@article{GreilScheffler2000,
  author    = {Greil, Holle and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Body mobility, reaction and concentration in young and elderly adults},
  isbn      = {953-96073-5-3},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerGreil2000,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Greil, Holle},
  title     = {Body measurements, room demand and movement sequences of the elderly},
  isbn      = {953-96073-5-3},
  year      = {2000},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2002,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {A stature of one meter : how is the variability?},
  year      = {2002},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KetelhutMohassebScheffleretal.2004,
  author    = {Ketelhut, Kerstin and Mohasseb, Iman and Scheffler, Christiane and Ketelhut, Reinhard G.},
  title     = {Regular exercise improves risk profile and motor development in early childhood},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerKetelhutMohassebetal.2004,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Ketelhut, Kerstin and Mohasseb, Iman and Ketelhut, Reinhard G.},
  title     = {The influence of an exercise program on body composition, motor and cardiovascular parameters in pre-school children : a longitudinal study},
  isbn      = {88-87814-25-2},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MohassebKetelhutMohassebetal.2004,
  author    = {Mohasseb, Iman and Ketelhut, Kerstin and Mohasseb, Iman and Scheffler, Christiane and Gericke, Christian and Scholze, J. and Ketelhut, Reinhard G.},
  title     = {Benefit of regular Exercise on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Motor Development in Early Childhood},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerKetelhutMohasseb2007,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Ketelhut, Kerstin and Mohasseb, Iman},
  title     = {Does physical education modify the body composition? - Results of a longitudinal study of pre-school children},
  year      = {2007},
  abstract  = {The aim of the study is the analysis of body composition, motor development and cardiovascular parameters of preschool-children. In 2001/2002 a longitudinal study started in 17 nursery schools in Berlin. A total of 160 children out of the 264 children participated in a regular exercise programme. After 24 months of training significant differences of body composition, motor skills and cardiovascular parameters between 5 complete year old children of the intervention and the control group were observed. The results show that such an exercise programme is successful as a preventive measure to decrease the risk of obesity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerVoigt2008,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Voigt, Andrea},
  title     = {Physical Mobility of the Elderly - Anthropometric Data of Static and Dynamic Measurements, and Physiologic Parameters under Stress Conditions},
  editor    = {Bodzs{\´a}r, Eva and Susanne, Charles},
  isbn      = {978-963-06-5222-3},
  year      = {2008},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerSchueler2009,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Sch{\"u}ler, Grit},
  title     = {Analysis of BMI of preschool children : results of longitudinal studies},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2009/0007},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Exceeding weight gain in childhood is a prevailing issue in industrialised countries, such as in Germany. The aim of this study was to detect a critical age for exceeding weight gain. It is assumed that especially in the early years of life, the years of nursery school age, the individual development of weight is fundamental for the prediction of obesity. The data of 638 children (324 boys and 314 girls) and the data of additional 1390 children of a preceding longitudinal study were analysed. The results show that overweight newborns are not at higher risk of becoming overweight children later, in the first place. But the results identify a high risk of becoming overweight for children 4.5 years old through a BMI rebound. In addition, this comparably earlier BMI rebound is linked with an increasing percentage of body fat. This leads to the assumption, that a comparably early BMI rebound is remarkably atypical for healthy child development. The results are also interrelated with the test person's sex. Endangered girls are of pyknomorphic body type. In contrast, the boys' results are independent of the body type. Obesity of boys therefore is strongly assumed to be caused by environmental factors.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HermanussenGodinaRuehlietal.2010,
  author    = {Hermanussen, Michael and Godina, Elena and Ruehli, Frank J. and Blaha, Pawel and Boldsen, Jesper L. and van Buuren, Stef and MacIntyre, Matthew and Aßmann, Christian and Ghosh, Arunava and de Stefano, Gian Fra nco and Sonkin, Valentin D. and Tresguerres Hern{\´a}ndez, Jes{\´u}s {\´A}ngel Fern{\´a}ndez and Meigen, Christof and Scheffler, Christiane and Geiger, Cherie L. and Lieberman, Leslie Sue},
  title     = {Growth variation, final height and secular trend : proceedings of the 17th Aschauer Soiree, 7th November 2009},
  issn      = {0018-442X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jchb.2010.06.001},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Growth and body height have always been topics interesting to the public. In particular, the stupendous increase of some 15-19 cm in final adult height during the last 150 years in most European countries (the "secular trend"), the concomitant changes in body and head proportions, the tendency towards early onset of sexual maturation, the changes in the age when final height is being reached, and the very recent trend in body mass index, have generated much scientific literature. The marked plasticity of growth in height and weight over time causes problems. Child growth references differ between nations, they tend to quickly become out of date, and raise a number of questions regarding fitting methods, effects caused by selective drop-out, etc. New findings contradict common beliefs about the primary importance of nutritional and health related factors for secular changes in growth. There appears to be a broad age span from mid-childhood to early adolescence that is characterised by a peculiar insusceptibility. Environmental factors that are known to influence growth during this age span appear to have only little or no impact on final height. Major re- arrangements in height occur at an age when puberty has almost been completed and final height has almost been reached, implying that factors, which drive the secular trend in height, are limited to early childhood and late adolescence.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FrankeGrombergSchuelerHermanussenetal.2010,
