@techreport{CaliendoKuennWeissenberger2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Weißenberger, Martin},
  title     = {Catching up or Lagging Behind?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {12},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43701},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-437012},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {From an active labor market policy perspective, start-up subsidies for unemployed individuals are very effective in improving long-term labor market outcomes for participants. From a business perspective, however, the assessment of these public programs is less clear since they might attract individuals with low entrepreneurial abilities and produce businesses with low survival rates and little contribution to job creation, economic growth, and innovation. In this paper, we use a rich data set to compare participants of a German start-up subsidy program for unemployed individuals to a group of regular founders who started from nonunemployment and did not receive the subsidy. The data allows us to analyze their business performance up until 40 months after business formation. We find that formerly subsidized founders lag behind not only in survival and job creation, but especially also in innovation activities. The gaps in these business outcomes are relatively constant or even widening over time. Hence, we do not see any indication of catching up in the longer run. While the gap in survival can be entirely explained by initial differences in observable start-up characteristics, the gap in business development remains and seems to be the result of restricted access to capital as well as differential business strategies and dynamics. Considering these conflicting results for the assessment of the subsidy program from an ALMP and business perspective, policy makers need to carefully weigh the costs and benefits of such a strategy to find the right policy mix.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKuennUhlendorff2016,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Uhlendorff, Arne},
  title     = {Earnings exemptions for unemployed workers: The relationship between marginal employment, unemployment duration and job quality},
  series = {Labour economics : an international journal},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Labour economics : an international journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0927-5371},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.labeco.2016.07.003},
  pages     = {177 -- 193},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In some countries including Germany unemployed workers can increase their income by working a few hours per week. The intention is to keep unemployed job seekers attached to the labour market and to increase their job-finding probabilities. To analyze the unemployment dynamics of job seekers with and without marginal employment, we consider an inflow sample into unemployment and estimate multivariate duration models. While we do not find any significant impact on the job finding probability in a model with homogeneous effects, models allowing for time-varying coefficients indicate a decreased job finding probability of marginal employment at the beginning of the unemployment spell and an increased job finding probability for the long-term unemployed. Our results suggest that job seekers with marginal employment find more stable post-unemployment jobs, and we find some evidence that the relationship between marginal employment and wages and employment stability varies with respect to skill levels, sector and labor market tightness. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoGoethnerWeissenberger2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Goethner, Maximilian and Weißenberger, Martin},
  title     = {Entrepreneurial Persistence Beyond Survival: Measurement and Determinants},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {11},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-43456},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-434563},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur's continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly-renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counter forces or enticing alternatives. It is thus a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and to realize potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigate the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival we also construct a hybrid persistence measure capturing also the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyze the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We find that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power is concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence, the dominant factors are business characteristics and personality. Finally, we show that results are heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly-unemployed founders do not differ in survival chances, but they are more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKuenn2015,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen},
  title     = {Getting back into the labor market: the effects of start-up subsidies for unemployed females},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {28},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-015-0540-5},
  pages     = {1005 -- 1043},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Low female labor market participation is a problem many developed countries have to face. Beside activating inactive women, one possible solution is to support the re-integration of unemployed women. Due to female-specific labor market constraints (preferences for flexible working hours, discrimination), this is a difficult task, and the question arises whether active labor market policies (ALMP) are an appropriate tool to help. It has been shown that the effectiveness of traditional (ALMP) programs-which focus on the integration in dependent (potentially inflexible) employment-is positive but limited. At the same time, recent evidence for Austria shows that these programs reduce fertility which might be judged unfavorable from a societal perspective. Promoting self-employment among unemployed women might therefore be a promising alternative. Starting their own business might give women more independence and flexibility to reconcile work and family and increase labor market participation. Based on long-term informative data, we find that start-up programs persistently integrate former unemployed women into the labor market, and the impact on fertility is less detrimental than for traditional ALMP programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoCobbClarkHenneckeetal.2019,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Hennecke, Juliane and Uhlendorff, Arne},
  title     = {Locus of control and internal migration},
  series = {Regional science and urban economics},
  volume    = {79},
