@phdthesis{Kesten2004,
  author    = {Kesten, Dagmar},
  title     = {Structural observations at the southern Dead Sea Transform from seismic reflection data and ASTER satellite images},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001807},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {Die folgende Arbeit ist Teil des multidisziplin{\"a}ren Projektes DESERT (DEad SEa Rift Transect), welches seit dem Jahr 2000 im Nahen Osten durchgef{\"u}hrt wird. Dabei geht es prim{\"a}r um die Struktur der s{\"u}dlichen Dead Sea Transform (DST; Tote-Meer-Transformst{\"o}rung), Plattengrenze zwischen Afrika (Sinai) und der Arabischen Mikroplatte. Seit dem Mioz{\"a}n betr{\"a}gt der sinistrale Versatz an dieser bedeutenden aktiven Blattverschiebung mehr als 100 km. Das steilwinkelseismische (NVR) Experiment von DESERT querte die DST im Arava Tal zwischen Rotem Meer und Totem Meer, wo die Hauptst{\"o}rung auch Arava Fault genannt wird. Das 100 km lange Profil erstreckte sich von Sede Boqer/Israel im Nordwesten nach Ma'an/Jordanien im S{\"u}dosten und f{\"a}llt mit dem zentralen Teil einer weitwinkelseismischen Profillinie zusammen. Steilwinkelseismische Messungen stellen bei der Bestimmung der Krustenstruktur bis zur Krusten/Mantel-Grenze ein wichtiges Instrument dar. Obwohl es kaum m{\"o}glich ist, steilstehende St{\"o}rungszonen direkt abzubilden, geben abrupte Ver{\"a}nderungen des Reflektivit{\"a}tsmuster oder pl{\"o}tzlich endende Reflektoren indirekte Hinweise auf Transformbewegung. Da bis zum DESERT Experiment keine anderen reflexionsseismischen Messungen {\"u}ber die DST ausgef{\"u}hrt worden waren, waren wichtige Aspekte dieser Transform-Plattengrenze und der damit verbundenen Krustenstruktur nicht bekannt. Mit dem Projekt sollte deshalb untersucht werden, wie sich die DST sowohl in der oberen als auch in der unteren Kruste manifestiert. Zu den Fragestellungen geh{\"o}rte unter anderem, ob sich die DST bis in den Mantel fortsetzt und ob ein Versatz der Krusten/Mantel-Grenze beobachtet werden kann. So ein Versatz ist von anderen großen Transformst{\"o}rungen bekannt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden zun{\"a}chst die Methode der Steilwinkelseismik und die Datenverarbeitung kurz erl{\"a}utert, bevor die Daten geologisch interpretiert werden. Bei der Interpetation werden die Ergebnisse anderer relevanter Studien ber{\"u}cksichtigt. Geologische Gel{\"a}ndearbeiten im Gebiet des NVR Profiles ergaben, dass die Arava Fault zum Teil charakterisiert ist durch niedrige Steilstufen in den neogenen Sedimenten, durch kleine Druckr{\"u}cken oder Rhomb-Gr{\"a}ben. Ein typischer Aufbau der St{\"o}rungszone mit einem St{\"o}rungskern, einer st{\"o}rungsbezogenen Deformationszone und einem undeformierten Ausgangsgestein, wie er von anderen großen St{\"o}rungszonen beschrieben worden ist, konnte nicht gefunden werden. Deshalb wurden zur Erg{\"a}nzung der Reflexionsseismik, welche vor allem die tieferen Krustenstrukturen abbildet, ASTER (Advanced Spacebourne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer) Satellitendaten herangezogen, um oberfl{\"a}chennahe Deformation und neotektonische Aktivit{\"a}t zu bestimmen.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeberAbuAyyashAbueladasetal.2004,
  author    = {Weber, Michael H. and Abu-Ayyash, Khalil and Abueladas, Abdel-Rahman and Agnon, Amotz and Al-Amoush, H. and Babeyko, Andrey and Bartov, Yosef and Baumann, M. and Ben-Avraham, Zvi and Bock, G{\"u}nter and Bribach, Jens and El-Kelani, R. and Forster, A. and F{\"o}rster, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and Frieslander, U. and Garfunkel, Zvi and Grunewald, Steffen and Gotze, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and Haak, Volker and Haberland, Christian and Hassouneh, Mohammed and Helwig, S. and Hofstetter, Alfons and Jackel, K. H. and Kesten, Dagmar and Kind, Rainer and Maercklin, Nils and Mechie, James and Mohsen, Amjad and Neubauer, F. M. and Oberh{\"a}nsli, Roland and Qabbani, I. and Ritter, O. and Rumpker, G. and Rybakov, M. and Ryberg, Trond and Scherbaum, Frank and Schmidt, J. and Schulze, A. and Sobolev, Stephan Vladimir and Stiller, M. and Th,},
  title     = {The crustal structure of the Dead Sea Transform},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {To address one of the central questions of plate tectonics-How do large transform systems work and what are their typical features?