  author    = {Franke-Gromberg, Christine and Sch{\"u}ler, Grit and Hermanussen, Michael and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Digital 2D-photogrammetry and direct anthropometry : a comparing study on test accomplishment and measurement data},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2010/0012},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The aim of this methodological anthropometric study was to compare direct anthropometry and digital two- dimensional photogrammetry in 18 male and 27 female subjects, aged 24 to 65 years, from Potsdam, Germany. In view of the rising interest in reliable biometric kephalofacial data, we focussed on head and face measurements. Out of 34 classic facial anatomical landmarks, 27 landmarks were investigated both by direct anthropometry and 2D-photogrammetry; 7 landmarks could not be localized by 2D-photogrammetry. Twenty-six kephalofacial distances were analysed both by direct anthropometry and digital 2D-photogrammetry. Kephalofacial distances are on average 7.6\% shorter when obtained by direct anthropometry. The difference between the two techniques is particularly evident in total head height (vertex-gnathion) due to the fact that vertex is usually covered by hair and escapes from photogrammetry. Also the distances photographic sellion-gnathion (1.3 cm, i. e. 11.6\%) and nasal-gnathion (1.2 cm, i. e. 9.4\%) differ by more than one centimetre. Differences below 0.5 cm between the two techniques were found when measuring mucosa-lip-height (2.2\%), gonia (3.0\%), glabella-stomion (3.9\%), and nose height (glabella-subnasal) (4.0\%). Only the estimates of forehead width were significantly narrower when obtained by 2D-photogrammetry (-1.4 cm, -13.1\%). The methodological differences increased with increasing magnitude of the kephalometric distance. Apart from these limitations, both techniques are similarly valid and may replace each other.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LehmannSchefflerHermanussen2010,
  author    = {Lehmann, Andreas and Scheffler, Christiane and Hermanussen, Michael},
  title     = {The variation in age at menarche : an indicator of historic developmental tempo},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2010/0086},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Ample literature describes the history of the association between the advances in the health and wealth of people, and mortality rates, life expectancy and adult height. Twentynine German studies with n > 200 subjects published since 1848 on menarcheal age, were reanalyzed, and 101 studies from various other European and non-European countries. On average, mean age at menarche declined since the mid-19(th) century. Historic urban samples tended to decline earlier than rural groups, upper class women earlier than working class women. In Germany, minimum values for the age at menarche were seen already between the two World Wars (Leipzig 12.6 years in 1934, Halle 13.3 years in 1939). Values for mean age and SD for age at menarche were strongly associated. With improving historic circumstances, the two parameters declined in parallel. The standard deviation for menarcheal age dropped from over 2.5 years in mid-19th century France to little more or even less than 1 year in most modern countries. In the German studies the correlation between menarcheal age and SD was almost complete with r = 0.96 (y = 0.35x - 3.53). Similar associations between mean age at menarche and SD for age were found in other European countries. The obvious and immediate effects of historic events on menarcheal age, and particularly on the age distribution, indicate that menarche is a sensitive indicator of public health and wealth, and may be an appropriate estimator for the socio-economic background of historic populations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LehmannSchefflerHermanussen2010,
  author    = {Lehmann, Andreas and Scheffler, Christiane and Hermanussen, Michael},
  title     = {Evidence of seasonal variation in longitudinal growth of height in a sample of boys from Stuttgart Carlsschule, 1771-1793, using combined principal component analysis and maximum likelihood principle},
  issn      = {0018-442X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jchb.2009.11.003},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Recent progress in modelling individual growth has been achieved by combining the principal component analysis and the maximum likelihood principle. This combination models growth even in incomplete sets of data and in data obtained at irregular intervals. We re-analysed late 18th century longitudinal growth of German boys from the boarding school Carlsschule in Stuttgart. The boys aged 6-23 years, were measured at irregular 3-12 monthly intervals during the period 1771-1793. At the age of 18 years, mean height was 1652 mm, but height variation was large. The shortest boy reached 1474 mm, the tallest 1826 mm. Measured height closely paralleled modelled height, with mean difference of 4 mm, SD 7 mm. Seasonal height variation was found. Low growth rates occurred in spring and high growth rates in summer and autumn. The present study demonstrates that combining the principal component analysis and the maximum likelihood principle enables growth modelling in historic height data also.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2011,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {The change of skeletal robustness of 6 - 12 years old children in Brandenburg (Germany) - Comparison of body composition 1999 - 2009},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VoigtScheffler2011,