  journal   = {Regional science and urban economics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0166-0462},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2019.103468},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {We model migration across domestic labor markets (internal migration) as the outcome of a job search process in which job seekers form subjective beliefs about the return search effort that are related to their locus of control. Job seekers with an internal locus of control are predicted to search across larger geographic areas and migrate more frequently as a result. We empirically test the relationship between locus of control and the propensity to migrate using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). We find that not only do individuals with an internal locus of control express more willingness to migrate, they do in fact also migrate more often.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoCobbClarkUhlendorff2015,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Uhlendorff, Arne},
  title     = {Locus of control and job search strategies},
  series = {The review of economics and statistics},
  volume    = {97},
  journal   = {The review of economics and statistics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {MIT Press},
  address   = {Cambridge},
  issn      = {0034-6535},
  doi       = {10.1162/REST_a_00459},
  pages     = {88 -- 103},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Standard job search theory assumes that unemployed individuals have perfect information about the effect of their search effort on the job offer arrival rate. We present an alternative model that assumes that each individual has a subjective belief about the impact of her search effort on the job arrival. These beliefs depend in part on an individual's locus of control. We estimate the impact of locus of control on job search behavior using a data set of newly unemployed individuals in Germany. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find evidence that individuals with an internal locus of control search more and that individuals who believe that their future outcomes are determined by external factors have lower reservation wages.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoTuebbicke2019,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and T{\"u}bbicke, Stefan},
  title     = {New Evidence on Long-Term Effects of Start-Up Subsidies},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {6},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-42679},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-426798},
  pages     = {41},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The German start-up subsidy (SUS) program for the unemployed has recently undergone a major make-over, altering its institutional setup, adding an additional layer of selection and leading to ambiguous predictions of the program's effectiveness. Using propensity score matching (PSM) as our main empirical approach, we provide estimates of long-term effects of the post-reform subsidy on individual employment prospects and labor market earnings up to 40 months after entering the program. Our results suggest large and persistent long-term effects of the subsidy on employment probabilities and net earned income. These effects are larger than what was estimated for the pre-reform program. Extensive sensitivity analyses within the standard PSM framework reveal that the results are robust to different choices regarding the implementation of the weighting procedure and also with respect to deviations from the conditional independence assumption. As a further assessment of the results' sensitivity, we go beyond the standard selection-on-observables approach and employ an instrumental variable setup using regional variation in the likelihood of receiving treatment. Here, we exploit the fact that the reform increased the discretionary power of local employment agencies in allocating active labor market policy funds, allowing us to obtain a measure of local preferences for SUS as the program of choice. The results based on this approach give rise to similar estimates. Thus, our results indicating that SUS are still an effective active labor market program after the reform do not appear to be driven by "hidden bias".},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoGehrsitz2016,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Gehrsitz, Markus},
  title     = {Obesity and the labor market: A fresh look at the weight penalty},
  series = {Inorganics : open access journal},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Inorganics : open access journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1570-677X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ehb.2016.09.004},
  pages     = {209 -- 225},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoFossenKritikos2014,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Fossen, Frank and Kritikos, Alexander},
  title     = {Personality characteristics and the decisions to become and stay self-employed},
  series = {Small business economics : an international journal},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Small business economics : an international journal},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-013-9514-8},
  pages     = {787 -- 814},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Based on a large, representative German household panel, we investigate to what extent the personality of individuals influences the entry decision into and the exit decision from self-employment. We reveal that some traits, such as openness to experience, extraversion, and risk tolerance affect entry, but different ones, such as agreeableness or different parameter values of risk tolerance, affect exit from self-employment. Only locus of control has a similar influence on the entry and exit decisions. The explanatory power of all observed traits among all observable variables amounts to 30 \%, with risk tolerance, locus of control, and openness having the highest explanatory power.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKuennWeissenberger2016,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kuenn, Steffen and Weißenberger, Martin},
  title     = {Personality traits and the evaluation of start-up subsidies},
  series = {European economic review},
  volume    = {86},
  journal   = {European economic review},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0014-2921},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.euroecorev.2015.11.008},
  pages     = {87 -- 108},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Many countries support business start-ups to spur economic growth and reduce unemployment with different programmes. Evaluation studies of such programmes commonly rely on the conditional independence assumption (CIA), allowing a causal interpretation of the results only if all relevant variables affecting participation and success are accounted for. While the entrepreneurship literature has emphasised the important role of personality traits as predictors for start-up decisions and business success, these variables were neglected in evaluation studies so far due to data limitations. In this paper, we evaluate a new start-up subsidy for unemployed individuals in Germany using propensity score matching under the CIA. Having access to rich administrative-survey data allows us to incorporate usually unobserved personality measures in the evaluation and investigate their impact on the estimated effects. We find strong positive effects on labour market reintegration and earned income for the new programme. Most importantly, results including and excluding individuals\&\#1523; personalities do not differ significantly, implying that concerns about potential overestimation of programme effects in the absence of personality measures might be less justified if the set of other control variables is rich enough.},
  language  = {en}
}