@techreport{MargaryanSaniterSchumannetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Margaryan, Shushanik and Saniter, Nils and Schumann, Mathias and Siedler, Thomas},
  title     = {Do internships pay off?},
  series = {Journal of human resources},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Journal of human resources},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {University of Wisconsin Press},
  address   = {Madison},
  issn      = {0022-166X},
  doi       = {10.3368/jhr.57.4.0418-9460R2},
  pages     = {1242 -- 1275},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We study the causal effect of student internship experience in firms on earnings later in life. We use mandatory firm internships at German universities as an instrument for doing a firm internship while attending university. Employing longitudinal data from graduate surveys, we find positive and significant earnings returns of about 6 percent in both ordinary least squares (OLS) and instrumental variables (IV) regressions. The positive returns are particularly pronounced for individuals and areas of study that are characterized by a weak labor market orientation. The empirical findings show that graduates who completed a firm internship face a lower risk of unemployment during the first year of their careers, suggesting a smoother transition to the labor market.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KellnerAmbergBergmannetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kellner, Maximilian and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Roolfs, Christina and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {Entlastungspakete f{\"u}r Energiepreisanstiege},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.6617130},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{SteckelMissbachOhlendorfetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Steckel, Jan Christoph and Missbach, Leonard and Ohlendorf, Nils and Feindt, Simon and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {Effects of the energy price crisis on European households},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {30},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KalkuhlFlachslandKnopfetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Flachsland, Christian and Knopf, Brigitte and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Kellner, Maximilian and St{\"u}ber, Sophia and Haywood, Luke and Roolfs, Christina and Edenhofer, Ottmar},
  title     = {Auswirkungen der Energiepreiskrise auf Haushalte in Deutschland},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {37},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{KalkuhlAmbergBergmannetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Knopf, Brigitte and Edenhofer, Ottmar},
  title     = {Gaspreisdeckel, Mehrwertsteuersenkung, Energiepauschale},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{KalkuhlFlachslandKnopfetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kalkuhl, Matthias and Flachsland, Christian and Knopf, Brigitte and Amberg, Maximilian and Bergmann, Tobias and Kellner, Maximilian and St{\"u}ber, Sophia and Haywood, Luke and Roolfs, Christina and Edenhofer, Ottmar},
  title     = {Effects of the energy price crisis on households in Germany},
  publisher = {Mercator Research Institute on Global Commons and Climate Change (MCC) gGmbH},
  address   = {Berlin},
  pages     = {35},
  year      = {2022},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{KienbaumWuerflFavella2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kienbaum, Janna and W{\"u}rfl, Katja and Favella, Gianpiero},
  title     = {Leitfaden f{\"u}r einen qualitativen Methoden- und Feldbericht},
  doi       = {10.5281/zenodo.7247993},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Der Leitfaden f{\"u}r einen qualitativen Methoden- und Feldbericht ist im Rahmen des DFG-Verbundprojektes "FDNext" (2020-2023) entstanden und dient als Orientierungshilfe f{\"u}r die Dokumentation erhobener Daten mit dem Schwerpunkt auf die qualitative Bildungsforschung.},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{Nastansky2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Nastansky, Andreas},
  title     = {Gruppierung von Daten},
  series = {Statistische Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  journal   = {Statistische Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  number    = {55},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57272},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572722},
  pages     = {26},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Dieser Beitrag beinhaltet einen Vergleich zwischen den Methoden der Topologischen Datenanalyse (TDA) und statistischen Clusterverfahren bei der Gruppierung von Daten. Es werden Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede bei der Bildung der Cluster und Zuordnung der statistischen Einheiten identifiziert. Hierzu werden zwei empirische Datens{\"a}tze aus der Biologie und Medizin herangezogen. Zusammengefasst haben sich die Verfahren der TDA als ein praktikables Werkzeug bei der Gruppierung von Objekten erwiesen. Vor allem mit dem Mapper-Algorithmus konnten ad{\"a}quate Cluster erkannt werden. Beim Iris Flower-Datensatz hat die TDA {\"a}hnliche Ergebnisse wie die Clusteranalyse erzielt. Der Heart Disease-Datensatz war schwieriger zu behandeln. Die genutzten clusteranalytischen Verfahren waren nicht geeignet, die beiden Gruppen von Patienten korrekt zu identifizieren. Im Vergleich zu den Standardverfahren der Clusteranalyse zeigte sich eine leichte {\"U}berlegenheit der topologischen Verfahren.},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{KauffmannNastansky2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Kauffmann, Albrecht and Nastansky, Andreas},
  title     = {Regionale Mieten in Deutschland},
  series = {Statistische Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  journal   = {Statistische Diskussionsbeitr{\"a}ge},
  number    = {54},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57274},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572742},