  author    = {Voigt, Andrea and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Manual abilities of the elderly - handgrip strength, finger and thumb push strength and opening strength in age comparison},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{BrinkmannScheffler2011,
  author    = {Brinkmann, Stefanie and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {The relation between anthropometric measures of the body and back pain of nurses under work-related physical stress},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  booktitle = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  pages     = {490 -- 491},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{GniosdorzScheffler2011,
  author    = {Gniosdorz, Birgit and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {The variability of bone strength and skeletal robustness of young men - how it can be influenced},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  booktitle = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  pages     = {497 -- 498},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{RietschScheffler2011,
  author    = {Rietsch, Katrin and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Association between skeletal robustness and physical activity in schoolchildren - First results},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  booktitle = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  pages     = {516 -- 516},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{Scheffler2011,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {How many skeletons do we need? - An evolutionary approach of the change of skeleton measures in school children in the last decade},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  booktitle = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  pages     = {519 -- 519},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{VoigtScheffler2011,
  author    = {Voigt, Andrea and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Manual abilities of the elderly - handgrip strength, finger and thumb push strength and opening strength in age comparison},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0090},
  pages     = {167 -- 173},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {The purpose of this paper is to display the static strength capacities of healthy adults in different age categories. A total of 279 healthy German adults at the ages of 20 to 29 years, 50 to 59 years and 60 to 69 years generated their maximum static handgrip, index finger and thumb push strength, as well as their maximum opening strength on a smooth jar lid of 85 mm diameter and on a knurled bottle lid of 31 mm with their right hand. The results show larger male strength than female strength. Significant age-induced differences appear primarily in opening strengths between the age groups 20 to 29 and 50 to 59 years in male subjects and in female opening strengths between the age groups 20 to 29 and 60 to 69 years as well as between the age groups 50 to 59 and 60 to 69 years. Of greatest interest is that elderly men show the largest opening strengths.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2011,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {The change of skeletal robustness of 6-12 years old children in Brandenburg (Germany) - Comparison of body composition 1999-2009},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0095},
  pages     = {153 -- 165},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Overweight as a global problem is a challenge to the health systems today and in the future. Detailed information about the development of body composition in children can help to design preventive measures to stop this trend. In the present study 1397 German children aged 6-12 complete years were investigated with anthropometric methods (i.e. height, weight, BMI, skeleton robustness, and percentage of body fat) in 2008/09. The results were compared with a 10 years old identical study. Today, the investigated children are a little bit smaller and the range of BMI and percentage of body fat is increasing. The large decrease of the skeletal robustness especially in the 10(th) and 3(rd) percentile is important. Decrease of physical activity as the most important reason for shrinking skeletal robustness is discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@inproceedings{LehmannTryggvadottirScheffleretal.2011,
  author    = {Lehmann, Andreas and Tryggvadottir, Laufey and Scheffler, Christiane and Hermanussen, Michael},
  title     = {Menarcheal age and body height in Iceland in the last century},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {68},
  booktitle = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  pages     = {507 -- 508},
  year      = {2011},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchoenfeldSchefflerJanewa2012,
  author    = {Sch{\"o}nfeld, Vanessa and Scheffler, Christiane and Janewa, Arnab Ghosh},
  title     = {Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents},
  issn      = {0003-5568},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerObermueller2012,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Oberm{\"u}ller, Janina},
  title     = {Development of fat distrinution patterns in children and its association with the type of body shape assessed by the Metric-Index},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JanewaGhoshScheffler2012,
  author    = {Janewa, Vanessa Sch{\"o}nfeld and Ghosh, Arnab and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Comparison of BMI and percentage of body fat of Indian and German children and adolescents},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {69},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2012/0170},
