@article{NazirHrycykMoreauetal.2017,
  author    = {Nazir, Tatjana A. and Hrycyk, Lianna and Moreau, Quentin and Frak, Victor and Cheylus, Anne and Ott, Laurent and Lindemann, Oliver and Fischer, Martin H. and Paulignan, Yves and Delevoye-Turrell, Yvonne},
  title     = {A simple technique to study embodied language processes},
  series = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  volume    = {49},
  journal   = {Behavior research methods : a journal of the Psychonomic Society},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {1554-351X},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13428-015-0696-7},
  pages     = {61 -- 73},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Research in cognitive neuroscience has shown that brain structures serving perceptual, emotional, and motor processes are also recruited during the understanding of language when it refers to emotion, perception, and action. However, the exact linguistic and extralinguistic conditions under which such language-induced activity in modality-specific cortex is triggered are not yet well understood. The purpose of this study is to introduce a simple experimental technique that allows for the online measure of language-induced activity in motor structures of the brain. This technique consists in the use of a grip force sensor that captures subtle grip force variations while participants listen to words and sentences. Since grip force reflects activity in motor brain structures, the continuous monitoring of force fluctuations provides a fine-grained estimation of motor activity across time. In other terms, this method allows for both localization of the source of language-induced activity to motor brain structures and high temporal resolution of the recorded data. To facilitate comparison of the data to be collected with this tool, we present two experiments that describe in detail the technical setup, the nature of the recorded data, and the analyses (including justification about the data filtering and artifact rejection) that we applied. We also discuss how the tool could be used in other domains of behavioral research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YueBastiaanseAlter2014,
  author    = {Yue, Jinxing and Bastiaanse, Roelien and Alter, Kai},
  title     = {Cortical plasticity induced by rapid Hebbian learning of novel tonal word-forms: Evidence from mismatch negativity},
  series = {Brain \& language : a journal of the neurobiology of language},
  volume    = {139},
  journal   = {Brain \& language : a journal of the neurobiology of language},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0093-934X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.bandl.2014.09.007},
  pages     = {10 -- 22},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Although several experiments reported rapid cortical plasticity induced by passive exposure to novel segmental patterns, few studies have devoted attention to the neural dynamics during the rapid learning of novel tonal word-forms in tonal languages, such as Chinese. In the current study, native speakers of Mandarin Chinese were exposed to acoustically matched real and novel segment-tone patterns. By recording their Mismatch Negativity (MMN) responses (an ERP indicator of long-term memory traces for spoken words), we found enhanced MMNs to the novel word-forms over the left-hemispheric region in the late exposure phase relative to the early exposure phase. In contrast, no significant changes were identified in MMN responses to the real word during familiarisation. Our results suggest a rapid Hebbian learning mechanism in the human neocortex which develops long-term memory traces for a novel segment-tone pattern by establishing new associations between the segmental and tonal representations. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@masterthesis{Kraft2021,
  type      = {Bachelor Thesis},
  author    = {Kraft, Justin},
  title     = {Eine vergleichende Analyse der sprachlichen Manipulationsstrategien von AfD und NSDAP anhand ausgew{\"a}hlter Beispiele},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49610},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-496104},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {42},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In den letzten Jahren erlebte der Rechtspopulismus in Europa einen Aufstieg. Die ‚Alternative f{\"u}r Deutschland' (AfD) erhielt bei der deutschen Bundestagswahl 2017 beispielsweise 12,7 \% der abgegebenen Stimmen und war dar{\"u}ber hinaus gerade im Osten des Landes erfolgreich. