@article{PliatsikasVerissimoBabcocketal.2019,
  author    = {Pliatsikas, Christos and Verissimo, Joao Marques and Babcock, Laura and Pullman, Mariel Y. and Glei, Dana A. and Weinstein, Maxine and Goldman, Noreen and Ullman, Michael T.},
  title     = {Working memory in older adults declines with age, but is modulated by sex and education},
  series = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  volume    = {72},
  journal   = {The quarterly journal of experimental psychology},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1747-0218},
  doi       = {10.1177/1747021818791994},
  pages     = {1308 -- 1327},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Working memory (WM), which underlies the temporary storage and manipulation of information, is critical for multiple aspects of cognition and everyday life. Nevertheless, research examining WM specifically in older adults remains limited, despite the global rapid increase in human life expectancy. We examined WM in a large sample (N=754) of healthy older adults (aged 58-89) in a non-Western population (Chinese speakers) in Taiwan, on a digit n-back task. We tested not only the influence of age itself and of load (1-back vs. 2-back) but also the effects of both sex and education, which have been shown to modulate WM abilities. Mixed-effects regression revealed that, within older adulthood, age negatively impacted WM abilities (with linear, not nonlinear, effects), as did load (worse performance at 2-back). In contrast, education level was positively associated with WM. Moreover, both age and education interacted with sex. With increasing age, males showed a steeper WM decline than females; with increasing education, females showed greater WM gains than males. Together with other findings, the evidence suggests that age, sex, and education all impact WM in older adults, but interact in particular ways. The results have both basic research and translational implications and are consistent with particular benefits from increased education for women.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SoemerSchiefele2020,
  author    = {Soemer, Alexander and Schiefele, Ulrich},
  title     = {Working memory capacity and (in)voluntary mind wandering},
  series = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  volume    = {27},
  journal   = {Psychonomic bulletin \& review : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1069-9384},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13423-020-01737-4},
  pages     = {758 -- 767},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {According to influential accounts of mind wandering (MW), working memory capacity (WMC) plays a key role in controlling the amount of off-task thought during the execution of a demanding task. Whereas WMC has primarily been associated with reduced levels of involuntarily occurring MW episodes in prior research, here we demonstrate for the first time that high-WMC individuals exhibit lower levels of voluntary MW. One hundred and eighty participants carried out a demanding reading task and reported their attentional state in response to random thought probes. In addition, participants' WMC was measured with two common complex span tasks (operation span and symmetry span). As a result, WMC was negatively related to both voluntary and involuntary MW, and the two forms of MW partially mediated the positive effect of WMC on reading performance. Furthermore, the negative relation between voluntary WM and reading remained significant after controlling for interest. Thus, in contrast to prior research suggesting that voluntary MW might be more closely related to motivation rather than WMC, the present results demonstrate that high-WMC individuals tend to limit both involuntary and voluntary MW more strictly than low-WMC individuals.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Vockenberg2006,
  author    = {Vockenberg, Kerstin},
  title     = {Updating of representations in working memory},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-11767},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {The limited capacity of working memory forces people to update its contents continuously. Two aspects of the updating process were investigated in the present experimental series. The first series concerned the question if it is possible to update several representations in parallel. Similar results were obtained for the updating of object features as well as for the updating of whole objects, participants were able to update representations in parallel. The second experimental series addressed the question if working memory representations which were replaced in an updating disappear directly or interfere with the new representations. Evidence for the existence of old representations was found under working memory conditions and under conditions exceeding working memory capacity. These results contradict the hypothesis that working memory contents are protected from proactive interference of long-term memory contents.},
  subject      = {Aktualisierung},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Junker2004,
  author    = {Junker, Martina},
