@phdthesis{SvirejevaHopkins2004, author = {Svirejeva-Hopkins, Anastasia}, title = {Urbanised territories as a specific component of the global carbon cycle}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0001512}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2004}, abstract = {Wir betrachten folgende Teile: die zus{\"a}tzlichen Kohlenstoff(C)-emissionen, welche aus der Umwandlung von nat{\"u}rlichem Umland durch Stadtwachstum resultieren, und die {\"A}nderung des C-Flusses durch 'urbanisierte' {\"O}kosysteme, soweit atmosph{\"a}risches C durch diese in umliegende nat{\"u}rliche {\"O}kosysteme entlang der Kette \“Atmosph{\"a}re -> Vegetation -> abgestorbene organische Substanzen\” gepumpt wird: d.h. C-Export; f{\"u}r den Zeitraum von 1980 bis 2050. Als Szenario nutzen wir Prognosen der regionalen Stadtbev{\"o}lkerung, welche durch ein 'Hybridmodell' generiert werden f{\"u}r acht Regionen. Alle Sch{\"a}tzungen der C-Fl{\"u}sse basieren auf zwei Modellen: das Regression Modell und das sogenannte G-Modell. Die Siedlungsfl{\"a}che, welche mit dem Wachstum der Stadtbev{\"o}lkerung zunimmt, wird in 'Gr{\"u}nfl{\"a}chen' (Parks, usw.), Geb{\"a}udefl{\"a}chen und informell st{\"a}dtisch genutzte Fl{\"a}chen (Slums, illegale Lagerpl{\"a}tze, usw.) unterteilt. Es werden j{\"a}hrlich die regionale und globale Dynamik der C-Emissionen und des C-Exports sowie die C-Gesamtbilanz berechnet. Dabei liefern beide Modelle qualitativ {\"a}hnliche Ergebnisse, jedoch gibt es einige quantitative Unterschiede. Im ersten Modell erreicht die globale Jahresemission f{\"u}r die Dekade 2020-2030 resultierend aus der Landnutzungs{\"a}nderung ein Maximum von 205 Mt/a. Die maximalen Beitr{\"a}ge zur globalen Emission werden durch China, die asiatische und die pazifische Region erbracht. Im zweiten Modell erh{\"o}ht sich die j{\"a}hrliche globale Emission von 1.12 GtC/a f{\"u}r 1980 auf 1.25 GtC/a f{\"u}r 2005 (1Gt = 109 t). Danach beginnt eine Reduzierung. Vergleichen wir das Emissionmaximum mit der Emission durch Abholzung im Jahre 1980 (1.36 GtC/a), k{\"o}nnen wir konstatieren, daß die Urbanisierung damit in vergleichbarer Gr{\"o}sse zur Emission beitr{\"a}gt. Bezogen auf die globale Dynamik des j{\"a}hrlichen C-Exports durch Urbanisierung beobachten wir ein monotones Wachstum bis zum nahezu dreifachen Wert von 24 MtC/a f{\"u}r 1980 auf 66 MtC/a f{\"u}r 2050 im ersten Modell, bzw. im zweiten Modell von 249 MtC/a f{\"u}r 1980 auf 505 MtC/a f{\"u}r 2050. Damit ist im zweiten Fall die Transportleistung der Siedlungsgebiete mit dem C-Transport durch Fl{\"u}sse in die Ozeane (196 .. 537 MtC/a) vergleichbar. Bei der Absch{\"a}tzung der Gesamtbilanz finden wir, daß die Urbanisierung die Bilanz in Richtung zu einer 'Senke' verschiebt. Entsprechend dem zweiten Modell beginnt sich die C-Gesamtbilanz (nach ann{\"a}hernder Konstanz) ab dem Jahre 2000 mit einer fast konstanten Rate zu verringern. Wenn das Maximum im Jahre 2000 bei 905MtC/a liegt, f{\"a}llt dieser Wert anschliessend bis zum Jahre 2050 auf 118 MtC/a. Bei Extrapolation dieser Dynamik in die Zukunft k{\"o}nnen wir annehmen, daß am Ende des 21. Jahrhunderts die \“urbane\” C-Gesamtbilanz Null bzw. negative Werte erreicht.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Baufeld2005, author = {Baufeld, Ralf}, title = {GIS-gest{\"u}tzte Prognose der Biotopentwicklung auf Grundlage von Biotoptypen- und Vegetationserhebungen auf geplanten R{\"u}ckdeichungsfl{\"a}chen an der Mittleren Elbe in Sachsen-Anhalt}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-2523}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2005}, abstract = {Durch die anthropogene Nutzung sind viele Auen in Mitteleuropa ver{\"a}ndert worden, wobei insbesondere die Retentionsfl{\"a}chen stark verringert wurden. W{\"a}hrend Auen seit l{\"a}ngerem im Fokus der wissenschaftlichen Bearbeitung stehen, gibt es bisher große Wissensdefizite in der Frage der Auenreaktivierungen. Zum einen sind derartige Projekte bisher kaum verwirklicht und zum anderen ist ein langfristiges Monitoring notwendig, um die Anpassung von Bioz{\"o}nosen an die ver{\"a}nderten Standortbedingungen beobachten zu k{\"o}nnen. Um die Folgen derartiger Eingriffe zu analysieren, bieten sich computergest{\"u}tzte Modellierungen der Landschaftsentwicklung an, wie sie in