and Loureiro, Darren and Luteijn, Ilse and Mackinnon, Sean and Mainard, Heather N. and Marigold, Denise C. and Martin, Daniel P. and Martinez, Tylar and Masicampo, E. J. and Matacotta, Josh and Mathur, Maya and May, Michael and Mechin, Nicole and Mehta, Pranjal and Meixner, Johannes and Melinger, Alissa and Miller, Jeremy K. and Miller, Mallorie and Moore, Katherine and M{\"o}schl, Marcus and Motyl, Matt and M{\"u}ller, Stephanie M. and Munafo, Marcus and Neijenhuijs, Koen I. and Nervi, Taylor and Nicolas, Gandalf and Nilsonne, Gustav and Nosek, Brian A. and Nuijten, Michele B. and Olsson, Catherine and Osborne, Colleen and Ostkamp, Lutz and Pavel, Misha and Penton-Voak, Ian S. and Perna, Olivia and Pernet, Cyril and Perugini, Marco and Pipitone, R. Nathan and Pitts, Michael and Plessow, Franziska and Prenoveau, Jason M. and Rahal, Rima-Maria and Ratliff, Kate A. and Reinhard, David and Renkewitz, Frank and Ricker, Ashley A. and Rigney, Anastasia and Rivers, Andrew M. and Roebke, Mark and Rutchick, Abraham M. and Ryan, Robert S. and Sahin, Onur and Saide, Anondah and Sandstrom, Gillian M. and Santos, David and Saxe, Rebecca and Schlegelmilch, Rene and Schmidt, Kathleen and Scholz, Sabine and Seibel, Larissa and Selterman, Dylan Faulkner and Shaki, Samuel and Simpson, William B. and Sinclair, H. Colleen and Skorinko, Jeanine L. M. and Slowik, Agnieszka and Snyder, Joel S. and Soderberg, Courtney and Sonnleitner, Carina and Spencer, Nick and Spies, Jeffrey R. and Steegen, Sara and Stieger, Stefan and Strohminger, Nina and Sullivan, Gavin B. and Talhelm, Thomas and Tapia, Megan and te Dorsthorst, Anniek and Thomae, Manuela and Thomas, Sarah L. and Tio, Pia and Traets, Frits and Tsang, Steve and Tuerlinckx, Francis and Turchan, Paul and Valasek, Milan and Van Aert, Robbie and van Assen, Marcel and van Bork, Riet and van de Ven, Mathijs and van den Bergh, Don and van der Hulst, Marije and van Dooren, Roel and van Doorn, Johnny and van Renswoude, Daan R. and van Rijn, Hedderik and Vanpaemel, Wolf and Echeverria, Alejandro Vasquez and Vazquez, Melissa and Velez, Natalia and Vermue, Marieke and Verschoor, Mark and Vianello, Michelangelo and Voracek, Martin and Vuu, Gina and Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan and Weerdmeester, Joanneke and Welsh, Ashlee and Westgate, Erin C. and Wissink, Joeri and Wood, Michael and Woods, Andy and Wright, Emily and Wu, Sining and Zeelenberg, Marcel and Zuni, Kellylynn},
  title     = {Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science},
  series = {Science},
  volume    = {349},
  journal   = {Science},
  number    = {6251},
  publisher = {American Assoc. for the Advancement of Science},
  address   = {Washington},
  organization    = {Open Sci Collaboration},
  issn      = {1095-9203},
  doi       = {10.1126/science.aac4716},
  pages     = {8},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Reproducibility is a defining feature of science, but the extent to which it characterizes current research is unknown. We conducted replications of 100 experimental and correlational studies published in three psychology journals using high-powered designs and original materials when available. Replication effects were half the magnitude of original effects, representing a substantial decline. Ninety-seven percent of original studies had statistically significant results. Thirty-six percent of replications had statistically significant results; 47\% of original effect sizes were in the 95\% confidence interval of the replication effect size; 39\% of effects were subjectively rated to have replicated the original result; and if no bias in original results is assumed, combining original and replication results left 68\% with statistically significant effects. Correlational tests suggest that replication success was better predicted by the strength of original evidence than by characteristics of the original and replication teams.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{JeglinskiMendeShakiFischer2018,
  author    = {Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A. and Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Rezension zu: Varma, Sashank ; Schwartz, Daniel L.: The mental representation of integers : an abstract-to-concrete shift in the understanding of mathematical concepts. - Cognition. - 121 (2011), 3. - S. 363 - 385},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00209},
  pages     = {4},
  year      = {2018},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{FischerWinterFelisattietal.2021,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin and Winter, Bodo and Felisatti, Arianna and Myachykov, Andriy and Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {More Instructions Make Fewer Subtractions},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55008},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-550086},