  pages     = {44},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Untersucht werden die von BulwienGesa erhobenen und aufbereiteten jahresdurchschnittlichen Mieten von Wohnungen und die Relation des Wiederverkaufswertes von Eigentumswohnungen zu den Wohnungsmieten (Preis-Miet-Relation) in 401 kreisfreien St{\"a}dten und Landkreisen f{\"u}r die Jahre 2004-2017. Dabei zeigt sich bei den Wohnungsmieten eine Zunahme der regionalen Streuung im Zeitverlauf vor allem in der auf die Finanzkrise 2007-2009 folgenden Zeit. Bei der Preis-Miet-Relation nimmt die Streuung im Zeitverlauf ab 2010 ebenfalls zu. Im Durchschnitt der Regionen (Landkreise und kreisfreie St{\"a}dte) steigen {\"u}ber den gesamten Zeitabschnitt die Mieten und in der {\"u}berwiegenden Zahl der Regionen auch die Preis-Miet-Relation (allerdings erst ab 2010); sie entwickeln sich aber regional stark unterschiedlich. Dies f{\"u}hrt auch zur Zunahme der Variationskoeffizienten, also der relativen Streuung der regionalen Mieten und - ab 2010 - auch der regionalen Preis-Miet-Relationen. Dies deutet auf eine Zunahme der regionalen Disparit{\"a}ten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland hin. Besondere Divergenzen zeigen sich zwischen den alten und den neuen Bundesl{\"a}ndern, wie auch zwischen prosperierenden kreisfreien St{\"a}dten und deren Umland und {\"o}konomisch schw{\"a}cheren St{\"a}dten und Landkreisen.},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{BorckSchrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {Urban pollution},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {60},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57204},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572049},
  pages     = {48},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We use worldwide satellite data to analyse how population size and density affect urban pollution. We find that density significantly increases pollution exposure. Looking only at urban areas, we find that population size affects exposure more than density. Moreover, the effect is driven mostly by population commuting to core cities rather than the core city population itself. We analyse heterogeneity by geography and income levels. By and large, the influence of population on pollution is greatest in Asia and middle-income countries. A counterfactual simulation shows that PM2.5 exposure would fall by up to 36\% and NO2 exposure up to 53\% if within countries population size were equalized across all cities.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKritikosStier2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {The Influence of Start-up Motivation on Entrepreneurial Performance},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {59},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57115},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-571152},
  pages     = {43},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Predicting entrepreneurial development based on individual and business-related characteristics is a key objective of entrepreneurship research. In this context, we investigate whether the motives of becoming an entrepreneur influence the subsequent entrepreneurial development. In our analysis, we examine a broad range of business outcomes including survival and income, as well as job creation, expansion and innovation activities for up to 40 months after business formation. Using self-determination theory as conceptual background, we aggregate the start-up motives into a continuous motivational index. We show - based on a unique dataset of German start-ups from unemployment and non-unemployment - that the later business performance is better, the higher they score on this index. Effects are particularly strong for growth oriented outcomes like innovation and expansion activities. In a next step, we examine three underlying motivational categories that we term opportunity, career ambition, and necessity. We show that individuals driven by opportunity motives perform better in terms of innovation and business expansion activities, while career ambition is positively associated with survival, income, and the probability of hiring employees. All effects are robust to the inclusion of a large battery of covariates that are proven to be important determinants of entrepreneurial performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{MatthewesVentura2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Matthewes, S{\"o}nke Hendrik and Ventura, Guglielmo},
  title     = {On Track to Success?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {58},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56725},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-567253},
  pages     = {70},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Many countries consider expanding vocational curricula in secondary education to boost skills and labour market outcomes among non-university-bound students. However, critics fear this could divert other students from more profitable academic education. We study labour market returns to vocational education in England, where until recently students chose between a vocational track, an academic track and quitting education at age 16. Identification is challenging because self-selection is strong and because students' next-best alternatives are unknown. Against this back- drop, we leverage multiple instrumental variables to estimate margin-specific treatment effects, i.e., causal returns to vocational education for students at the margin with academic education and, separately, for students at the margin with quitting education. Identification comes from variation in distance to the nearest vocational provider conditional on distance to the nearest academic provider (and vice-versa), while controlling for granular student, school and neighbourhood characteristics. The analysis is based on population-wide administrative education data linked to tax records. We find that the vast majority of marginal vocational students are indifferent be- tween vocational and academic education. For them, vocational enrolment substantially decreases earnings at age 30. This earnings penalty grows with age and is due to wages, not employment. However, consistent with comparative advantage, the penalty is smaller for students with higher revealed preferences for the vocational track. For the few students at the margin with no further education, we find merely tentative evidence of increased employment and earnings from vocational enrolment.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{HunoldPetrishcheva2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Hunold, Matthias and Petrishcheva, Vasilisa},