der vorliegenden Arbeit verwirklicht wurden. Ziel der Arbeit war, mit Hilfe eines Geografischen Informationssystems (GIS) das Entwicklungspotenzial der Landschaft bei verschiedenen R{\"u}ckdeichungsvarianten auf der Ebene der Biotoptypen darzustellen. Dabei ging es nicht um die Erstellung eines allgemein g{\"u}ltigen Auenmodells sondern um die Erarbeitung eines Modells f{\"u}r einen konkreten Anwendungsfall. Der erarbeitete Ansatz sollte zudem f{\"u}r die landschaftsplanerische Praxis geeignet sein. Als Beispielgebiete wurden Fl{\"a}chen an der Mittleren Elbe bei Rog{\"a}tz und Sandau, beide im n{\"o}rdlichen Teil von Sachsen-Anhalt, ausgew{\"a}hlt. Die vorliegende Arbeit gliedert sich in zwei Teile. Im ersten Teil werden Erhebungen und Auswertungen als Grundlage der Modellentwicklung dargestellt. Dazu wurden die Biotoptypen der Beispielgebiete fl{\"a}chendeckend erhoben und mit punktuellen Vegetationserhebungen erg{\"a}nzt. Aus dem Forschungsprojekt "R{\"u}ckgewinnung von Retentionsfl{\"a}chen und Altauenreaktivierung an der Mittleren Elbe in Sachsen-Anhalt" des Bundesministeriums f{\"u}r Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) standen standort{\"o}kologische Daten der Hydrologie und Bodenkunde zur Verf{\"u}gung. Ziel der Auswertung war, Schl{\"u}sselfaktoren f{\"u}r Hydrologie und Bodenbedingungen innerhalb der rezenten Aue zu identifizieren, die zur Auspr{\"a}gung bestimmter Biotoptypen f{\"u}hren. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde ein Modell f{\"u}r Biotoptypenpotenziale auf den geplanten R{\"u}ck\–deichungsfl{\"a}chen entwickelt. Das Modell bearbeitet die Datenbank der verwendeten GIS-Dateien, die auf Daten zum Bestand beruht und um solche der Prognose der Standort{\"o}kologie (Hydrologie und Boden) im R{\"u}ckdeichungsfalle aus dem BMBF-Projekt erweitert wurde. Weitere Voraussetzung f{\"u}r die Modellierung war die Erarbeitung von Leitbildern, in denen unterschiedliche Nutzungsszenarios f{\"u}r die Landschaft nach Deichr{\"u}ckverlegung hypothetisch festgelegt wurden. Insbesondere die Nutzungsintensit{\"a}t wurde variiert, von einer Variante intensiver land- und forstwirtschaftlicher Nutzung {\"u}ber sogenannte integrierte Entwicklungsziele aus dem BMBF-Projekt bis hin zu einer Variante der Naturschutznutzung. Zus{\"a}tzlich wurde eine zuk{\"u}nftige Potentielle Nat{\"u}rliche Vegetation modelliert. Eine {\"U}berpr{\"u}fung des Modell fand f{\"u}r den Raum der rezenten Aue in der intensiven Nutzungsvariante statt, die der gegenw{\"a}rtigen Nutzung am n{\"a}chsten kommt. Werden Informationen des Bestandsbiotoptyps als Korrekturgr{\"o}ße in das Modell einbezogen, konnte f{\"u}r viele Biotoptypen eine Trefferquote von {\"u}ber 90 \% erreicht werden. Bei fl{\"a}chenm{\"a}ßig weniger bedeutenden Bio\–toptypen lag dieser Wert aufgrund der schmaleren Datenbasis zwischen 20 und 40 \%. Als Ergebnis liegt f{\"u}r unterschiedliche Deichvarianten und Leitbilder in den Beispielgebieten die Landschaftsentwicklung als Biotoppotenzial vor. Als eine vereinfachte Regionalisierung der punktuellen Vegetationsdaten wurde im Modell gepr{\"u}ft, inwieweit die modellierten Biotopfl{\"a}chen der Charakteristik der pflanzensoziologischen Aufnahmen aus der rezenten Aue entsprechen. In dem Falle wurde die Pflanzengesellschaft der jeweiligen {\"o}kologisch im Rahmen der Untersuchung einheitlichen Fl{\"a}cheneinheit zugeordnet. Anteilig l{\"a}sst sich damit die Biotopprognosefl{\"a}che pflanzensoziologisch konkretisieren. Die vorliegende Arbeit geh{\"o}rt zu den bisher wenigen Arbeiten, die sich mit den Folgen von Auenreaktivierung auf die Entwicklung der Landschaft auseinandersetzen. Sie zeigt eine M{\"o}glichkeit auf, Prognosemodelle f{\"u}r Biotoptypen und Vegetation anhand begrenzter Felduntersuchungen zu entwerfen. Derartige Modelle k{\"o}nnen zum Verst{\"a}ndnis von Eingriffen in den Naturhaushalt, wie sie die Deichr{\"u}ckverlegungen darstellen, beitragen und eine Folgenabsch{\"a}tzung unterst{\"u}tzen.