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wird vergleichend untersucht, welche sprachlichen Manipulationsstrategien der AfD dazu beitragen und wie sie wirken. Die Arbeit gliedert sich grob in zwei Teile: die Analyse des Sprachgebrauchs der AfD und schließlich der Vergleich mit jenem der Nationalsozialist:innen. Ziel der Arbeit ist es nicht, die AfD als Kopie der NSDAP zu entlarven, sondern ihre sprachlichen Manipulationsstrategien im historischen Kontext ergebnisoffen zu analysieren und so ein tieferes Verst{\"a}ndnis dieser zu erm{\"o}glichen, um eine Grundlage f{\"u}r die zuk{\"u}nftige Erarbeitung m{\"o}glicher Gegenstrategien zu schaffen. Dabei stellt sich die Verwendung von diskriminierenden Sprechakten als wesentlicher Teilaspekt der Strategie heraus. So kann aus den Ergebnissen geschlussfolgert werden, dass die Polarisierung der Gesellschaft in zwei Teile (Ingroup und Outgroup) sowie die damit verbundene Diskriminierung der Outgroup als Ziel des Sprachgebrauchs der AfD bezeichnet werden k{\"o}nnen. Auf diesem Weg kann eine zunehmende Radikalisierung des Sprachgebrauchs innerhalb der letzten Jahre festgestellt werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit werden im Vergleich mit den Nationalsozialist:innen zahlreiche Parallelen deutlich: {\"U}ber gemeinsame Stilmittel wie Metaphorik, Verwendung von Superlativen oder bestimmten Begrifflichkeiten hinaus ist hier vor allem die Diskriminierung eines konkreten Feindbildes sowie die angestrebte Spaltung der Bev{\"o}lkerung zu nennen. Zugleich gilt es auch, die deutlichen Unterschiede zwischen dem Sprachgebrauch im Nationalsozialismus und jenem der AfD zu akzentuieren, um eine ebenso leichtfertige wie unangemessene Gleichsetzung zu verhindern. Zentral ist hier die Eindeutigkeit des Sprachgebrauchs. Die Vergleiche mit verschiedenen Quellen aus dem Dritten Reich verdeutlichen, dass der Sprachgebrauch im Nationalsozialismus direkter und viel radikaler war. Die AfD ist hingegen oftmals darauf bedacht, ihre Aussagen nur augenscheinlich eindeutig zu formulieren, sich insgesamt aber immer eine M{\"o}glichkeit des sprachlichen Zur{\"u}ckruderns offen zu halten. Ein offensichtlicher Grund d{\"u}rften die unterschiedlichen gesellschaftlichen Bedingungen zu beiden Zeiten sein. F{\"u}r die AfD ist es heute schwieriger, eine ausreichend große Masse an mindestens unsicheren Menschen zu mobilisieren. Begr{\"u}ndet werden kann dies mit einer im Vergleich zur Weimarer Republik {\"u}ber Jahrzehnte hinweg gesetzlich, politisch und gesellschaftlich etablierten und sehr stabilen Demokratie. Deshalb ist die AfD darauf angewiesen, eine mehrdeutige Sprache zu verwenden, die ihnen im Bedarfsfall eine Rechtfertigung und somit einen Weg zur{\"u}ck erm{\"o}glicht. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus erm{\"o}glicht ihnen ein solcher Sprachgebrauch aber auch, sich einerseits gegen{\"u}ber den Institutionen der Demokratie (beispielsweise dem Verfassungsschutz) zu rechtfertigen und andererseits insbesondere der konservativen W{\"a}hlerschaft das Gef{\"u}hl zu geben, dass sie keine rechtsextreme Partei w{\"a}hlen. Aus den Ergebnissen der Arbeit l{\"a}sst sich dar{\"u}ber hinaus die These ableiten, dass eine Ver{\"a}nderung des Sprachgebrauchs allein nicht dazu f{\"u}hrt, dass Menschen einer Ideologie folgen. Der historische Vergleich deutet aber darauf hin, dass ein diskriminierender Sprachgebrauch zur Entstehung eines N{\"a}hrbodens einer solchen Ideologie beitragen kann, wenn der gesellschaftliche und politische Rahmen es zul{\"a}sst. Diesen Rahmen versucht die AfD St{\"u}ck f{\"u}r St{\"u}ck in ihrem Sinne zu verschieben. In den letzten Jahren gelang es ihr zunehmend, den {\"o}ffentlichen Diskurs zu ihren Gunsten mitzubestimmen und zu ver{\"a}ndern. Daf{\"u}r ist der manipulative Gebrauch von Sprache entscheidend. Durch ihn sind sie in der Lage, die ›gef{\"u}hlte‹ Wahrheit im Kampf gegen Fakten siegen zu lassen und Diskurse wie die Klima-Debatte oder die Diskussionen um Maßnahmen gegen die Coronapandemie zu beeinflussen. Die Arbeit macht aber auch deutlich, wie kompliziert das Vorhaben der Polarisierung in einer heterogenen Gesellschaft wie der heutigen deutschen ist. Sogar innerhalb der AfD kommt es immer h{\"a}ufiger zu Uneinigkeiten.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{LangusHoehle2021,
  author    = {Langus, Alan and H{\"o}hle, Barbara},
  title     = {Object individuation and labelling in 6-month-old infants},
  series = {Infant behavior \& development},
  volume    = {65},
  journal   = {Infant behavior \& development},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0163-6383},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101627},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The ability to determine how many objects are involved in physical events is fundamental for reasoning about the world that surrounds us. Previous studies suggest that infants can fail to individuate objects in ambiguous occlusion events until their first birthday and that learning words for the objects may play a crucial role in the development of this ability. The present eye-tracking study tested whether the classical object individuation experiments underestimate young infants' ability to individuate objects and the role word learning plays in this