  pages     = {175 -- 187},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Today, serious health problems as overweight and obesity are not just constricted to the developed world, but also increase in the developing countries (Prentice 2006, Ramachandram et al. 2002). Focusing on this issue, BMI and percentage of body fat were compared in 2094 schoolchildren from two cross-sectional studies from India and Germany investigated in 2008 and 2009. The German children are in all age groups significantly taller, whereas the Indian children show higher values in BMI (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 22 kg/m(2); German: around 19 kg/m(2)) and in the percentage of body fat (e.g. 12 years: Indian: around 27 \%; German: around 18-20\%) in most of the investigated age groups. The Indian children have significantly higher BMI between 10 and 13 (boys) respectively 14 years (girls). Indian children showed significant higher percentage of body fat between 10 and 15 years (boys) and between 8 and 16 years (girls). The difference in overweight between Indian and German children was strongest at 11 (boys) and 12 (girls) years: 70 \% of the Indian but 20\% of the German children were classified as overweight. In countries such as India that undergo nutritional transition, a rapid increase in obesity and overweight is observed. In contrast to the industrialized countries, the risk of overweight in developing countries is associated with high socioeconomic status. Other reasons of the rapid increase of overweight in the developing countries caused by different environmental or genetic factors are discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerObermueller2012,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Oberm{\"u}ller, Janina},
  title     = {Development of fat distribution patterns in children and its association with the type of body shape assessed by the Metric-Index},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {69},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2011/0138},
  pages     = {45 -- 55},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {The present cross-sectional anthropometric study evaluates new approaches in preventing overweight in children. Anthropometric data were obtained in 289 German children (146 boys, 143 girls) aged 6-11 years and 41 20-29 year old German female students for describing the type of body shape by Metric-Index (thoracic breadth, thoracic depth, height). The data were correlated with 15 fat layers measured with a lipometer with Principal Component Analyses and ANOVA. In females the android respectively gynoid type of body shape was significantly associated with the pyknomorphic respectively leptomorphic type. The study demonstrates that this pattern is established by an age of 8 years, when the earliest maturing children start to enter puberty. This pattern can be used to check the individual's risk of overweight and to recommend preventive healthcare interventions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HermanussenLiebermanSchoenfeldJanewaetal.2012,
  author    = {Hermanussen, Michael and Lieberman, L. S. and Sch{\"o}nfeld Janewa, U. and Scheffler, Christiane and Ghosh, A. and Bogin, Barry and Godina, E. and Kaczmarek, M. and El-Shabrawi, M. and Salama, E. E. and R{\"u}hli, F. J. and Staub, K. and Woitek, U. and Blaha, Pawel and vanBuurren, S. and Lehmann, A. and Satake, T. and Thodberg, H. H. and Jopp, E. and Kirchengast, S. and Tutkuviene, J. and McIntyre, M. H. and Wittwer-Backofen, U. and Boldsen, J. L. and Martin, D. D. and Meier, J.},
  title     = {Diversity in auxology: between theory and practice Proceedings of the 18th Aschauer Soiree, 13th November 2010},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HermanussenLiebermanJanewaetal.2012,
  author    = {Hermanussen, Michael and Lieberman, Leslie Su and Janewa, V. Schoenfeld and Scheffler, Christiane and Ghosh, Arunava and Bogin, Barry and Godina, Elena and Kaczmarek, M. and El-Shabrawi, M. and Salama, E. E. and R{\"u}hli, Frank J. and Staub, Kaspar and Woitek, U. and Blaha, Pawel and Aßmann, Christian and van Buuren, Stef and Lehmann, A. and Satake, T. and Thodberg, H. H. and Jopp, E. and Kirchengast, S. and Tutkuviene, J. and McIntyre, M. H. and Wittwer-Backofen, U. and Boldsen, Jesper L. and Martin, D. D. and Meier, J.},
  title     = {Diversity in auxology between theory and practice},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {69},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2012/0133},
  pages     = {159 -- 174},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Auxology has developed from mere describing child and adolescent growth into a vivid and interdisciplinary research area encompassing human biologists, physicians, social scientists, economists and biostatisticians. The meeting illustrated the diversity in auxology, with the various social, medical, biological and biostatistical aspects in studies on child growth and development.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2013,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Types of Body Shape},
  series = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  journal   = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart Science Publishers},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-510-65278-5},
  pages     = {28 -- 29},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchradeScheffler2013,
  author    = {Schrade, Lisa and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Assessing the applicability of the digital laser rangefinder GLM Professional (R) Bosch 250 VF for anthropometric field studies},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {70},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2013/0223},