-seismic investigations across the Dead Sea Transform (DST), the boundary between the African and Arabian plates in the Middle East, were conducted for the first time. A major component of these investigations was a combined reflection/ refraction survey across the territories of Palestine, Israel and Jordan. The main results of this study are: (1) The seismic basement is offset by 3-5 km under the DST, (2) The DST cuts through the entire crust, broadening in the lower crust, (3) Strong lower crustal reflectors are imaged only on one side of the DST, (4) The seismic velocity sections show a steady increase in the depth of the crust-mantle transition (Moho) from 26 km at the Mediterranean to 39 km under the Jordan highlands, with only a small but visible, asymmetric topography of the Moho under the DST. These observations can be linked to the left-lateral movement of 105 km of the two plates in the last 17 Myr, accompanied by strong deformation within a narrow zone cutting through the entire crust. Comparing the DST and the San Andreas Fault (SAF) system, a strong asymmetry in subhorizontal lower crustal reflectors and a deep reaching deformation zone both occur around the DST and the SAF. The fact that such lower crustal reflectors and deep deformation zones are observed in such different transform systems suggests that these structures are possibly fundamental features of large transform plate boundaries},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeberAbuAyyashAbueladasetal.2009,
  author    = {Weber, Michael H. and Abu-Ayyash, Khalil and Abueladas, Abdel-Rahman and Agnon, Amotz and Alasonati-Taš{\´a}rov{\´a}, Zuzana and Al-Zubi, Hashim and Babeyko, Andrey and Bartov, Yuval and Bauer, Klaus and Becken, Michael and Bedrosian, Paul A. and Ben-Avraham, Zvi and Bock, G{\"u}nter and Bohnhoff, Marco and Bribach, Jens and Dulski, Peter and Ebbing, Joerg and El-Kelani, Radwan J. and Foerster, Andrea and F{\"o}rster, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and Frieslander, Uri and Garfunkel, Zvi and G{\"o}tze, Hans-J{\"u}rgen and Haak, Volker and Haberland, Christian and Hassouneh, Mohammed and Helwig, Stefan L. and Hofstetter, Alfons and Hoffmann-Rothe, Arne and Jaeckel, Karl-Heinz and Janssen, Christoph and Jaser, Darweesh and Kesten, Dagmar and Khatib, Mohammed Ghiath and Kind, Rainer and Koch, Olaf and Koulakov, Ivan and Laske, Maria Gabi and Maercklin, Nils},
  title     = {Anatomy of the Dead Sea transform from lithospheric to microscopic scale},
  issn      = {8755-1209},
  doi       = {10.1029/2008rg000264},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Fault zones are the locations where motion of tectonic plates, often associated with earthquakes, is accommodated. Despite a rapid increase in the understanding of faults in the last decades, our knowledge of their geometry, petrophysical properties, and controlling processes remains incomplete. The central questions addressed here in our study of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) in the Middle East are as follows: (1) What are the structure and kinematics of a large fault zone? (2) What controls its structure and kinematics? (3) How does the DST compare to other plate boundary fault zones? The DST has accommodated a total of 105 km of left-lateral transform motion between the African and Arabian plates since early Miocene (similar to 20 Ma). The DST segment between the Dead Sea and the Red Sea, called the Arava/Araba Fault (AF), is studied here using a multidisciplinary and multiscale approach from the mu m to the plate tectonic scale. We observe that under the DST a narrow, subvertical zone cuts through crust and lithosphere. First, from west to east the crustal thickness increases smoothly from 26 to 39 km, and a subhorizontal lower crustal reflector is detected east of the AF. Second, several faults exist in the upper crust in a 40 km wide zone centered on the AF, but none have kilometer-size zones of decreased seismic velocities or zones of high electrical conductivities in the upper crust expected for large damage zones. Third, the AF is the main branch of the DST system, even though it has accommodated only a part (up to 60 km) of the overall 105 km of sinistral plate motion. Fourth, the AF acts as a barrier to fluids to a depth of 4 km, and the lithology changes abruptly across it. Fifth, in the top few hundred meters of the AF a locally transpressional regime is observed in a 100-300 m wide zone of deformed and displaced material, bordered by subparallel faults forming a positive flower structure. Other segments of the AF have a transtensional character with small pull-aparts along them. The damage zones of the individual faults are only 5-20 m wide at this depth range. Sixth, two areas on the AF show mesoscale to microscale faulting and veining in limestone sequences with faulting depths between 2 and 5 km. Seventh, fluids in the AF are carried downward into the fault zone. Only a minor fraction of fluids is derived from ascending hydrothermal fluids. However, we found that on the kilometer scale the AF does not act as an important fluid conduit. Most of these findings are corroborated using thermomechanical modeling where shear deformation in the upper crust is localized in one or two major faults; at larger depth, shear deformation occurs in a 20-40 km wide zone with a mechanically weak decoupling zone extending subvertically through the entire lithosphere.},
  language  = {en}
}