process. Three groups of 6-month-old infants (N = 72) saw two opaque boxes side by side on the eye-tracker screen so that the content of the boxes was not visible. During a familiarization phase, two visually identical objects emerged sequentially from one box and two visually different objects from the other box. For one group of infants the familiarization was silent (Visual Only condition). For a second group of infants the objects were accompanied with nonsense words so that objects' shape and linguistic labels indicated the same number of objects in the two boxes (Visual \& Language condition). For the third group of infants, objects' shape and linguistic labels were in conflict (Visual vs. Language condition). Following the familiarization, it was revealed that both boxes contained the same number of objects (e.g. one or two). In the Visual Only condition, infants looked longer to the box with incorrect number of objects at test, showing that they could individuate objects using visual cues alone. In the Visual \& Language condition infants showed the same looking pattern. However, in the Visual vs Language condition infants looked longer to the box with incorrect number of objects according to linguistic labels. The results show that infants can individuate objects in a complex object individuation paradigm considerably earlier than previously thought and that linguistic cues enforce their own preference in object individuation. The results are consistent with the idea that when language and visual information are in conflict, language can exert an influence on how young infants reason about the visual world.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RossiTelkemeyerWartenburgeretal.2012,
  author    = {Rossi, Sonja and Telkemeyer, Silke and Wartenburger, Isabell and Obrig, Hellmuth},
  title     = {Shedding light on words and sentences near-infrared spectroscopy in language research},
  series = {Brain \& language : a journal of the neurobiology of language},
  volume    = {121},
  journal   = {Brain \& language : a journal of the neurobiology of language},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {San Diego},
  issn      = {0093-934X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.bandl.2011.03.008},
  pages     = {152 -- 163},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Investigating the neuronal network underlying language processing may contribute to a better understanding of how the brain masters this complex cognitive function with surprising ease and how language is acquired at a fast pace in infancy. Modern neuroimaging methods permit to visualize the evolvement and the function of the language network. The present paper focuses on a specific methodology, functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), providing an overview over studies on auditory language processing and acquisition. The methodology detects oxygenation changes elicited by functional activation of the cerebral cortex. The main advantages for research on auditory language processing and its development during infancy are an undemanding application, the lack of instrumental noise, and its potential to simultaneously register electrophysiological responses. Also it constitutes an innovative approach for studying developmental issues in infants and children. The review will focus on studies on word and sentence processing including research in infants and adults.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CzerwonHohlfeldWieseetal.2013,
  author    = {Czerwon, Beate and Hohlfeld, Annette and Wiese, Heike and Werheid, Katja},
  title     = {Syntactic structural parallelisms influence processing of positive stimuli evidence from cross-modal ERP priming},
  series = {International journal of psychophysiology},
  volume    = {87},
  journal   = {International journal of psychophysiology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0167-8760},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2012.10.014},
  pages     = {28 -- 34},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Language can strongly influence the emotional state of the recipient. In contrast to the broad body of experimental and neuroscientific research on semantic information and prosodic speech, the emotional impact of grammatical structure has rarely been investigated. One reason for this might be, that measuring effects of syntactic structure involves the use of complex stimuli, for which the emotional impact of grammar is difficult to isolate. In the present experiment we examined the emotional impact of structural parallelisms, that is, repetitions of syntactic features, on the emotion-sensitive "late positive potential" (LPP) with a cross-modal priming paradigm. Primes were auditory presented nonsense sentences which included grammatical-syntactic parallelisms. Visual targets were positive, neutral, and negative faces, to be classified as emotional or non-emotional by the participants. Electrophysiology revealed diminished LPP amplitudes for positive faces following parallel primes. Thus, our findings suggest that grammatical structure creates an emotional context that facilitates processing of positive emotional information.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MyachykovScheepersFischeretal.2014,
