@article{NuthmannEngbertKliegl2005, author = {Nuthmann, Antje and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Mislocated fixations during reading and the inverted optimal viewing position effect}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Refixation probability during reading is lowest near the word center, suggestive of an optimal viewing position (OVP). Counter-intuitively, fixation durations are largest at the OVP, a result called the inverted optimal viewing position (IOVP) effect [Vitu, McConkie, Kerr, \& O'Regan, (2001). Vision Research 41, 3513-3533]. Current models of eye-movement control in reading fail to reproduce the IOVP effect. We propose a simple mechanism for generating this effect based on error-correction of mislocated fixations due to saccadic errors, First, we propose an algorithm for estimating proportions of mislocated fixations from experimental data yielding a higher probability for mislocated fixations near word boundaries. Second, we assume that mislocated fixations trigger an immediate start of a new saccade program causing a decrease of associated durations. Thus, the IOVP effect could emerge as a result of a coupling between cognitive and oculomotor processes. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved}, language = {en} } @article{MellHeekerenMarschneretal.2005, author = {Mell, Thomas and Heekeren, Hauke R. and Marschner, Alexander and Wartenburger, Isabell and Villringer, Arno and Reischies, Friedel M.}, title = {Effect of aging on stimulus-reward association learning}, issn = {0028-3932}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The flexible learning of stimulus-reward associations when required by situational context is essential for everyday behavior. Older adults experience a progressive decline in several cognitive functions and show deficiencies in neuropsychological tasks requiring flexible adaptation to external feedback, which could be related to impairments in reward association learning. To study the effect of aging on stimulus-reward association learning 20 young and 20 older adults performed a probabilistic object reversal task (pORT) along with a battery of tests assessing executive functions and general intellectual abilities. The pORT requires learning and reversing associations between actions and their outcomes. Older participants collected fewer points, needed more trials to reach the learning criterion, and completed less blocks successfully compared to young adults. This difference remained statistically significant after correcting for the age effect of other tests assessing executive functions. This suggests that there is an age-related difference in reward association learning as measured using the pORT, which is not closely related to other executive functions with respect to the age effect. In human aging, structural alterations of reward detecting structures and functional changes of the dopaminergic as well as the serotonergic system might contribute to the deficit in reward association learning observed in this study. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved}, language = {en} } @article{LewisVasishth2005, author = {Lewis, R. L. and Vasishth, Shravan}, title = {An activation-based model of sentence processing as skilled memory retrieval}, issn = {0364-0213}, year = {2005}, abstract = {We present a detailed process theory of the moment-by-moment working-memory retrievals and associated control structure that subserve sentence comprehension. The theory is derived from the application of independently motivated principles of memory and cognitive skill to the specialized task of sentence parsing. The resulting theory construes sentence processing as a series of skilled associative memory retrievals modulated by similarity-based interference and fluctuating activation. The cognitive principles are formalized in computational form in the Adaptive Control of Thought- Rational (ACT-R) architecture, and our process model is realized in ACT-R. We present the results of 6 sets of simulations: 5 simulation sets provide quantitative accounts of the effects of length and structural interference on both unambiguous and garden-path structures. A final simulation set provides a graded taxonomy of double center embeddings ranging from relatively easy to extremely difficult. The explanation of center-embedding difficulty is a novel one that derives from the model's complete reliance on discriminating retrieval cues in the absence of an explicit representation of serial order information. All fits were obtained with only 1 free scaling parameter fixed across the simulations; all other parameters were ACT-R defaults. The modeling results support the hypothesis that fluctuating activation and similarity-based interference are the key factors shaping working memory in sentence processing. We contrast the theory and empirical predictions with several related accounts of sentence-processing complexity}, language = {en} } @article{LewandowskyStritzkeOberaueretal.2005, author = {Lewandowsky, Stephan and Stritzke, W. G. K. and Oberauer, Klaus and Morales, M.