@article{LiSpangenbergSchicksetal.2022,
  author    = {Li, Zhen and Spangenberg, Erik and Schicks, Judith Maria and Kempka, Thomas},
  title     = {Numerical Simulation of Coastal Sub-Permafrost Gas Hydrate Formation in the Mackenzie Delta, Canadian Arctic},
  series = {Energies},
  volume    = {15},
  journal   = {Energies},
  number    = {14},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {1996-1073},
  doi       = {10.3390/en15144986},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The Mackenzie Delta (MD) is a permafrost-bearing region along the coasts of the Canadian Arctic which exhibits high sub-permafrost gas hydrate (GH) reserves. The GH occurring at the Mallik site in the MD is dominated by thermogenic methane (CH4), which migrated from deep conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs, very likely through the present fault systems. Therefore, it is assumed that fluid flow transports dissolved CH4 upward and out of the deeper overpressurized reservoirs via the existing polygonal fault system and then forms the GH accumulations in the Kugmallit-Mackenzie Bay Sequences. We investigate the feasibility of this mechanism with a thermo-hydraulic-chemical numerical model, representing a cross section of the Mallik site. We present the first simulations that consider permafrost formation and thawing, as well as the formation of GH accumulations sourced from the upward migrating CH4-rich formation fluid. The simulation results show that temperature distribution, as well as the thickness and base of the ice-bearing permafrost are consistent with corresponding field observations. The primary driver for the spatial GH distribution is the permeability of the host sediments. Thus, the hypothesis on GH formation by dissolved CH4 originating from deeper geological reservoirs is successfully validated. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that the permafrost has been substantially heated to 0.8-1.3 degrees C, triggered by the global temperature increase of about 0.44 degrees C and further enhanced by the Arctic Amplification effect at the Mallik site from the early 1970s to the mid-2000s.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{KuehnLiNakatenetal.2017,
  author    = {K{\"u}hn, Michael and Li, Qi and Nakaten, Natalie Christine and Kempka, Thomas},
  title     = {Integrated subsurface gas storage of CO2 and CH4 offers capacity and state-of-the-art technology for energy storage in China},
  series = {Energy procedia},
  volume    = {125},
  journal   = {Energy procedia},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {1876-6102},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.039},
  pages     = {14 -- 18},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Integration and development of the energy supply in China and worldwide is a challenge for the years to come. The innovative idea presented here is based on an extension of the "power-to-gas-to-power" technology by establishing a closed carbon cycle. It is an implementation of a low-carbon energy system based on carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) to store and reuse wind and solar energy. The Chenjiacun storage project in China compares well with the German case study for the towns Potsdam and Brandenburg/Havel in the Federal State of Brandenburg based on the Ketzin pilot site for CCS.},
  language  = {en}
}