  title     = {Foreclosure and Tunneling with Partial Vertical Ownership},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {57},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56560},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-565601},
  pages     = {47},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We demonstrate how the incentives of firms that partially own their suppliers or customers to foreclose rivals depend on how the partial owner can extract profits from the target (tunneling). Compared to a fully vertically integrated firm, a partial owner may obtain only a share of the target's profit but influence the target's strategy significantly. We show that the incentives for customer and input foreclosure can be higher, equal, or even lower with partial ownership than with a vertical merger, depending on how the protection of minority shareholders and transfer price regulations affect the scope for profit extraction.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Ziemann2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Ziemann, Niklas},
  title     = {You will receive your money next week!},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {56},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56398},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-563983},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Against the background of the increasingly discussed "Linguistic Saving Hypothesis" (Chen, 2013), I studied whether the targeted use of a present tense (close tense) and a future tense (distant tense) within the same language have an impact on intertemporal decision-making. In a monetarily incentivized laboratory experiment in Germany, I implemented two different treatments on intertemporal choices. The treatments differed in the tense in which I referred to future rewards. My results show that individuals prefer to a greater extent rewards which are associated with a present tense (close tense). This result is in line with my prediction and the first empirical support for the Linguistic Saving Hypothesis within one language. However, this result holds exclusively for males. Females seem to be unaffected by the linguistic manipulation. I discuss my findings in the context of "gender-as-culture" as well as their potential policy-implications.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BlockKritikosPriemetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Block, J{\"o}rn and Kritikos, Alexander and Priem, Maximilian and Stiel, Caroline},
  title     = {Emergency-Aid for Self-employed in the Covid-19 Pandemic},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {55},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56268},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562688},
  pages     = {41},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The self-employed faced strong income losses during the Covid-19 pandemic. Many governments introduced programs to financially support the self-employed during the pandemic, including Germany. The German Ministry for Economic Affairs announced a €50bn emergency-aid program in March 2020, offering one-off lump-sum payments of up to €15,000 to those facing substantial revenue declines. By reassuring the self- employed that the government 'would not let them down' during the crisis, the program had also the important aim of motivating the self-employed to get through the crisis. We investigate whether the program affected the confidence of the self-employed to survive the crisis using real-time online-survey data comprising more than 20,000 observations. We employ propensity score matching, making use of a rich set of variables that influence the subjective survival probability as main outcome measure. We observe that this program had significant effects, with the subjective survival probability of the self- employed being moderately increased. We reveal important effect heterogeneities with respect to education, industries, and speed of payment. Notably, positive effects only occur among those self-employed whose application was processed quickly. This suggests stress-induced waiting costs due to the uncertainty associated with the administrative processing and the overall pandemic situation. Our findings have policy implications for the design of support programs, while also contributing to the literature on the instruments and effects of entrepreneurship policy interventions in crisis situations.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BruttelBulutayCornandetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Bulutay, Muhammed and Cornand, Camille and Heinemann, Frank and Zylbersztejn, Adam},
  title     = {Measuring strategic-uncertainty attitudes},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {54},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56234},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562340},
  pages     = {40},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Strategic uncertainty is the uncertainty that players face with respect to the purposeful behavior of other players in an interactive decision situation. Our paper develops a new method for measuring strategic-uncertainty attitudes and distinguishing them from risk and ambiguity attitudes. We vary the source of uncertainty (whether strategic or not) across conditions in a ceteris paribus manner. We elicit certainty equivalents of participating in two strategic 2x2 games (a stag-hunt and a market-entry game) as well as certainty equivalents of related lotteries that yield the same possible payoffs with exogenously given probabilities (risk) and lotteries with unknown probabilities (ambiguity). We provide a structural model of uncertainty attitudes that allows us to measure a preference for or an aversion against the source of uncertainty, as well as optimism or pessimism regarding the desired outcome. We document systematic attitudes towards strategic uncertainty that vary across contexts. Under strategic complementarity [substitutability], the majority of participants tend to be pessimistic [optimistic] regarding the desired outcome. However, preferences for the source of uncertainty are distributed around zero.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BorckOshiroSatō2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Borck, Rainald and Oshiro, Jun and Satō, Yasuhiro},
