@article{MeyerSchulzJeibmannetal.2014,
  author    = {Meyer, S{\"o}ren and Schulz, Jacqueline and Jeibmann, Astrid and Taleshi, Mojtaba S. and Ebert, Franziska and Francesconi, Kevin and Schwerdtle, Tanja},
  title     = {Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons are toxic in the in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster},
  series = {Metallomics},
  journal   = {Metallomics},
  editor    = {Schwerdtle, Tanja},
  publisher = {The Royal Society of Chemistry},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {1756-5901},
  pages     = {2010 -- 2014},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHC) constitute one group of arsenolipids that have been identified in seafood. In this first in vivo toxicity study for AsHCs, we show that AsHCs exert toxic effects in Drosophila melanogaster in a concentration range similar to that of arsenite. In contrast to arsenite, however, AsHCs cause developmental toxicity in the late developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster. This work illustrates the need for a full characterisation of the toxicity of AsHCs in experimental animals to finally assess the risk to human health related to the presence of arsenolipids in seafood.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MeyerRaberEbertetal.2015,
  author    = {Meyer, S{\"o}ren and Raber, Georg and Ebert, Franziska and Leffers, L. and Mueller, Sandra Maria and Taleshi, M. S. and Francesconi, Kevin A. and Schwerdtle, Tanja},
  title     = {In vitro toxicological characterisation of arsenic-containing fatty acids and three of their metabolites},
  series = {Toxicology research},
  volume    = {4},
  journal   = {Toxicology research},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Royal Society of Chemistry},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {2045-452X},
  doi       = {10.1039/c5tx00122f},
  pages     = {1289 -- 1296},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Arsenic-containing fatty acids are a group of fat-soluble arsenic species (arsenolipids) which are present in marine fish and other seafood. Recently, it has been shown that arsenic-containing hydrocarbons, another group of arsenolipids, exert toxicity in similar concentrations comparable to arsenite although the toxic modes of action differ. Hence, a risk assessment of arsenolipids is urgently needed. In this study the cellular toxicity of a saturated (AsFA 362) and an unsaturated (AsFA 388) arsenic-containing fatty acid and three of their proposed metabolites (DMA(V), DMAPr and thio-DMAPr) were investigated in human liver cells (HepG2). Even though both arsenic-containing fatty acids were less toxic as compared to arsenic-containing hydrocarbons and arsenite, significant effects were observable at mu M concentrations. DMA(V) causes effects in a similar concentration range and it could be seen that it is metabolised to its highly toxic thio analogue thio-DMA(V) in HepG2 cells. Nevertheless, DMAPr and thio-DMAPr did not exert any cytotoxicity. In summary, our data indicate that risks to human health related to the presence of arsenic-containing fatty acids in marine food cannot be excluded. This stresses the need for a full in vitro and in vivo toxicological characterisation of these arsenolipids.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MuellerEbertRaberetal.2018,
  author    = {M{\"u}ller, Sandra Marie and Ebert, Franziska and Raber, Georg and Meyer, S{\"o}ren and Bornhorst, Julia and H{\"u}wel, Stephan and Galla, Hans-Joachim and Francesconi, Kevin A. and Schwerdtle, Tanja},
  title     = {Effects of arsenolipids on in vitro blood-brain barrier model},
  series = {Archives of toxicology : official journal of EUROTOX},
  volume    = {92},
  journal   = {Archives of toxicology : official journal of EUROTOX},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {0340-5761},
  pages     = {823 -- 832},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHCs), a subgroup of arsenolipids (AsLs) occurring in fish and edible algae, possess a substantial neurotoxic potential in fully differentiated human brain cells. Previous in vivo studies indicating that AsHCs cross the blood-brain barrier of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster raised the question whether AsLs could also cross the vertebrate blood-brain barrier (BBB). In the present study, we investigated the impact of several representatives of AsLs (AsHC 332, AsHC 360, AsHC 444, and two arsenic-containing fatty acids, AsFA 362 and AsFA 388) as well as of their metabolites (thio/oxo-dimethylpropionic acid, dimethylarsinic acid) on porcine brain capillary endothelial cells (PBCECs, in vitro model for the blood-brain barrier). AsHCs exerted the strongest cytotoxic effects of all investigated arsenicals as they were up to fivefold more potent than the toxic reference species arsenite (iAsIII). In our in vitro BBB-model, we observed a slight transfer of AsHC 332 across the BBB after 6 h at concentrations that do not affect the barrier integrity. Furthermore, incubation with AsHCs for 72 h led to a disruption of the barrier at sub-cytotoxic concentrations. The subsequent immunocytochemical staining of three tight junction proteins revealed a significant impact on the cell membrane. Because AsHCs enhance the permeability of the in vitro blood-brain barrier, a similar behavior in an in vivo system cannot be excluded. Consequently, AsHCs might facilitate the transfer of accompanying foodborne toxicants into the brain.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BornhorstEbertMeyeretal.2020,
  author    = {Bornhorst, Julia and Ebert, Franziska and Meyer, S{\"o}ren and Ziemann, Vanessa and Xiong, Chan and Guttenberger, Nikolaus and Raab, Andrea and Baesler, Jessica and Aschner, Michael and Feldmann, J{\"o}rg and Francesconi, Kevin and Raber, Georg and Schwerdtle, Tanja},
  title     = {Toxicity of three types of arsenolipids},
  series = {Metallomics},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Metallomics},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Oxford University Press},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {1756-591X},
  doi       = {https://doi.org/10.1039/d0mt00039f},
  pages     = {794 -- 798},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Although fish and seafood are well known for their nutritional benefits, they contain contaminants that might affect human health. Organic lipid-soluble arsenic species, so called arsenolipids, belong to the emerging contaminants in these food items; their toxicity has yet to be systematically studied. Here, we apply the in vivo model Caenorhabditis elegans to assess the effects of two arsenic-containing hydrocarbons (AsHC), a saturated arsenic-containing fatty acid (AsFA), and an arsenic-containing triacylglyceride (AsTAG) in a whole organism. Although all arsenolipids were highly bioavailable in Caenorhabditis elegans, only the AsHCs were substantially metabolized to thioxylated or shortened metabolic products and induced significant toxicity, affecting both survival and development. Furthermore, the AsHCs were several fold more potent as compared to the toxic reference arsenite. This study clearly indicates the need for a full hazard identification of subclasses of arsenolipids to assess whether they pose a risk to human health.},
  language  = {en}
}