  title     = {Der verflixte Akkusativ : Altersunterschiede und Altersinvarianz beim Verstehen von S{\"a}tzen mit unterschiedlich komplexer syntaktischer Struktur},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-3784},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {In dieser Arbeit wird in mehreren Experimenten untersucht, wie gut junge und alte Erwachsene S{\"a}tze mit unterschiedlich komplexer syntaktischer Struktur verstehen k{\"o}nnen. Zentrales Thema dabei sind die Schwierigkeiten, die {\"a}ltere Erwachsene mit der Objekt-vor-Subjekt-Wortstellung haben. Untersucht wird, inwiefern diese beobachteten Altersunterschiede durch eine reduzierte verbale Arbeitsged{\"a}chtniskapazit{\"a}t der {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen erkl{\"a}rt werden k{\"o}nnen. Dabei stellt sich die Frage, ob die Defizite ein generelles verbales Arbeitsged{\"a}chtnis betreffen oder ob es ein eigenes Verarbeitungs-system f{\"u}r syntaktische Informationen gibt, dessen Kapazit{\"a}t mit dem Alter abnimmt. Es wurde versucht, die postulierte reduzierte Arbeitsged{\"a}chtniskapazit{\"a}t der {\"a}lteren Erwachsenen an jungen Erwachsenen zu simulieren, indem deren Arbeitsged{\"a}chtniska-pazit{\"a}t durch eine Zusatzaufgabe k{\"u}nstlich eingeschr{\"a}nkt wurde. Weiterhin wurden die Altersunterschiede bei syntaktisch komplexen zentraleingebetteten Relativs{\"a}tzen mit denen bei syntaktisch einfacheren koordinierten Haupts{\"a}tzen verglichen. Um die Studienteilnehmer mit den seltenen objektinitialen Strukturen zu konfrontieren und ihre Erfahrung mit solchen S{\"a}tzen zu ver{\"a}ndern, wurden schließlich sowohl junge als auch alte Erwachsene mit S{\"a}tzen mit Objekt-vor-Subjekt-Wortstellung trainiert.},
  subject      = {Gerontologie},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{StelzelSchauenburgRappetal.2017,
  author    = {Stelzel, Christine and Schauenburg, Gesche and Rapp, Michael Armin and Heinzel, Stephan and Granacher, Urs},
  title     = {Age-Related Interference between the Selection of Input-Output Modality Mappings and Postural Control-a Pilot Study},
  series = {Frontiers in psychology},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Frontiers in psychology},
  publisher = {Frontiers Research Foundation},
  address   = {Lausanne},
  issn      = {1664-1078},
  doi       = {10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00613},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Age-related decline in executive functions and postural control due to degenerative processes in the central nervous system have been related to increased fall-risk in old age. Many studies have shown cognitive-postural dual-task interference in old adults, but research on the role of specific executive functions in this context has just begun. In this study, we addressed the question whether postural control is impaired depending on the coordination of concurrent response-selection processes related to the compatibility of input and output modality mappings as compared to impairments related to working-memory load in the comparison of cognitive dual and single tasks. Specifically, we measured total center of pressure (CoP) displacements in healthy female participants aged 19-30 and 66-84 years while they performed different versions of a spatial one-back working memory task during semi-tandem stance on an unstable surface (i.e., balance pad) while standing on a force plate. The specific working-memory tasks comprised: (i) modality compatible single tasks (i.e., visual-manual or auditory-vocal tasks), (ii) modality compatible dual tasks (i.e., visual-manual and auditory-vocal tasks), (iii) modality incompatible single tasks (i.e., visual-vocal or auditory-manual tasks), and (iv) modality incompatible dual tasks (i.e., visual-vocal and auditory-manual tasks). In addition, participants performed the same tasks while sitting. As expected from previous research, old adults showed generally impaired performance under high working-memory load (i.e., dual vs. single one-back task). In addition, modality compatibility affected one-back performance in dual-task but not in single-task conditions with strikingly pronounced impairments in old adults. Notably, the modality incompatible dual task also resulted in a selective increase in total CoP displacements compared to the modality compatible dual task in the old but not in the young participants. These results suggest that in addition to effects of working-memory load, processes related to simultaneously overcoming special linkages between input-and output modalities interfere with postural control in old but not in young female adults. Our preliminary data provide further evidence for the involvement of cognitive control processes in postural tasks.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OberauerKliegl2006,
  author    = {Oberauer, Klaus and Kliegl, Reinhold},
  title     = {A formal model of capacity limits in working memory},
  series = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  volume    = {55},
  journal   = {Journal of Memory and Language},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0749-596X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jml.2006.08.009},
  pages     = {601 -- 626},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {A mathematical model of working-memory capacity limits is proposed on the key assumption of mutual interference between items in working memory. Interference is assumed to arise from overwriting of features shared by these items. The model was fit to time-accuracy data of memory-updating tasks from four experiments using nonlinear mixed effect (NLME) models as a framework. The model gave a good account of the data from a numerical and a spatial task version. The performance pattern in a combination of numerical and spatial updating could be explained by variations in the interference parameter: assuming less feature overlap between contents from different domains than between contents from the same domain, the model can account for double dissociations of content domains in dual-task experiments. Experiment 3 extended this idea to similarity within the verbal domain. The decline of memory accuracy with increasing memory load was steeper with phonologically similar than with dissimilar material, although processing speed was faster for the similar material. The model captured the similarity effects with a higher estimated interference parameter for the similar than for the dissimilar condition. The results are difficult to explain with alternative models, in particular models incorporating time-based decay and models assuming limited resource pools.},
  language  = {en}
}