  title     = {Property tax competition},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56222},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562228},
  pages     = {71},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We develop a model of property taxation and characterize equilibria under three alternative taxa-tion regimes often used in the public finance literature: decentralized taxation, centralized taxation, and "rent seeking" regimes. We show that decentralized taxation results in inefficiently high tax rates, whereas centralized taxation yields a common optimal tax rate, and tax rates in the rent-seeking regime can be either inefficiently high or low. We quantify the effects of switching from the observed tax system to the three regimes for Japan and Germany. The decentralized or rent-seeking regime best describes the Japanese tax system, whereas the centralized regime does so for Germany. We also quantify the welfare effects of regime changes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{AndresBruttelFriedrichsen2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Andres, Maximilian and Bruttel, Lisa Verena and Friedrichsen, Jana},
  title     = {How communication makes the difference between a cartel and tacit collusion},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56223},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-562234},
  pages     = {67},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper sheds new light on the role of communication for cartel formation. Using machine learning to evaluate free-form chat communication among firms in a laboratory experiment, we identify typical communication patterns for both explicit cartel formation and indirect attempts to collude tacitly. We document that firms are less likely to communicate explicitly about price fixing and more likely to use indirect messages when sanctioning institutions are present. This effect of sanctions on communication reinforces the direct cartel-deterring effect of sanctions as collusion is more difficult to reach and sustain without an explicit agreement. Indirect messages have no, or even a negative, effect on prices.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BlanzEydamHeinemannetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Blanz, Alkis and Eydam, Ulrich and Heinemann, Maik and Kalkuhl, Matthias},
  title     = {Optimal carbon pricing with fluctuating energy prices — emission targeting vs. price targeting},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {51},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56104},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-561049},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Prices of primary energy commodities display marked fluctuations over time. Market-based climate policy instruments (e.g., emissions pricing) create incentives to reduce energy consumption by increasing the user cost of fossil energy. This raises the question of whether climate policy should respond to fluctuations in fossil energy prices? We study this question within an environmental dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (E-DSGE) model calibrated on the German economy. Our results indicate that the welfare implications of dynamic emissions pricing crucially depend on how the revenues are used. When revenues are fully absorbed, a reduction in emissions prices stabilizes the economy in response to energy price shocks. However, when revenues are at least partially recycled, a stable emissions price improves overall welfare. This result is robust to different modeling assumptions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{GiotopoulosKritikosTsakanikas2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Giotopoulos, Ioannis and Kritikos, Alexander and Tsakanikas, Aggelos},
  title     = {A Lasting Crisis affects R\&D decisions of smaller firms},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {49},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55844},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-558442},
  pages     = {23},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We use the prolonged Greek crisis as a case study to understand how a lasting economic shock affects the innovation strategies of firms in economies with moderate innovation activities. Adopting the 3-stage CDM model, we explore the link between R\&D, innovation, and productivity for different size groups of Greek manufacturing firms during the prolonged crisis. At the first stage, we find that the continuation of the crisis is harmful for the R\&D engagement of smaller firms while it increased the willingness for R\&D activities among the larger ones. At the second stage, among smaller firms the knowledge production remains unaffected by R\&D investments, while among larger firms the R\&D decision is positively correlated with the probability of producing innovation, albeit the relationship is weakened as the crisis continues. At the third stage, innovation output benefits only larger firms in terms of labor productivity, while the innovation-productivity nexus is insignificant for smaller firms during the lasting crisis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{GohlSchrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Gohl, Niklas and Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {Ticket to Paradise?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {50},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55846},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-558466},
  pages     = {20},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper provides novel evidence on the impact of public transport subsidies on air pollution. We obtain causal estimates by leveraging a unique policy intervention in Germany that temporarily reduced nationwide prices for regional public transport to a monthly flat rate price of 9 Euros. Us-ing DiD estimation strategies on air pollutant data, we show that this intervention causally reduced a benchmark air pollution index by more than six percent. Our results illustrate that public transport subsidies - especially in the context of spatially constrained cities - offer a viable alterna-tive for policymakers and city planers to improve air quality, which has been shown to crucially affect health outcomes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Schrauth2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Schrauth, Philipp},