}, subject = {Modellierung}, language = {de} } @phdthesis{Sorrel2006, author = {Sorrel, Philippe}, title = {The Aral Sea : a palaeoclimate archive}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-7807}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, year = {2006}, abstract = {The intracontinental endorheic Aral Sea, remote from oceanic influences, represents an excellent sedimentary archive in Central Asia that can be used for high-resolution palaeoclimate studies. We performed palynological, microfacies and geochemical analyses on sediment cores retrieved from Chernyshov Bay, in the NW part of the modern Large Aral Sea. The most complete sedimentary sequence, whose total length is 11 m, covers approximately the past 2000 years of the late Holocene. High-resolution palynological analyses, conducted on both dinoflagellate cysts assemblages and pollen grains, evidenced prominent environmental change in the Aral Sea and in the catchment area. The diversity and the distribution of dinoflagellate cysts within the assemblages characterized the sequence of salinity and lake-level changes during the past 2000 years. Due to the strong dependence of the Aral Sea hydrology to inputs from its tributaries, the lake levels are ultimately linked to fluctuations in meltwater discharges during spring. As the amplitude of glacial meltwater inputs is largely controlled by temperature variations in the Tien Shan and Pamir Mountains during the melting season, salinity and lake-level changes of the Aral Sea reflect temperature fluctuations in the high catchment area during the past 2000 years. Dinoflagellate cyst assemblages document lake lowstands and hypersaline conditions during ca. 0-425 AD, 920-1230 AD, 1500 AD, 1600-1650 AD, 1800 AD and since the 1960s, whereas oligosaline conditions and higher lake levels prevailed during the intervening periods. Besides, reworked dinoflagellate cysts from Palaeogene and Neogene deposits happened to be a valuable proxy for extreme sheet-wash events, when precipitation is enhanced over the Aral Sea Basin as during 1230-1450 AD. We propose that the recorded environmental changes are related primarily to climate, but may have been possibly amplified during extreme conditions by human-controlled irrigation activities or military conflicts. Additionally, salinity levels and variations in solar activity show striking similarities over the past millennium, as during 1000-1300 AD, 1450-1550 and 1600-1700 AD when low lake levels match well with an increase in solar activity thus suggesting that an increase in the net radiative forcing reinforced past Aral Sea's regressions. On the other hand, we used pollen analyses to quantify changes in moisture conditions in the Aral Sea Basin. High-resolution reconstruction of precipitation (mean annual) and temperature (mean annual, coldest versus warmest month) parameters are performed using the "probability mutual climatic spheres" method, providing the sequence of climate change for the past 2000 years in western Central Asia. Cold and arid conditions prevailed during ca. 0-400 AD, 900-1150 AD and 1500-1650 AD with the extension of xeric vegetation dominated by steppe elements. Conversely, warmer and less arid conditions occurred during ca. 400-900 AD and 1150-1450 AD, where steppe vegetation was enriched in plants requiring moister conditions. Change in the precipitation pattern over the Aral Sea Basin is shown to be predominantly controlled by the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) cyclonic system, which provides humidity to the Middle East and western Central Asia during winter and early spring. As the EM is significantly regulated by pressure modulations of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) when the system is in a negative phase, a relationship between humidity over western Central Asia and the NAO is proposed. Besides, laminated sediments record shifts in sedimentary processes during the late Holocene that reflect pronounced changes in taphonomic dynamics. In Central Asia, the frequency of dust storms occurring during spring when the continent is heating up is mostly controlled by the intensity and the position of the Siberian High (SH) Pressure System. Using titanium (Ti) content in laminated sediments as a proxy for aeolian detrital inputs, changes in wind dynamics over Central Asia is documented for the past 1500 years, offering the longest reconstruction of SH variability to date. Based on high Ti content, stronger wind dynamics are reported from 450-700 AD, 1210-1265 AD, 1350-1750 AD and 1800-1975 AD, reporting a stronger SH during spring. In contrast, lower Ti content from 1750-1800 AD and 1980-1985 AD reflect a diminished influence of the SH and a reduced atmospheric circulation. During 1180-1210 AD and 1265-1310 AD, considerably weakened atmospheric circulation is evidenced. As a whole, though climate dynamics controlled environmental changes and ultimately modulated changes in the western Central Asia's climate system, it is likely that changes in solar activity also had an impact by influencing to some extent the Aral Sea's hydrology balance and also regional temperature patterns in the past.