  pages     = {137 -- 145},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The digital laser rangefinder GLM Professional (R) BOSCH 250 VF was tested as a modified preproduction model with regard to its applicability of quantifying humans' height. The aim of this investigation was to determine and evaluate the instrument's precision, as well as its manageability within anthropometric field studies. Data collected by the digital laser rangefinder did not show a significant difference to data of control by an anthropometer. Furthermore, more than 96\% of the difference values are located within area of agreement. Nevertheless, the GLM Professional (R) is a highly sensitive instrument and mean SD within threefold data acquisition is twice as high as SD resulting from data collection by an anthropometer. However, due to the minimal percentage differences within data acquisition and compared to the standard method, the GLM Professional (R) is proved to be a reliable instrument and to be highly applicable for anthropometric field studies. Furthermore, due to its excellent manageability and compact size, the GLM Professional (R) shows a very good applicability even for less trained anthropometrists and thus ameliorates the possibilities of collecting reliable data within anthropometric field studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2013,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Variable and Invariable Proportions in the Ontogenesis of the Human Face},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RietschGodinaScheffler2013,
  author    = {Rietsch, Katrin and Godina, Elena and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Decreased external skeletal robustness in schoolchildren : a global trend? Ten year comparison of Russian and German data},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchradeScheffler2013,
  author    = {Schrade, Lisa and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Assessing the applicability of the digital laser rangefinder GLM Professional Bosch 250 VF for anthropometric field studies},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RietschGodinaScheffler2013,
  author    = {Rietsch, Katrin and Godina, Elena and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Decreased External Skeletal Robustness in Schoolchildren - a Global Trend? ; Ten Year Comparison of Russian and German Data},
  series = {PLoS one},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {PLoS one},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {PLoS},
  address   = {San Fransisco},
  issn      = {1932-6203},
  doi       = {10.1371/journal.pone.0068195},
  pages     = {7},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Objectives: Obesity and a reduced physical activity are global developments. Physical activity affects the external skeletal robustness which decreased in German children. It was assumed that the negative trend of decreased external skeletal robustness can be found in other countries. Therefore anthropometric data of Russian and German children from the years 2000 and 2010 were compared. Methods: Russian (2000/2010 n = 1023/268) and German (2000/2010 n = 2103/1750) children aged 6-10 years were investigated. Height, BMI and external skeletal robustness (Frame-Index) were examined and compared for the years and the countries. Statistical analysis was performed by Mann-Whitney-Test. Results: Comparison 2010 and 2000: In Russian children BMI was significantly higher; boys were significantly taller and exhibited a decreased Frame-Index (p = .002) in 2010. German boys showed significantly higher BMI in 2010. In both sexes Frame-Index (p = .001) was reduced in 2010. Comparison Russian and German children in 2000: BMI, height and Frame-Index were different between Russian and German children. German children were significantly taller but exhibited a lower Frame-Index (p<.001). Even German girls showed a significantly higher BMI. Comparison Russian and German children in 2010: BMI and Frame-Index were different. Russian children displayed a higher Frame-Index (p<.001) compared with Germans. Conclusions: In Russian children BMI has increased in recent years. Frame-Index is still higher in Russian children compared with Germans however in Russian boys Frame-Index is reduced. This trend and the physical activity should be observed in the future.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2013,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Variable and invariable proportions in the ontogenesis of the human face},
  series = {The journal of craniofacial surgery : an international journal dedicated to the practice of the art and science of craniofacial surgery ; official publication of the American Association of Pediatric Plastic Surgeons},
  volume    = {24},
  journal   = {The journal of craniofacial surgery : an international journal dedicated to the practice of the art and science of craniofacial surgery ; official publication of the American Association of Pediatric Plastic Surgeons},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Lippincott Williams \& Wilkins},
  address   = {Philadelphia},
  issn      = {1049-2275},
  doi       = {10.1097/SCS.0b013e31826d07a3},
  pages     = {237 -- 241},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The human face shows individual features and features that are characteristic for sex and age (the loss of childlike characteristics during maturation). The analysis of facial dimensions is essential for identifying individual features also for forensic issues. The analysis of facial proportions was performed on photogrammetric data from front views of 125 children. The data were pooled from 2 different studies. The children's data were obtained from a longitudinal study and reduced by random generator to ensure the data of adults from a separate cross-sectional study. We applied principal component analysis on photogrammetric facial proportions of 169 individuals: 125 children (63 boys and 62 girls) aged 2-7 years and 44 adults (18 men and 26 women) aged 18-65 years. Facial proportions depend on age and sex. Three components described age: (1) proportions of facial height to head height, (2) proportions that involve endocanthal breadth, and (3) bigonial to bizygonial proportions. Proportions that associate with sex are connected with nasal distances and nasal to bizygonial distances. Twenty-three percent of the variance, particularly variance that are connected with proportions of lower and middle face heights to head height, do neither depend on sex nor on age and thus appear useful for screening purposes, eg, for dysmorphic genetic syndromes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2013,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Body composition},
