@article{SchachnerSchwarzenthalvandeVijveretal.2019,
  author    = {Schachner, Maja Katharina and Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. and Noack, Peter},
  title     = {How all students can belong and achieve},
  series = {The journal of educational psychology},
  volume    = {111},
  journal   = {The journal of educational psychology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0022-0663},
  doi       = {10.1037/edu0000303},
  pages     = {703 -- 716},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {As schools are becoming more culturally diverse, it is crucial to understand how they can approach this diversity in ways that allow all students to feel included and do well. We focus on the manifestation of two related but distinct approaches to cultural diversity, namely equality and inclusion (i.e., promoting positive intergroup contact) and cultural pluralism (i.e., embracing students' diverse cultural backgrounds as a resource), in the perceived classroom climate. Specifically, we test a model in which the link of cultural diversity climate at school and student outcomes (achievement, academic self-concept and general life satisfaction) is mediated by sense of school belonging, both at the individual and classroom level. Analyses are based on 1,971 students (61\% of immigrant background; Mage = 11.53, SDage = 0.73, 52\% male) in 88 culturally diverse classrooms in southwest Germany after their first year at secondary school. Individual- and classroom-level results suggest that both perceived equality and inclusion as well as cultural pluralism are positively associated with outcomes and this link is mediated by school belonging. There were no differences in the effects of (perceived) cultural diversity climate and school belonging between students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background, suggesting that dealing with cultural diversity in a constructive way is beneficial for all students attending multiethnic schools.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalSchachnervandeVijveretal.2018,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena and Schachner, Maja Katharina and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. and Juang, Linda P.},
  title     = {Equal but Different},
  series = {Cultural diversity \& ethnic minority psychology : official journal of American Psychological Association Division 45},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {Cultural diversity \& ethnic minority psychology : official journal of American Psychological Association Division 45},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {1099-9809},
  doi       = {10.1037/cdp0000173},
  pages     = {260 -- 271},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Objectives: Integrating research on intergroup contact and intercultural relations, we investigated effects of 2 types of cultural diversity norms (equality/inclusion and cultural pluralism) on outgroup orientation and perceived discrimination among students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background. Method: Our sample comprised 1,975 6th graders (M-age = 11.53, SDage = 0.69, 47\% female) in Germany, of whom 1,213 (61\%) were of immigrant background, defined as having at least 1 parent born in a different country. A total of 83 countries of origin were represented. We applied a multilevel framework to assess the impact of individual-level and class-level predictors on intergroup outcomes, controlling for the classroom ethnic composition, school track, and individual-level covariates. Immigrant background was treated as a moderator. Results: The 2 types of cultural diversity norms were generally associated with more positive intergroup outcomes. Some of the associations differed in strength between students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background. There were stronger associations of equality/inclusion with higher outgroup orientation among students of nonimmigrant background and with lower perceived discrimination among students of immigrant background. Ethnic composition, as well as the classroom-aggregated diversity norms (diversity climate) showed weaker relations with the outcome variables. Conclusions: Equality/inclusion norms and cultural pluralism norms can make complementary contributions to positive relations between students of immigrant and nonimmigrant background. Equality/inclusion norms foster positive contact and equal treatment, while cultural pluralism norms emphasize that it is also important to value diversity. 1},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalJuangSchachneretal.2017,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena and Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and van de Vijver, Fons J. R. and Handrick, Anna},
  title     = {From tolerance to understanding},
  series = {Journal of community \& applied social psychology},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Journal of community \& applied social psychology},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1052-9284},
  doi       = {10.1002/casp.2317},
  pages     = {388 -- 399},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {We investigated intercultural competence among immigrant and non-immigrant background adolescents in multiethnic schools in relation to intercultural contact, age, and ethnic identity exploration. The sample included 631 adolescents in Germany (49.4\% of immigrant background, 48.2\% female), aged 11 to 18 years (Mage = 13.69 years, SDage = 1.83). Intercultural competence was measured using a self-report questionnaire and situational judgment tests capturing the adolescents' interpretation of and reaction to intercultural conflicts. Intercultural contacts and ethnic identity exploration were measured using self-report questionnaires. Results showed that among immigrant and non-immigrant background adolescents, intercultural contact and ethnic identity exploration were positively related to different aspects of intercultural competence. As predicted, self-reported intercultural competence was unrelated to age in both groups, whereas this competence, as measured by the situational judgment tests, increased with age. Thus, learning about others (e.g., by engaging in intercultural contact) and learning about yourself (e.g., by exploring your own ethnic background) are both important for developing pivotal intercultural skills.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{SchwarzenthalSchachnerJuangetal.2019,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Juang, Linda P. and Van De Vijver, Fons J. R.},
  title     = {Reaping the benefits of cultural diversity},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {581},