  pages     = {1 -- 3},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Research on problem solving offers insights into how humans process task-related information and which strategies they use (Newell and Simon, 1972; {\"O}llinger et al., 2014). Problem solving can be defined as the search for possible changes in one's mind (Kahneman, 2003). In a recent study, Adams et al. (2021) assessed whether the predominant problem solving strategy when making changes involves adding or subtracting elements. In order to do this, they used several examples of simple problems, such as editing text or making visual patterns symmetrical, either in naturalistic settings or on-line. The essence of the authors' findings is a strong preference to add rather than subtract elements across a diverse range of problems, including the stabilizing of artifacts, creating symmetrical patterns, or editing texts. More specifically, they succeeded in demonstrating that "participants were less likely to identify advantageous subtractive changes when the task did not (vs. did) cue them to consider subtraction, when they had only one opportunity (vs. several) to recognize the shortcomings of an additive search strategy or when they were under a higher (vs. lower) cognitive load" (Adams et al., 2021, p. 258). Addition and subtraction are generally defined as de-contextualized mathematical operations using abstract symbols (Russell, 1903/1938). Nevertheless, understanding of both symbols and operations is informed by everyday activities, such as making or breaking objects (Lakoff and N{\´u}{\~n}ez, 2000; Fischer and Shaki, 2018). The universal attribution of "addition bias" or "subtraction neglect" to problem solving activities is perhaps a convenient shorthand but it overlooks influential framing effects beyond those already acknowledged in the report and the accompanying commentary (Meyvis and Yoon, 2021). Most importantly, while Adams et al.'s study addresses an important issue, their very method of verbally instructing participants, together with lack of control over several known biases, might render their findings less than conclusive. Below, we discuss our concerns that emerged from the identified biases, namely those regarding the instructions and the experimental materials. Moreover, we refer to research from mathematical cognition that provides new insights into Adams et al.'s findings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FischerWinterFelisattietal.2021,
  author    = {Fischer, Martin and Winter, Bodo and Felisatti, Arianna and Myachykov, Andriy and Jeglinski-Mende, Melinda A. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {More Instructions Make Fewer Subtractions},
  series = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Frontiers in Psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Media SA},
  address   = {Lausanne, Schweiz},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2021.720616},
  pages     = {1 -- 3},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Research on problem solving offers insights into how humans process task-related information and which strategies they use (Newell and Simon, 1972; {\"O}llinger et al., 2014). Problem solving can be defined as the search for possible changes in one's mind (Kahneman, 2003). In a recent study, Adams et al. (2021) assessed whether the predominant problem solving strategy when making changes involves adding or subtracting elements. In order to do this, they used several examples of simple problems, such as editing text or making visual patterns symmetrical, either in naturalistic settings or on-line. The essence of the authors' findings is a strong preference to add rather than subtract elements across a diverse range of problems, including the stabilizing of artifacts, creating symmetrical patterns, or editing texts. More specifically, they succeeded in demonstrating that "participants were less likely to identify advantageous subtractive changes when the task did not (vs. did) cue them to consider subtraction, when they had only one opportunity (vs. several) to recognize the shortcomings of an additive search strategy or when they were under a higher (vs. lower) cognitive load" (Adams et al., 2021, p. 258). Addition and subtraction are generally defined as de-contextualized mathematical operations using abstract symbols (Russell, 1903/1938). Nevertheless, understanding of both symbols and operations is informed by everyday activities, such as making or breaking objects (Lakoff and N{\´u}{\~n}ez, 2000; Fischer and Shaki, 2018). The universal attribution of "addition bias" or "subtraction neglect" to problem solving activities is perhaps a convenient shorthand but it overlooks influential framing effects beyond those already acknowledged in the report and the accompanying commentary (Meyvis and Yoon, 2021). Most importantly, while Adams et al.'s study addresses an important issue, their very method of verbally instructing participants, together with lack of control over several known biases, might render their findings less than conclusive. Below, we discuss our concerns that emerged from the identified biases, namely those regarding the instructions and the experimental materials. Moreover, we refer to research from mathematical cognition that provides new insights into Adams et al.'s findings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{D'AscenzoFischerShakietal.2022,