  title     = {The Causal Effect of Cycling Infrastructure on Traffic and Accidents},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {48},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-55335},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-553359},
  pages     = {56},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper analyzes the effect of new bicycle lanes on traffic volume, congestion, and accidents. Crucially, the new bike lanes replace existing car lanes thereby reducing available space for motorized traffic. In order to obtain causal estimates, I exploit the quasi-random timing and location of the newly built cycle lanes. Using an event study design, a two-way fixed effects model and the synthetic control group method on geo-coded data, I show that the construction of pop-up bike lanes significantly reduced average car speed by 8 to 12 percentage points (p.p.) and up to 16 p.p. in peak traffic hours. In contrast, the results for car volume are modest, while the data does not allow for a conclusive judgment of accidents.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Protze2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Protze, Valentin},
  title     = {Zur v{\"o}lkerstrafrechtlichen Bewertung rein st{\"o}render Cyberoperationen},
  series = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  journal   = {Staat, Recht und Politik - Forschungs- und Diskussionspapiere},
  number    = {12},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2509-6974},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54331},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-543318},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {This paper addresses the classification under international criminal law of purely disruptive, i.e. non-destructive, cyber operations. After the necessary clarification of terms, the individual questions of the applicability of international criminal law are discussed and it is examined which elements of crime can be realized by such actions.},
  language  = {de}
}
@techreport{Obst2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Obst, Cosima},
  title     = {Job Satisfaction and Training Investments},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {47},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54912},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-549124},
  pages     = {46},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Job satisfaction has been found to impact behavioral choices at the workplace. Since levels of satisfaction are not guaranteed to remain high, understanding the consequences of job dissatisfaction is essential. Hence, I analyze the relationship between a worker's job satisfaction and her training investments. Based on my theoretical model, I expect a U-shaped relationship if dissatisfied workers attempt to improve the situation or plan to quit. In contrast, there is an overall positive relationship if dissatisfied workers neglect their duties. Using logit regressions with the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey I find tentative evidence that there is on average an overall positive relationship with a 1 standard deviation increase in job satisfaction being associated with a 1.5\% increased likelihood of participating in training. A closer inspection of the reasons for training as well as quit intentions reveals some hints of a U-shaped relationship. My results highlight the importance of considering the source of dissatisfaction as there are heterogeneous effects along different job satisfaction facets.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoGraeberKritikosetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Graeber, Daniel and Kritikos, Alexander and Seebauer, Johannes},
  title     = {Pandemic Depression: COVID-19 and the Mental Health of the Self-Employed},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {46},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54899},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-548999},
  pages     = {65},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-employed people's mental health. Using representative longitudinal survey data from Germany, we reveal differential effects by gender: whereas self-employed women experienced a substantial deterioration in their mental health, self-employed men displayed no significant changes up to early 2021. Financial losses are important in explaining these differences. In addition, we find larger mental health responses among self-employed women who were directly affected by government-imposed restrictions and bore an increased childcare burden due to school and daycare closures. We also find that self-employed individuals who are more resilient coped better with the crisis.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{EydamDiluiso2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Eydam, Ulrich and Diluiso, Francesca},
  title     = {How to Redistribute the Revenues from Climate Policy?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {45},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-54896},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-548960},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {In light of climate change mitigation efforts, revenues from climate policies are growing, with no consensus yet on how they should be used. Potential efficiency gains from reducing distortionary taxes and the distributional implications of different revenue recycling schemes are currently debated. To account for households heterogeneity and dynamic trade-offs, we study the macroeconomic and welfare performance of different revenue recycling schemes using an Environmental Two-Agent New-Keynesian model, calibrated on the German economy. We find that, in the long run, welfare gains are higher when revenues are used to reduce distortionary taxes on capital, but this comes at the cost of higher inequality: while all households prefer labor income tax reductions to lump-sum transfers, only financially unconstrained households are better off when reducing taxes on capital income. Interestingly, we find that over the transition period relevant to meet short-medium run climate targets, labor income tax cuts are the most efficient and equitable instrument.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoCobbClarkPfeiferetal.2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. and Pfeifer, Harald and Uhlendorff, Arne and Wehner, Caroline},