  series = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  journal   = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  editor    = {Hermanussen, Michael},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart Science Publishers},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-510-65278-5},
  pages     = {30 -- 31},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2013,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Determining body composition in field studies},
  series = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  journal   = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  editor    = {Hermanussen, Michael},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart Science Publishers},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-510-65278-5},
  pages     = {32 -- 33},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2013,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Comparative Biology and Human Life History},
  series = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  journal   = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  editor    = {Hermanussen, Michael},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart Science Publishers},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-510-65278-5},
  pages     = {38 -- 41},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Scheffler2013,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Biological age},
  series = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  journal   = {Auxology : Studying Human Growth and Development},
  editor    = {Hermanussen, Michael},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart Science Publishers},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  isbn      = {978-3-510-65278-5},
  pages     = {44 -- 47},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RietschEccardScheffler2013,
  author    = {Rietsch, Katrin and Eccard, Jana and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Decreased external skeletal robustness due to reduced physical activity?},
  series = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council},
  volume    = {25},
  journal   = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1042-0533},
  doi       = {10.1002/ajhb.22389},
  pages     = {404 -- 410},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Objectives Childhood obesity is a global problem, e.g., due to physical inactivity. External skeletal robustness (Frame-Index) has decreased in German schoolchildren. An association between Frame-Index and physical activity was assumed. Further often body mass index (BMI) is analyzed without reference to bone structure. Therefore, we analyze relationships between Frame-Index, BMI, \% body fat, and physical activity. Methods In a cross-sectional study, 691 German children aged 610 years were investigated. BMI, \% body fat, Frame-Index, total steps p.w., sports club rate p.w., training time p.d., and TV-time p.d. were determined. Results Total steps (P<0.001), BMI (P<0.001), and \% body fat (P=0.024) are positively linked to Frame-Index. Total steps (P<0.001), sports club rate (P=0.001), and training time (P<0.001) are negatively associated with \% body fat. Total steps (P=0.017) are negatively linked to BMI. TV-time is positively related to BMI (P<0.001) and \% body fat (P<0.001). \% Body fat is affected by age (P<0.001), sex (P=0.028), and total steps (P=0.002). BMI is influenced by age (P<0.001), and Frame-Index by sex (P<0.001) and total steps (P=0.029). Principal component analysis indicates an association between BMI and TV-time and Frame-Index and total steps. Conclusions We demonstrate an association between external skeletal robustness and physical activity, which is not captured by in BMI measurements. Children should be physically active in order to maintain skeletal robustness. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 25:404410, 2013.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RietschEccardScheffler2013,
  author    = {Rietsch, Katrin and Eccard, Jana and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Decreased external skeletal robustness due to reduced physical activity?},
  year      = {2013},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerGniosdorzStaubetal.2014,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Gniosdorz, Birgit and Staub, Kaspar and R{\"u}hli, Frank},
  title     = {Skeletal robustness and bone strength as measured by anthropometry and ultrasonography as a function of physical activity in young adults},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerGniosdorzStaubetal.2014,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Gniosdorz, Birgit and Staub, Kaspar and Ruehli, Frank},
  title     = {Skeletal Robustness and Bone Strength as Measured by Anthropometry and Ultrasonography as a Function of Physical Activity in Young Adults},
  series = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1042-0533},
  doi       = {10.1002/ajhb.22504},
  pages     = {215 -- 220},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background: During the last 10 years, skeletal robustness in children has generally decreased. The reasons for this phenomenon, as well as its outcomes, are undetermined so far. Aim: The present study explores the association between anthropometric skeletal measurements, bone quality measurements, and physical activity in young adults. Subjects and Methods: 118 German young men (N=568; 19-25 years old) and women (N=550; 19-24 years old) were investigated by anthropometric methods (i. e., height, weight, shoulder, elbow breadth, and pelvic breadth) and quantitative ultrasound measurement (QUS). Strength and stability of Os calcis have been determined by speed of sound (in m/s) and broadband ultrasound attenuation (in dB/Mhz); individual physical activity was analyzed by a pedometer and by questionnaire. Results: The results show a correlation between sports hours per week and bone quality index in males. But no correlation exists between anthropometric data and QUSs for either sexes, as well as no correlation between total steps per day and internal bone quality or external bone dimensions. Conclusion: These results are discussed in the context of generally decreasing physical activity, the outcomes of prevention programs as well as evolutionary adaptation of human phenotypic plasticity in a changing environment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerHermanussen2014,
