@article{ChandraKruegelEngbert2020,
  author    = {Chandra, Johan and Kr{\"u}gel, Andr{\´e} and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Experimental test of Bayesian saccade targeting under reversed reading direction},
  series = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  volume    = {82},
  journal   = {Attention, Perception, \& Psychophysics},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York, NY},
  issn      = {1943-393X},
  doi       = {10.3758/s13414-019-01814-4},
  pages     = {1230 -- 1240},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {During reading, rapid eye movements (saccades) shift the reader's line of sight from one word to another for high-acuity visual information processing. While experimental data and theoretical models show that readers aim at word centers, the eye-movement (oculomotor) accuracy is low compared to other tasks. As a consequence, distributions of saccadic landing positions indicate large (i) random errors and (ii) systematic over- and undershoot of word centers, which additionally depend on saccade lengths (McConkie et al.Visual Research, 28(10), 1107-1118,1988). Here we show that both error components can be simultaneously reduced by reading texts from right to left in German language (N= 32). We used our experimental data to test a Bayesian model of saccade planning. First, experimental data are consistent with the model. Second, the model makes specific predictions of the effects of the precision of prior and (sensory) likelihood. Our results suggest that it is a more precise sensory likelihood that can explain the reduction of both random and systematic error components.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ChandraKruegelEngbert2020,
  author    = {Chandra, Johan and Kr{\"u}gel, Andr{\´e} and Engbert, Ralf},
  title     = {Modulation of oculomotor control during reading of mirrored and inverted texts},
  series = {Scientific Reports},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Scientific Reports},
  publisher = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/s41598-020-60833-6},
  pages     = {15},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The interplay between cognitive and oculomotor processes during reading can be explored when the spatial layout of text deviates from the typical display. In this study, we investigate various eye-movement measures during reading of text with experimentally manipulated layout (word-wise and letter-wise mirrored-reversed text as well as inverted and scrambled text). While typical findings (e.g., longer mean fixation times, shorter mean saccades lengths) in reading manipulated texts compared to normal texts were reported in earlier work, little is known about changes of oculomotor targeting observed in within-word landing positions under the above text layouts. Here we carry out precise analyses of landing positions and find substantial changes in the so-called launch-site effect in addition to the expected overall slow-down of reading performance. Specifically, during reading of our manipulated text conditions with reversed letter order (against overall reading direction), we find a reduced launch-site effect, while in all other manipulated text conditions, we observe an increased launch-site effect. Our results clearly indicate that the oculomotor system is highly adaptive when confronted with unusual reading conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}