  author    = {D'Ascenzo, Stefania and Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel and Lugli, Luisa},
  title     = {Number to me, space to you},
  series = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  volume    = {29},
  journal   = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1069-9384},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13423-021-02013-9},
  pages     = {485 -- 491},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Recent work has shown that number concepts activate both spatial and magnitude representations. According to the social co-representation literature which has shown that participants typically represent task components assigned to others together with their own, we asked whether explicit magnitude meaning and explicit spatial coding must be present in a single mind, or can be distributed across two minds, to generate a spatial-numerical congruency effect. In a shared go/no-go task that eliminated peripheral spatial codes, we assigned explicit magnitude processing to participants and spatial processing to either human or non-human co-agents. The spatial-numerical congruency effect emerged only with human co-agents. We demonstrate an inter-personal level of conceptual congruency between space and number that arises from a shared conceptual representation not contaminated by peripheral spatial codes. Theoretical implications of this finding for numerical cognition are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MioniFischerShaki2021,
  author    = {Mioni, Giovanna and Fischer, Martin H. and Shaki, Samuel},
  title     = {Heuristics and biases in the mental manipulation of magnitudes},
  series = {Quarterly journal of experimental psychology / published in association with Experimental Psychology Society},
  volume    = {74},
  journal   = {Quarterly journal of experimental psychology / published in association with Experimental Psychology Society},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {SAGE Publishing},
  address   = {Thousand Oaks, CA},
  issn      = {1747-0218},
  doi       = {10.1177/1747021820967663},
  pages     = {536 -- 547},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {There is a debate about whether and why we overestimate addition and underestimate subtraction results (Operational Momentum or OM effect). Spatial-attentional accounts of OM compete with a model which postulates that OM reflects a weighted combination of multiple arithmetic heuristics and biases (AHAB). This study addressed this debate with the theoretically diagnostic distinction between zero problems (e.g., 3 + 0, 3 - 0) and non-zero problems (e.g., 2 + 1, 4 - 1) because AHAB, in contrast to all other accounts, uniquely predicts reverse OM for the latter problem type. In two tests (line-length production and time production), participants indeed produced shorter lines and under-estimated time intervals in non-zero additions compared with subtractions. This predicted interaction between operation and problem type extends OM to non-spatial magnitudes and highlights the strength of AHAB regarding different problem types and modalities during the mental manipulation of magnitudes. They also suggest that OM reflects methodological details, whereas reverse OM is the more representative behavioural signature of mental arithmetic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{ShakiFischer2020,
  author    = {Shaki, Samuel and Fischer, Martin H.},
  title     = {Systematic spatial distortion of quantitative estimates},
  series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54545},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-545457},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Magnitude estimation has been studied since the beginnings of scientific psychology and constitutes a fundamental aspect of human behavior. Yet, it has apparently never been noticed that estimates depend on the spatial arrangement used. We tested 167 adults in three experiments to show that the spatial layout of stimuli and responses systematically distorts number estimation, length production, and weight reproduction performance. The direction of distortion depends on the observer's counting habits, but does not seem to reflect the use of spatially associated number concepts. Our results imply that all quantitative estimates are contaminated by a "spell of space" whenever stimuli or responses are spatially distributed.},
  language  = {en}
}