The appendix of the thesis is provided via the HTML document as ZIP download.}, subject = {Aralsee}, language = {en} } @article{WangLiuHerzschuhetal.2012, author = {Wang, Yongbo and Liu, Xingqi and Herzschuh, Ulrike and Yang, Xiangdong and Birks, H. John B. and Zhang, Enlou and Tong, Guobang}, title = {Temporally changing drivers for late-Holocene vegetation changes on the northern Tibetan Plateau}, series = {Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences}, volume = {353}, journal = {Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences}, number = {8}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0031-0182}, doi = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.06.022}, pages = {10 -- 20}, year = {2012}, abstract = {Fossil pollen records have been widely used as indicators of past changes in vegetation and variations in climate. The driving mechanisms behind these vegetation changes have, however, remained unclear. In order to evaluate vegetation changes that have occurred in the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau and the possible drivers behind these changes, we have applied a moving-window Redundancy Analysis (RDA) to high resolution (10-15 years) pollen and sedimentary data from Lake Kusai covering the last 3770 years. Our analyses reveal frequent fluctuations in the relative abundances of alpine steppe and alpine desert components. The sedimentary proxies (including total organic carbon content, total inorganic carbon content, and "end-member" indices from grain-size analyses) that explain statistically some of the changes in the pollen assemblage vary significantly with time, most probably reflecting multiple underlying driving processes. Climate appears to have had an important influence on vegetation changes when conditions were relatively wet and stable. However, a gradual decrease in vegetation cover was identified after 1500 cal a BP, after which the vegetation appears to have been affected more by extreme events such as dust-storms or fluvial erosion than by general climatic trends. Furthermore, pollen spectra over the last 600 years are shown by Procrustes analysis to be statistically different from those recovered from older samples, which we attribute to increased human impact that resulted in unprecedented changes to the vegetation composition. Overall, changes in vegetation and climate on the northern part of the Tibetan Plateau appear to have roughly followed the evolution of the Asian Summer Monsoon. After taking into account the highly significant millennial (1512 years) periodicity revealed by time-series analysis, the regional vegetation and climate changes also show variations that appear to match variations in the mid-latitude westerlies.}, language = {en} } @article{RudayaNazarovaNovenkoetal.2016, author = {Rudaya, Natalia and Nazarova, Larisa B. and Novenko, Elena and Andreev, Andrei and Kalugin, Ivan and Daryin, Andrei and Babich, Valery and Li, Hong-Chun and Shilov, Pavel}, title = {Quantitative reconstructions of mid- to late holocene climate and vegetation in the north-eastern altai mountains recorded in lake teletskoye}, series = {Global and planetary change}, volume = {141}, journal = {Global and planetary change}, publisher = {Elsevier}, address = {Amsterdam}, issn = {0921-8181}, doi = {10.1016/j.gloplacha.2016.04.002}, pages = {12 -- 24}, year = {2016}, abstract = {We report the first high-resolution (20-50 years) mid- to late Holocene pollen records from Lake Teletskoye, the largest lake in the Altai Mountains, in south-eastern West Siberia. Generally, the mid- to late Holocene (the last 4250 years) vegetation of the north-eastern Altai, as recorded in two studied sediment cores, is