  issn      = {1866-8364},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43750},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437502},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Culturally diverse schools may constitute natural arenas for training crucial intercultural skills. We hypothesized that a classroom cultural diversity climate fostering contact and cooperation and multiculturalism, but not a climate fostering color-evasion, would be positively related to adolescents' intercultural competence. Adolescents in North Rhine-Westphalia (N = 631, Mage = 13.69 years, 49\% of immigrant background) and Berlin (N = 1,335, Mage = 14.69 years, 52\% of immigrant background) in Germany reported their perceptions of the classroom cultural diversity climate and completed quantitative and qualitative measures assessing their intercultural competence. Multilevel structural equation models indicate that contact and cooperation, multiculturalism, and, surprisingly, also color-evasion (as in emphasizing a common humanity), were positively related to the intercultural competence of immigrant and non-immigrant background students. We conclude that all three aspects of the classroom climate are uniquely related to aspects of adolescents' intercultural competence and that none of them may be sufficient on their own.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalJuangSchachneretal.2019,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena and Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and van de Vijver, Fons J. R.},
  title     = {A multimodal measure of cultural intelligence for adolescents growing up in culturally diverse societies},
  series = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
  volume    = {72},
  journal   = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0147-1767},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.07.007},
  pages     = {109 -- 121},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Adolescents growing up in culturally diverse societies need to develop intercultural competence. To better understand how to develop intercultural competence we need measures specifically relating to the everyday intercultural experiences of adolescents. However, few measures of intercultural competence are available for this target group. Based on the cultural intelligence (CQ) model (Earley \& Ang, 2003), we developed a measure that combines a self-report questionnaire and situational judgment tests (SJTs). The latter comprise a brief description of intercultural situations, followed by questions asking the adolescents to interpret and provide a reaction to the situations. The reliability, factor structure, measurement equivalence, and validity of the new measure was tested in two samples of adolescents in culturally diverse regions in North Rhine-Westphalia (N = 631, 48\% female, M-a(ge) = 13.69 years, SDage = 1.83) and Berlin (N = 1,335, 48\% female, M-age = 14.69 years, SDage, = 0.74) in Germany. The self-report CQ scale showed good reliability and a four-dimensional factor structure with a higher-order CQ factor. The responses to the SJTs were coded based on a coding manual and the ratings loaded onto one factor. The measurement models showed metric to scalar measurement equivalence across immigrant background, gender, and grade. The CQ factor and the SJT factor were positively correlated with each other, as well as with related constructs such as openness, perspective-taking, and diversity beliefs. We conclude that the new measure offers a reliable and valid method to assess the intercultural competence of adolescents growing up in culturally diverse societies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalJuangSchachneretal.2019,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena and Juang, Linda P. and Schachner, Maja Katharina and van de Vijver, Fons J. R.},
  title     = {"When birds of a different feather flock together" - intercultural socialization in adolescents' friendships},
  series = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
  volume    = {72},
  journal   = {International Journal of Intercultural Relations},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0147-1767},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ijintrel.2019.07.001},
  pages     = {61 -- 75},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We conclude that intercultural friendships are associated with important skills that are needed in increasingly multicultural societies if students experience and discuss cultural variations in these friendships.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Schwarzenthal2019,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena},
  title     = {Intercultural competence among adolescents attending culturally diverse schools in Germany},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {196},
  year      = {2019},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalSchachnerJuangetal.2020,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Juang, Linda P. and van de Vijver, Fons J. R.},
  title     = {Reaping the benefits of cultural diversity},
  series = {European journal of social psychology},
  volume    = {50},
  journal   = {European journal of social psychology},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0046-2772},
  doi       = {10.1002/ejsp.2617},
  pages     = {323 -- 346},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Culturally diverse schools may constitute natural arenas for training crucial intercultural skills. We hypothesized that a classroom cultural diversity climate fostering contact and cooperation and multiculturalism, but not a climate fostering color-evasion, would be positively related to adolescents' intercultural competence. Adolescents in North Rhine-Westphalia (N = 631, Mage = 13.69 years, 49\% of immigrant background) and Berlin (N = 1,335, Mage = 14.69 years, 52\% of immigrant background) in Germany reported their perceptions of the classroom cultural diversity climate and completed quantitative and qualitative measures assessing their intercultural competence. Multilevel structural equation models indicate that contact and cooperation, multiculturalism, and, surprisingly, also color-evasion (as in emphasizing a common humanity), were positively related to the intercultural competence of immigrant and non-immigrant background students. We conclude that all three aspects of the classroom climate are uniquely related to aspects of adolescents' intercultural competence and that none of them may be sufficient on their own.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchwarzenthalSchachnerJuang2022,
  author    = {Schwarzenthal, Miriam Jelena and Schachner, Maja Katharina and Juang, Linda P.},
  title     = {F{\"u}r ein besseres Miteinander},
  series = {Aufwachsen mit Anderen : Peerbeziehungen als Bildungsfaktor},
  journal   = {Aufwachsen mit Anderen : Peerbeziehungen als Bildungsfaktor},
  publisher = {Kohlhammer},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-17-036682-4},
  pages     = {176 -- 189},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}