@misc{BrandWolffThieme2014,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Wolff, Wanja and Thieme, Detlef},
  title     = {Using response-time latencies to measure athletes' doping attitudes},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401430},
  pages     = {10},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Knowing and, if necessary, altering competitive athletes' real attitudes towards the use of banned performance-enhancing substances is an important goal of worldwide doping prevention efforts. However athletes will not always be willing to reporting their real opinions. Reaction time-based attitude tests help conceal the ultimate goal of measurement from the participant and impede strategic answering. This study investigated how well a reaction time-based attitude test discriminated between athletes who were doping and those who were not. We investigated whether athletes whose urine samples were positive for at least one banned substance (dopers) evaluated doping more favorably than clean athletes (non-dopers). Methods: We approached a group of 61 male competitive bodybuilders and collected urine samples for biochemical testing. The pictorial doping Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) was used for attitude measurement. This test quantifies the difference in response latencies (in milliseconds) to stimuli representing related concepts (i.e. doping-dislike/like-[health food]). Results: Prohibited substances were found in 43\% of all tested urine samples. Dopers had more lenient attitudes to doping than non-dopers (Hedges's g = -0.76). D-scores greater than -0.57 (CI95 = -0.72 to -0.46) might be indicative of a rather lenient attitude to doping. In urine samples evidence of administration of combinations of substances, complementary administration of substances to treat side effects and use of stimulants to promote loss of body fat was common. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that athletes' attitudes to doping can be assessed indirectly with a reaction time-based test, and that their attitudes are related to their behavior. Although bodybuilders may be more willing to reveal their attitude to doping than other athletes, these results still provide evidence that the pictorial doping BIAT may be useful in athletes from other sports, perhaps as a complementary measure in evaluations of the effectiveness of doping prevention interventions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BrandHeckZiegler2014,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Heck, Philipp and Ziegler, Matthias},
  title     = {Illegal performance enhancing drugs and doping in sport},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-401404},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: Doping attitude is a key variable in predicting athletes' intention to use forbidden performance enhancing drugs. Indirect reaction-time based attitude tests, such as the implicit association test, conceal the ultimate goal of measurement from the participant better than questionnaires. Indirect tests are especially useful when socially sensitive constructs such as attitudes towards doping need to be described. The present study serves the development and validation of a novel picture-based brief implicit association test (BIAT) for testing athletes' attitudes towards doping in sport. It shall provide the basis for a transnationally compatible research instrument able to harmonize anti-doping research efforts. Method: Following a known-group differences validation strategy, the doping attitudes of 43 athletes from bodybuilding (representative for a highly doping prone sport) and handball (as a contrast group) were compared using the picture-based doping-BIAT. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was employed as a corresponding direct measure in order to additionally validate the results. Results: As expected, in the group of bodybuilders, indirectly measured doping attitudes as tested with the picture-based doping-BIAT were significantly less negative (eta(2) = .11). The doping-BIAT and PEAS scores correlated significantly at r = .50 for bodybuilders, and not significantly at r = .36 for handball players. There was a low error rate (7\%) and a satisfactory internal consistency (r(dagger dagger) = .66) for the picture-based doping-BIAT. Conclusions: The picture-based doping-BIAT constitutes a psychometrically tested method, ready to be adopted by the international research community. The test can be administered via the internet. All test material is available "open source". The test might be implemented, for example, as a new effect-measure in the evaluation of prevention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrandHeckZiegler2014,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Heck, Philipp and Ziegler, Matthias},
  title     = {Illegal performance enhancing drugs and doping in sport: a picture-based},
  series = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-597X},
  doi       = {10.1186/1747-597X-9-7},
  pages     = {11},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Method: Following a known-group differences validation strategy, the doping attitudes of 43 athletes from bodybuilding (representative for a highly doping prone sport) and handball (as a contrast group) were compared using the picture-based doping-BIAT. The Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS) was employed as a corresponding direct measure in order to additionally validate the results. Results: As expected, in the group of bodybuilders, indirectly measured doping attitudes as tested with the picture-based doping-BIAT were significantly less negative (eta(2) = .11). The doping-BIAT and PEAS scores correlated significantly at r = .50 for bodybuilders, and not significantly at r = .36 for handball players. There was a low error rate (7\%) and a satisfactory internal consistency (r(dagger dagger) = .66) for the picture-based doping-BIAT. Conclusions: The picture-based doping-BIAT constitutes a psychometrically tested method, ready to be adopted by the international research community. The test can be administered via the internet. All test material is available "open source". The test might be implemented, for example, as a new effect-measure in the evaluation of prevention programs.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrandWolffThieme2014,
  author    = {Brand, Ralf and Wolff, Wanja and Thieme, Detlef},
  title     = {brief implicit attitude test identifies substance abuse in bodybuilders},
  series = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1747-597X},
  doi       = {10.1186/1747-597X-9-36},
  pages     = {10},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Methods: We approached a group of 61 male competitive bodybuilders and collected urine samples for biochemical testing. The pictorial doping Brief Implicit Association Test (BIAT) was used for attitude measurement. This test quantifies the difference in response latencies (in milliseconds) to stimuli representing related concepts (i.e. doping-dislike/like-[health food]).},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AntoniewiczBrand2014,
  author    = {Antoniewicz, Franziska and Brand, Ralf},
  title     = {Automatic evaluations and exercise setting preference in frequent exercisers},
  series = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Journal of sport \& exercise psychology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Human Kinetics Publ.},
  address   = {Champaign},
  issn      = {0895-2779},
  doi       = {10.1123/jsep.2014-0033},
  pages     = {631 -- 636},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The goals of this study were to test whether exercise-related stimuli can elicit automatic evaluative responses and whether automatic evaluations reflect exercise setting preference in highly active exercisers. An adapted version of the Affect Misattribution Procedure was employed. Seventy-two highly active exercisers (26 years +/- 9.03; 43\% female) were subliminally primed (7 ms) with pictures depicting typical fitness center scenarios or gray rectangles (control primes). After each prime, participants consciously evaluated the "pleasantness" of a Chinese symbol. Controlled evaluations were measured with a questionnaire and were more positive in participants who regularly visited fitness centers than in those who reported avoiding this exercise setting. Only center exercisers gave automatic positive evaluations of the fitness center setting (partial eta squared = .08). It is proposed that a subliminal Affect Misattribution Procedure paradigm can detect automatic evaluations to exercising and that, in highly active exercisers, these evaluations play a role in decisions about the exercise setting rather than the amounts of physical exercise. Findings are interpreted in terms of a dual systems theory of social information processing and behavior.},
  language  = {en}
}