characterised by Siberian pine-spruce-fir forests that are similar to those of the present day. A relatively cool and dry interval with July temperatures lower than those of today occurred between 3.9 and 3.6 ka BP. The widespread distribution of open, steppe-like communities with Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae and Cyperaceae reflects maximum deforestation during this interval. After ca. 3.5 ka BP, the coniferous mountain taiga spread significantly, with maximum woody coverage and taiga biome scores between ca. 2.7 and 1.6 ka BP. This coincides well with the highest July temperature (approximately 1 degrees C higher than today) intervals. A short period of cooling about 13-1.4 ka BP could have been triggered by the increased volcanic activity recorded across the Northern Hemisphere. A new period of cooling started around 1100-1150 CE, with the minimum July temperatures occurring between 1450 and 1800 CE. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Siegmund2018, author = {Siegmund, Jonatan Frederik}, title = {Quantifying impacts of climate extreme events on vegetation}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407095}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {129}, year = {2018}, abstract = {Together with the gradual change of mean values, ongoing climate change is projected to increase frequency and amplitude of temperature and precipitation extremes in many regions of Europe. The impacts of such in most cases short term extraordinary climate situations on terrestrial ecosystems are a matter of central interest of recent climate change research, because it can not per se be assumed that known dependencies between climate variables and ecosystems are linearly scalable. So far, yet, there is a high demand for a method to quantify such impacts in terms of simultaneities of event time series. In the course of this manuscript the new statistical approach of Event Coincidence Analysis (ECA) as well as it's R implementation is introduced, a methodology that allows assessing whether or not two types of event time series exhibit similar sequences of occurrences. Applications of the method are presented, analyzing climate impacts on different temporal and spacial scales: the impact of extraordinary expressions of various climatic variables on tree stem variations (subdaily and local scale), the impact of extreme temperature and precipitation events on the owering time of European shrub species (weekly and country scale), the impact of extreme temperature events on ecosystem health in terms of NDVI (weekly and continental scale) and the impact of El Ni{\~n}o and La Ni{\~n}a events on precipitation anomalies (seasonal and global scale). The applications presented in this thesis refine already known relationships based on classical methods and also deliver substantial new findings to the scientific community: the widely known positive correlation between flowering time and temperature for example is confirmed to be valid for the tails of the distributions while the widely assumed positive dependency between stem diameter variation and temperature is shown to be not valid for very warm and very cold days. The larger scale investigations underline the sensitivity of anthrogenically shaped landscapes towards temperature extremes in Europe and provide a comprehensive global ENSO impact map for strong precipitation events. Finally, by publishing the R implementation of the method, this thesis shall enable other researcher to further investigate on similar research questions by using Event Coincidence Analysis.}, language = {en} } @phdthesis{Beamish2019, author = {Beamish, Alison Leslie}, title = {Hyperspectral remote sensing of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of low Arctic vegetation}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42592}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-425922}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {v, 102}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Arctic tundra ecosystems are experiencing warming twice the global average and Arctic vegetation is responding in complex and heterogeneous ways. Shifting productivity, growth, species composition, and phenology at local and regional scales have implications for ecosystem