  author    = {Scheffler, Christiane and Hermanussen, Michael},
  title     = {Is there an influence of modern life style on skeletal build?},
  series = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council},
  volume    = {26},
  journal   = {American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1042-0533},
  doi       = {10.1002/ajhb.22561},
  pages     = {590 -- 597},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Objectives: Modern human life style has led to significant decrease in everyday physical activity and bipedal locomotion. It has previously been shown that skeletal robustness (relative elbow breadth) is associated with daily step counts. The aim of the study was to investigate whether also other skeletal measures, particularly pelvic breadth may have changed in recent decades. Methods: We re-analyzed elbow breadth, pelvic breadth (bicristal), and thoracic depth and breadth, of up to 28,975 healthy females and 28,288 healthy males aged 3-18 years from cross-sectional anthropological surveys performed between 1980 and 2012 by the Universities of Potsdam and Berlin, Germany. Results: Relative elbow breadth (Frame index) significantly decreased in both sexes since 1980 (< 0.001). The trend toward slighter built was even more pronounced in absolute and relative pelvic breadth. In contrast, equivalent changes of parts of the skeletal system that are not involved in bipedal locomotion such as thoracic breadth, thoracic depth, and the thoracic index were absent. Conclusions: The present investigation confirms the decline in relative elbow breadth in recent decades. Analogue, but even more pronounced changes were detected in pelvic breadth that coincides with the modern decline in upright locomotion. The findings underscore the phenotypic plasticity of humans while adapting to new environmental conditions. (C) 2014Wiley Periodicals, Inc.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MummSchefflerHermanussen2014,
  author    = {Mumm, Rebekka and Scheffler, Christiane and Hermanussen, Michael},
  title     = {Developing differential height, weight and body mass index references for girls that reflect the impact of the menarche},
  series = {Acta paediatrica : nurturing the child},
  volume    = {103},
  journal   = {Acta paediatrica : nurturing the child},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0803-5253},
  doi       = {10.1111/apa.12625},
  pages     = {e312 -- e316},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Aim Growth is both a matter of amplitude and tempo. We aimed to develop references for body height, body weight and body mass index (BMI) with respect to tempo of maturity. Methods Data obtained from the German KiGGS study (2003-2006) on body height, body weight and presence or absence of the menarche were re-analysed in 3776 girls, aged 10-17years. We developed smoothed centiles for BMI-, body-height- and body-weight-for-age using the LMS method for premenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls. Results Body height, body weight and BMI differed significantly between premenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls. On average, postmenarcheal girls aged 11-17years were 5.3cm taller and 9.7kg heavier, and their BMI was 2.9kg/m2 higher than in premenarcheal girls of the same calendar age. Conclusion Adolescent BMI rises with calendar age and biological age. New reference charts for adolescent girls aged 10-18years were generated to be inserted into the currently used references to avoid misclassifying underweight and overweight pubertal girls.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JoppSchefflerHermanussen2014,
  author    = {Jopp, Eilin and Scheffler, Christiane and Hermanussen, Michael},
  title     = {Prevention and anthropology},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {71},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\"u}r Anthropologie},
  number    = {1-2},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/0003-5548/2014/0384},
  pages     = {135 -- 141},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Screening is an important issue in medicine and is used to early identify unrecognised diseases in persons who are apparently in good health. Screening strongly relies on the concept of "normal values". Normal values are defined as values that are frequently observed in a population and usually range within certain statistical limits. Screening for obesity should start early as the prevalence of obesity consolidates already at early school age. Though widely practiced, measuring BMI is not the ultimate solution for detecting obesity. Children with high BMI may be "robust" in skeletal dimensions. Assessing skeletal robustness and in particularly assessing developmental tempo in adolescents are also important issues in health screening. Yet, in spite of the necessity of screening investigations, appropriate reference values are often missing. Meanwhile, new concepts of growth diagrams have been developed. Stage line diagrams are useful for tracking developmental processes over time. Functional data analyses have efficiently been used for analysing longitudinal growth in height and assessing the tempo of maturation. Convenient low-cost statistics have also been developed for generating synthetic national references.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{HermanussenSchefflerGrothetal.2015,
  author    = {Hermanussen, Michael and Scheffler, Christiane and Groth, Detlef and Aßmann, Christian},
  title     = {Height and skeletal morphology in relation to modern life style},
  series = {Journal of physiological anthropology},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Journal of physiological anthropology},
  publisher = {BioMed Central},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {1880-6805},