  title     = {Managers' Risk Preferences and Firm Training Investments},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {44},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53843},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-538439},
  pages     = {45},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {We provide the first estimates of the impact of managers' risk preferences on their training allocation decisions. Our conceptual framework links managers' risk preferences to firms' training decisions through the bonuses they expect to receive. Risk-averse managers are expected to select workers with low turnover risk and invest in specific rather than general training. Empirical evidence supporting these predictions is provided using a novel vignette study embedded in a nationally representative survey of firm managers. Risk-tolerant and risk-averse decision makers have significantly different training preferences. Risk aversion results in increased sensitivity to turnover risk. Managers who are risk-averse offer significantly less general training and, in some cases, are more reluctant to train workers with a history of job mobility. All managers, irrespective of their risk preferences, are sensitive to the investment risk associated with training, avoiding training that is more costly or targets those with less occupational expertise or nearing retirement. This suggests the risks of training are primarily due to the risk that trained workers will leave the firm (turnover risk) rather than the risk that the benefits of training do not outweigh the costs (investment risk).},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{FranksKalkuhlLessmann2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Franks, Max and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Lessmann, Kai},
  title     = {Optimal Pricing for Carbon Dioxide Removal Under Inter-Regional Leakage},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {43},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53808},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-538080},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) moves atmospheric carbon to geological or land-based sinks. In a first-best setting, the optimal use of CDR is achieved by a removal subsidy that equals the optimal carbon tax and marginal damages. We derive second-best subsidies for CDR when no global carbon price exists but a national government implements a unilateral climate policy. We find that the optimal carbon tax differs from an optimal CDR subsidy because of carbon leakage, terms-of-trade and fossil resource rent dynamics. First, the optimal removal subsidy tends to be larger than the carbon tax because of lower supply-side leakage on fossil resource markets. Second, terms-of-trade effects exacerbate this wedge for net resource exporters, implying even larger removal subsidies. Third, the optimal removal subsidy may fall below the carbon tax for resource-poor countries when marginal environmental damages are small.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKuennMahlstedt2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and K{\"u}nn, Steffen and Mahlstedt, Robert},
  title     = {The Intended and Unintended Effects of Promoting Labor Market Mobility},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53522},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-535229},
  pages     = {49},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Subsidizing the geographical mobility of unemployed workers may improve welfare by relaxing their financial constraints and allowing them to find jobs in more prosperous regions. We exploit regional variation in the promotion of mobility programs along administrative borders of German employment agency districts to investigate the causal effect of offering such financial incentives on the job search behavior and labor market integration of unemployed workers. We show that promoting mobility - as intended - causes job seekers to increase their search radius, apply for and accept distant jobs. At the same time, local job search is reduced with adverse consequences for reemployment and earnings. These unintended negative effects are provoked by spatial search frictions. Overall, the unconditional provision of mobility programs harms the welfare of unemployed job seekers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{BacheletKalkuhlKoch2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Bachelet, Marion and Kalkuhl, Matthias and Koch, Nicolas},
  title     = {What if working from home will stick?},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {41},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-53238},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-532384},
  pages     = {28},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The COVID-19 pandemic created the largest experiment in working from home. We study how persistent telework may change energy and transport consumption and costs in Germany to assess the distributional and environmental implications when working from home will stick. Based on data from the German Microcensus and available classifications of working-from-home feasibility for different occupations, we calculate the change in energy consumption and travel to work when 15\% of employees work full time from home. Our findings suggest that telework translates into an annual increase in heating energy expenditure of 110 euros per worker and a decrease in transport expenditure of 840 euros per worker. All income groups would gain from telework but high-income workers gain twice as much as low-income workers. The value of time saving is between 1.3 and 6 times greater than the savings from reduced travel costs and almost 9 times higher for high-income workers than low-income workers. The direct effects on CO₂ emissions due to reduced car commuting amount to 4.5 millions tons of CO₂, representing around 3 percent of carbon emissions in the transport sector.},
  language  = {en}
}