functioning as well as the global carbon and energy balance. Optical remote sensing is an effective tool for monitoring ecosystem functioning in this remote biome. However, limited field-based spectral characterization of the spatial and temporal heterogeneity limits the accuracy of quantitative optical remote sensing at landscape scales. To address this research gap and support current and future satellite missions, three central research questions were posed: • Does canopy-level spectral variability differ between dominant low Arctic vegetation communities and does this variability change between major phenological phases? • How does canopy-level vegetation colour images recorded with high and low spectral resolution devices relate to phenological changes in leaf-level photosynthetic pigment concentrations? • How does spatial aggregation of high spectral resolution data from the ground to satellite scale influence low Arctic tundra vegetation signatures and thereby what is the potential of upcoming hyperspectral spaceborne systems for low Arctic vegetation characterization? To answer these questions a unique and detailed database was assembled. Field-based canopy-level spectral reflectance measurements, nadir digital photographs, and photosynthetic pigment concentrations of dominant low Arctic vegetation communities were acquired at three major phenological phases representing early, peak and late season. Data were collected in 2015 and 2016 in the Toolik Lake Research Natural Area located in north central Alaska on the North Slope of the Brooks Range. In addition to field data an aerial AISA hyperspectral image was acquired in the late season of 2016. Simulations of broadband Sentinel-2 and hyperspectral Environmental and Mapping Analysis Program (EnMAP) satellite reflectance spectra from ground-based reflectance spectra as well as simulations of EnMAP imagery from aerial hyperspectral imagery were also obtained. Results showed that canopy-level spectral variability within and between vegetation communities differed by phenological phase. The late season was identified as the most discriminative for identifying many dominant vegetation communities using both ground-based and simulated hyperspectral reflectance spectra. This was due to an overall reduction in spectral variability and comparable or greater differences in spectral reflectance between vegetation communities in the visible near infrared spectrum. Red, green, and blue (RGB) indices extracted from nadir digital photographs and pigment-driven vegetation indices extracted from ground-based spectral measurements showed strong significant relationships. RGB indices also showed moderate relationships with chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment concentrations. The observed relationships with the broadband RGB channels of the digital camera indicate that vegetation colour strongly influences the response of pigment-driven spectral indices and digital cameras can track the seasonal development and degradation of photosynthetic pigments. Spatial aggregation of hyperspectral data from the ground to airborne, to simulated satel-lite scale was influenced by non-photosynthetic components as demonstrated by the distinct shift of the red edge to shorter wavelengths. Correspondence between spectral reflectance at the three scales was highest in the red spectrum and lowest in the near infra-red. By artificially mixing litter spectra at different proportions to ground-based spectra, correspondence with aerial and satellite spectra increased. Greater proportions of litter were required to achieve correspondence at the satellite scale. Overall this thesis found that integrating multiple temporal, spectral, and spatial data is necessary to monitor the complexity and heterogeneity of Arctic tundra ecosystems. The identification of spectrally similar vegetation communities can be optimized using non-peak season hyperspectral data leading to more detailed identification of vegetation communities. The results also highlight the power of vegetation colour to link ground-based and satellite data. Finally, a detailed characterization non-photosynthetic ecosystem components is crucial for accurate interpretation of vegetation signals at landscape scales.}, language = {en} }