  doi       = {10.1186/s40101-015-0080-4},
  pages     = {5},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Height and skeletal morphology strongly relate to life style. Parallel to the decrease in physical activity and locomotion, modern people are slimmer in skeletal proportions. In German children and adolescents, elbow breadth and particularly relative pelvic breadth (50th centile of bicristal distance divided by body height) have significantly decreased in recent years. Even more evident than the changes in pelvic morphology are the rapid changes in body height in most modern countries since the end-19th and particularly since the mid-20th century. Modern Japanese mature earlier; the age at take-off (ATO, the age at which the adolescent growth spurt starts) decreases, and they are taller at all ages. Preece-Baines modelling of six national samples of Japanese children and adolescents, surveyed between 1955 and 2000, shows that this gain in height is largely an adolescent trend, whereas height at take-off (HTO) increased by less than 3 cm since 1955; adolescent growth (height gain between ATO and adult age) increased by 6 cm. The effect of globalization on the modern post-war Japanese society ("community effect in height") on adolescent growth is discussed.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SanderScheffler2016,
  author    = {Sander, Martha Maria and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Bilateral asymmetry in left handers increased concerning morphological laterality in a recent sample of young adults},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\~A}¼r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {73},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\~A}¼r Anthropologie},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/anthranz/2016/0663},
  pages     = {335 -- 342},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HermanussenScheffler2016,
  author    = {Hermanussen, Michael and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {Stature signals status: The association of stature, status and perceived dominance - a thought experiment},
  series = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\~A}¼r Anthropologie},
  volume    = {73},
  journal   = {Journal of biological and clinical anthropology : Anthropologischer Anzeiger ; Mitteilungsorgan der Gesellschaft f{\~A}¼r Anthropologie},
  publisher = {Schweizerbart},
  address   = {Stuttgart},
  issn      = {0003-5548},
  doi       = {10.1127/anthranz/2016/0698},
  pages     = {265 -- 274},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Background: There is a common perception that tall stature results in social dominance. Evidence in meerkats suggests that social dominance itself may be a strong stimulus for growth. Relative size serves as the signal for individuals to induce strategic growth adjustments. Aim: We construct a thought experiment to explore the potential consequences of the question: is stature a social signal also in humans? We hypothesize that (1) upward trends in height in the lower social strata are perceived as social challenges yielding similar though attenuated upward trends in the dominant strata, and that (2) democratization, but also periods of political turmoil that facilitate upward mobility of the lower strata, are accompanied by upward trends in height. Material and methods: We reanalyzed large sets of height data of European conscripts born between 1856-1860 and 1976-1980; and annual data of German military conscripts, born between 1965 and 1985, with information on height and school education. Results: Taller stature is associated with higher socioeconomic status. Historic populations show larger height differences between social strata that tend to diminish in the more recent populations. German height data suggest that both democratization, and periods of political turmoil facilitating upward mobility of the lower social strata are accompanied by a general upward height spiral that captures the whole population. Discussion: We consider stature as a signal. Nutrition, health, general living conditions and care giving are essential prerequisites for growth, yet not to maximize stature, but to allow for its function as a lifelong social signal. Considering stature as a social signal provides an elegant explanation of the rapid height adjustments observed in migrants, of the hitherto unexplained clustering of body height in modern and historic cohorts of military conscripts, and of the parallelism between changes in political conditions, and secular trends in adult human height since the 19th century.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MummHermanussenScheffler2016,
  author    = {Mumm, Rebekka and Hermanussen, Michael and Scheffler, Christiane},
  title     = {voice break as the marker of biological age},
  series = {Acta paediatrica : nurturing the child},
  volume    = {105},
  journal   = {Acta paediatrica : nurturing the child},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0803-5253},
  doi       = {10.1111/apa.13488},
  pages     = {e459 -- e463},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Aim: We aimed to develop the first references for body height, body weight and body mass index (BMI) for boys based on the individual developmental tempo with respect to their voice break status. Methods: We re-analysed data from the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS study) on body height, body weight and body mass index based on the voice break, or mutation, in 3956 boys aged 10-17 years. We used the LMS method to construct smoothed references centiles for the studied variables in premutational, mutational and postmutational boys. Results: Body height, body weight and BMI differed significantly (p < 0.001) between the different stages of voice break. On average, boys were 5.9 cm taller, 5.8 kg heavier and had a 0.7 kg/m(2) higher BMI with every higher stage of voice break. Currently used growth references for chronological age in comparison with maturity-related references led to an average of 5.4\% of boys being falsely classified as overweight.},
  language  = {en}
}