@article{VandenWyngaertSetoRojasJimenezetal.2017,
  author    = {Van den Wyngaert, Silke and Seto, Kensuke and Rojas-Jimenez, Keilor and Kagami, Maiko and Grossart, Hans-Peter},
  title     = {A New Parasitic Chytrid, Staurastromyces oculus (Rhizophydiales, Staurastromy-cetaceae fam. nov.), Infecting the Freshwater Desmid Staurastrum sp.},
  series = {Protist},
  volume    = {168},
  journal   = {Protist},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Jena},
  issn      = {1434-4610},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.protis.2017.05.001},
  pages     = {392 -- 407},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Chytrids are a diverse group of ubiquitous true zoosporic fungi. The recent molecular discovery of a large diversity of undescribed chytrids has raised awareness on their important, but so far understudied ecological role in aquatic ecosystems. In the pelagic zone, of both freshwater and marine ecosystems, many chytrid species have been morphologically described as parasites on almost all major groups of phytoplankton. However, the majority of these parasitic chytrids has rarely been isolated and lack DNA sequence data, resulting in a large proportion of "dark taxa" in databases. Here, we report on the isolation and in-depth morphological, molecular and host range characterization of a chytrid infecting the common freshwater desmid Staurastrum sp. We provide first insights on the metabolic activity of the different chytrid development stages by using the vital dye FUN (R)-1 (2-chloro-4-[2,3-dihydro-3-methyl-[benzo-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]-methylidene]-1-phenylquinolinium iodide). Cross infection experiments suggest that this chytrid is an obligate parasite and specific for the genus Staurastrum sp. Phylogenetic analysis, based on ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 and 28S rDNA sequences, placed it in the order Rhizophydiales. Based on the unique zoospore ultrastructure, combined with thallus morphology, and molecular phylogenetic placement, we describe this parasitic chytrid as a new genus and species Staurastromyces oculus, within a new family Staurastromycetaceae. (C) 2017 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BeisnerGrossartGasol2019,
  author    = {Beisner, Beatrix E. and Grossart, Hans-Peter and Gasol, Josep M.},
  title     = {A guide to methods for estimating phago-mixotrophy in nanophytoplankton},
  series = {Journal of plankton research},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {Journal of plankton research},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0142-7873},
  doi       = {10.1093/plankt/fbz008},
  pages     = {77 -- 89},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Growing attention to phytoplankton mixotrophy as a trophic strategy has led to significant revisions of traditional pelagic food web models and ecosystem functioning. Although some empirical estimates of mixotrophy do exist, a much broader set of in situ measurements are required to (i) identify which organisms are acting as mixotrophs in real time and to (ii) assess the contribution of their heterotrophy to biogeochemical cycling. Estimates are needed through time and across space to evaluate which environmental conditions or habitats favour mixotrophy: conditions still largely unknown. We review methodologies currently available to plankton ecologists to undertake estimates of plankton mixotrophy, in particular nanophytoplankton phago-mixotrophy. Methods are based largely on fluorescent or isotopic tracers, but also take advantage of genomics to identify phylotypes and function. We also suggest novel methods on the cusp of use for phago-mixotrophy assessment, including single-cell measurements improving our capacity to estimate mixotrophic activity and rates in wild plankton communities down to the single-cell level. Future methods will benefit from advances in nanotechnology, micromanipulation and microscopy combined with stable isotope and genomic methodologies. Improved estimates of mixotrophy will enable more reliable models to predict changes in food web structure and biogeochemical flows in a rapidly changing world.},
  language  = {en}
}