}, title = {Memory for fact, fiction, and misinformation : the Iraq War 2003}, issn = {0956-7976}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Media coverage of the 2003 Iraq War frequently contained corrections and retractions of earlier information. For example, claims that Iraqi forces executed coalition prisoners of war after they surrendered were retracted the day after the claims were made. Similarly, tentative initial reports about the discovery of weapons of mass destruction were all later disconfirmed. We investigated the effects of these retractions and disconfirmations on people's memory for and beliefs about war-related events in two coalition countries (Australia and the United States) and one country that opposed the war (Germany). Participants were queried about (a) true events, (b) events initially presented as fact but subsequently retracted, and (c) fictional events. Participants in the United States did not show sensitivity to the correction of misinformation, whereas participants in Australia and Germany discounted corrected misinformation. Our results are consistent with previous findings in that the differences between samples reflect greater suspicion about the motives underlying the war among people in Australia and Germany than among people in the United States}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockEngbertKliegl2005, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Microsaccade rate during (un)ambiguous apparent motion}, issn = {0301-0066}, year = {2005}, language = {en} } @article{LaubrockEngbertKliegl2005, author = {Laubrock, Jochen and Engbert, Ralf and Kliegl, Reinhold}, title = {Microsaccade dynamics during covert attention}, issn = {0042-6989}, year = {2005}, abstract = {We compared effects of covert spatial-attention shifts induced with exogenous or endogenous cues on microsaccade rate and direction. Separate and dissociated effects were obtained in rate and direction measures. Display changes caused microsaccade rate inhibition, followed by sustained rate enhancement. Effects on microsaccade direction were differentially tied to cue class (exogenous vs. endogenous) and type (neutral vs. directional). For endogenous cues, direction effects were weak and occurred late. Exogenous cues caused a fast direction bias towards the cue (i.e., early automatic triggering of saccade programs), followed by a shift in the opposite direction (i.e, controlled inhibition of cue-directed saccades, leading to a 'leakage' of microsaccades in the opposite direction). (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved}, language = {en} } @article{LangeOberauer2005, author = {Lange, Elke B. and Oberauer, Klaus}, title = {Overwriting of phonemic features in serial recall}, issn = {0965-8211}, year = {2005}, abstract = {We tested explanations of the phonological similarity effect in verbal short-term memory: the confusion hypothesis assumes that serial positions of similar items are confused. The overwriting hypothesis states that similar items share feature representations, which are overwritten. Participants memorised a phonologically dissimilar list of CVC-trigrams (Experiment 1) or words (Experiment 2 and 3) for serial recall. In the retention interval they real aloud other items. The material of the distractor task jointly overlapped one item of the memory list. The recall of this item was impaired, and the effect was not based on intrusions from the distractor task alone. The results provide evidence for feature overwriting as one potential mechanism contributing to the phonological similarity effect}, language = {en} } @article{Lange2005, author = {Lange, Elke B.}, title = {Disruption of attention by irrelevant stimuli in serial recall}, issn = {0749-596X}, year = {2005}, abstract = {In four experiments the behavioral consequences of an involuntary attentional distraction concerning memory performance was investigated. The working memory model of Cowan (1995) predicts a performance deficit for memory representations that are held in an active state when the focus of attention is distracted by a change in physical properties. In the first experiment, the distraction was realized by an irrelevant tone, which was repeatedly presented and exchanged by another tone unexpectedly. Further experiments explored an analogous effect of irrelevant visual- spatial stimuli. The experiments demonstrated a domain-specific distraction effect: an irrelevant tone change impaired performance in verbal but not in spatial serial recall, whereas a change of position of an irrelevant object disrupted spatial but not verbal memory performance. The results are discussed in the context of several memory models that offer accounts for the effect of irrelevant changing state sounds. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved}, language = {en} } @article{KraheBieneckMoeller2005, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Bieneck, Steffen and M{\"o}ller, Ingrid}, title = {Understanding gender and intimate partner violence from an international perspective}, issn = {0360-0025}, year = {2005}, abstract = {This paper reviews the international literature on intimate partner violence with a focus on gender differences in perpetration and victimization rates. A total of 35 studies from 21 countries are discussed that report prevalence or incidence rates of men's and women's involvement in physical and/or sexual aggression against an intimate partner. In addition, evidence on risk factors as well as consequences of intimate partner violence for men and women is presented. Conceptual and methodological differences between the studies and the lack of comparable databases within countries are discussed as limitations of the evidence, and perspectives for future research are outlined in the framework of cross-cultural psychology}, language = {en} } @article{KraheBerger2005, author = {Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Berger, Anja}, title = {Sex differences in relationship aggression among young adults in Germany}, issn = {0360-0025}, year = {2005}, abstract = {The study examined the prevalence of physical aggression in the relationships of young adults in Germany. A convenience sample of 248 women and 400 men aged between 17 and 29 years provided reports of physical aggression shown toward and experienced by a partner using the revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2). Sex differences were found for several physically aggressive behaviors measured by the CTS2, mostly for minor forms of physical aggression. All sex differences were in the direction of women scoring higher than men on the perpetration of aggressive acts, and men scoring higher than women on being the targets of partner aggression. The findings are discussed in the context of the current debate on sex differences in relationship aggression}, language = {en} }