  author    = {Myachykov, Andriy and Scheepers, Christoph and Fischer, Martin H. and Kessler, Klaus},
  title     = {TEST: A tropic, embodied, and situated theory of cognition},
  series = {Topics in cognitive science},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Topics in cognitive science},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1756-8757},
  doi       = {10.1111/tops.12024},
  pages     = {442 -- 460},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {TEST is a novel taxonomy of knowledge representations based on three distinct hierarchically organized representational features: Tropism, Embodiment, and Situatedness. Tropic representational features reflect constraints of the physical world on the agent's ability to form, reactivate, and enrich embodied (i.e., resulting from the agent's bodily constraints) conceptual representations embedded in situated contexts. The proposed hierarchy entails that representations can, in principle, have tropic features without necessarily having situated and/or embodied features. On the other hand, representations that are situated and/or embodied are likely to be simultaneously tropic. Hence, although we propose tropism as the most general term, the hierarchical relationship between embodiment and situatedness is more on a par, such that the dominance of one component over the other relies on the distinction between offline storage versus online generation as well as on representation-specific properties.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchoknechtRoehmSchlesewskyetal.2022,
  author    = {Schoknecht, Pia and Roehm, Dietmar and Schlesewsky, Matthias and Bornkessel-Schlesewsky, Ina},
  title     = {The interaction of predictive processing and similarity-based retrieval interference},
  series = {Language, cognition and neuroscience},
  volume    = {37},
  journal   = {Language, cognition and neuroscience},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {2327-3798},
  doi       = {10.1080/23273798.2022.2026421},
  pages     = {883 -- 901},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Language processing requires memory retrieval to integrate current input with previous context and making predictions about upcoming input. We propose that prediction and retrieval are two sides of the same coin, i.e. functionally the same, as they both activate memory representations. Under this assumption, memory retrieval and prediction should interact: Retrieval interference can only occur at a word that triggers retrieval and a fully predicted word would not do that. The present study investigated the proposed interaction with event-related potentials (ERPs) during the processing of sentence pairs in German. Predictability was measured via cloze probability. Memory retrieval was manipulated via the position of a distractor inducing proactive or retroactive similarity-based interference. Linear mixed model analyses provided evidence for the hypothesised interaction in a broadly distributed negativity, which we discuss in relation to the interference ERP literature. Our finding supports the proposal that memory retrieval and prediction are functionally the same.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{Ziemann2022,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Ziemann, Niklas},
  title     = {You will receive your money next week!},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {56},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-56398},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-563983},
  pages     = {24},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Against the background of the increasingly discussed "Linguistic Saving Hypothesis" (Chen, 2013), I studied whether the targeted use of a present tense (close tense) and a future tense (distant tense) within the same language have an impact on intertemporal decision-making. In a monetarily incentivized laboratory experiment in Germany, I implemented two different treatments on intertemporal choices. The treatments differed in the tense in which I referred to future rewards. My results show that individuals prefer to a greater extent rewards which are associated with a present tense (close tense). This result is in line with my prediction and the first empirical support for the Linguistic Saving Hypothesis within one language. However, this result holds exclusively for males. Females seem to be unaffected by the linguistic manipulation. I discuss my findings in the context of "gender-as-culture" as well as their potential policy-implications.},
  language  = {en}
}