@article{PanitzCorteseNeiletal.2015,
  author    = {Panitz, Sina and Cortese, Giuseppe and Neil, Helen L. and Diekmann, Bernhard},
  title     = {A radiolarian-based palaeoclimate history of Core Y9 (Northeast of Campbell Plateau, New Zealand) for the last 160 kyr},
  series = {Marine micropaleontology},
  volume    = {116},
  journal   = {Marine micropaleontology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0377-8398},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.marmicro.2014.12.003},
  pages     = {1 -- 14},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) based on radiolarian assemblage changes are estimated for the last 160 kyr, from a sediment core (Y9) recovered from Pukaki Saddle, northeast of Campbell Plateau. Site Y9 lies beneath Subantarctic Surface Water (SAW) immediately to the north of the Subantarctic Front (SAF), which in this region is bathymetrically constrained by the edges of Campbell Plateau and defines the northern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Radiolarian assemblages are characterised by an exceptionally high abundance of the Antarctic to subantarctic species Antarctissa spp. (up to 68\%), especially during glacial intervals. SST estimates are derived using Factor Analysis and the Modern Analog Technique. Both methods capture the glacial-interglacial (G-I) pattern. The SST reconstructions show the changing relative influence of distinct water masses during the past G-I cycle, with major temperature variations of the order of 7-9 degrees C at glacial Terminations. Glacials (marine isotope stages (MIS) 6 and 2) are associated with particularly cool SSTs that are indicative of a more vigorous SAF/ACC and an enhancement of the inflow through Pukaki Saddle and/or frequent development of cold-core eddies at the SAF. By contrast, the influence of warmer waters and relaxation of the ACC during interglacials can be inferred from temperatures slightly warmer (e.g., mid-Holocene) and/or comparable to present day (e.g., MIS 5e). During these intervals, relatively warmer temperatures most likely indicate a higher warmcore eddy activity due to a strengthened Subtropical Front and/or a weakened inflow of cool water through Pukaki Saddle and/or an increased stratification in the Campbell Plateau region. Furthermore, the SST record is characterised by an abrupt warming at ca. 10 kyr (i.e., Termination l), the occurrence of a reversal at Termination I, and a warming event at the end of MIS 4, coinciding with the A4 event in the Byrd ice core. These characteristics, together with the pronounced G-I cycle shown by the SST estimates, suggest that Site Y9 is influenced by major oceanographic changes in the SW Pacific and responds to thermal changes at high southern latitudes. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{Metz2019,
  type      = {Master Thesis},
  author    = {Metz, Malte},
  title     = {A quasi-dynamic and self-consistent rupture model to simulate earthquake ruptures},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-47310},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-473100},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {xi, 113},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Dynamic earthquake rupture modeling provides information on the rupture physics as the rupture velocity, frictions or tractions acting during the rupture process. Nevertheless, as often based on spatial gridded preset geometries, dynamic modeling is depending on many free parameters leading to both a high non-uniqueness of the results and large computation times. That decreases the possibilities of full Bayesian error analysis. To assess the named problems we developed the quasi-dynamic rupture model which is presented in this work. It combines the kinematic Eikonal rupture model with a boundary element method for quasi-static slip calculation. The orientation of the modeled rupture plane is defined by a previously performed moment tensor inversion. The simultanously inverted scalar seismic moment allows an estimation of the extension of the rupture. The modeled rupture plane is discretized by a set of rectangular boundary elements. For each boundary element an applied traction vector is defined as the boundary value. For insights in the dynamic rupture behaviour the rupture front propagation is calculated for incremental time steps based on the 2D Eikonal equation. The needed location-dependent rupture velocity field is assumed to scale linearly with a layered shear wave velocity field. At each time all boundary elements enclosed within the rupture front are used to calculate the quasi-static slip distribution. Neither friction nor stress propagation are considered. Therefore the algorithm is assumed to be "quasi-static". A series of the resulting quasi-static slip snapshots can be used as a quasi-dynamic model of the rupture process. As many a priori information is used from the earth model (shear wave velocity and elastic parameters) and the moment tensor inversion (rupture extension and orientation) our model is depending on few free parameters as the traction field, the linear factor between rupture and shear wave velocity and the nucleation point and time. Hence stable and fast modeling results are obtained as proven from the comparison to different infinite and finite static crack solutions. First dynamic applications show promissing results. The location-dependent rise time is automatically derived by the model. Different simple kinematic models as the slip-pulse or the penny-shaped crack model can be reproduced as well as their corresponding slip rate functions. A source time function (STF) approximation calculated from the cumulative sum of moment rates of each boundary element gives results similar to theoretical and empirical known STFs. The model was also applied to the 2015 Illapel earthquake. Using a simple rectangular rupture geometry and a 2-layered traction regime yields good estimates of both the rupture front propagation and the slip patterns which are comparable to literature results. The STF approximation shows a good fit with previously published STFs. The quasi-dynamic rupture model is hence able to fastly calculate reproducable slip results. That allows to test full Bayesian error analysis in the future. Further work on a full seismic source inversion or even a traction field inversion can also extend the scope of our model.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GraeffZeheSchlaegeretal.2010,
  author    = {Gr{\"a}ff, Thomas and Zehe, Erwin and Schl{\"a}ger, Stefan and Morgner, Markus and Bauer, Andreas and Becker, Rolf and Creutzfeldt, Benjamin and Bronstert, Axel},
  title     = {A quality assessment of spatial TDR soil moisture measurements in homogenous and heterogeneous media with laboratory experiments},
  issn      = {1812-2108},
  doi       = {10.5194/hessd-7-269-2010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Investigation of transient soil moisture profiles yields valuable information of near- surface processes. A recently developed reconstruction algorithm based on the telegraph equation allows the inverse estimation of soil moisture profiles along coated, three rod TDR probes. Laboratory experiments were carried out to prove the results of the inversion and to understand the influence of probe rod deformation and solid objects close to the probe in heterogonous media. Differences in rod geometry can lead to serious misinterpretations in the soil moisture profile but have small influence on the average soil moisture along the probe. Solids in the integration volume have almost no effect on average soil moisture but result in locally slightly decreased moisture values. Inverted profiles obtained in a loamy soil with a clay content of about 16\% were in good agreement with independent measurements.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{GraeffZeheSchlaegeretal.2010,
  author    = {Gr{\"a}ff, Thomas and Zehe, Erwin and Schlaeger, Stefan and Morgner, Markus and Bauer, Andreas and Becker, Rolf and Creutzfeldt, Benjamin and Bronstert, Axel},
  title     = {A quality assessment of Spatial TDR soil moisture measurements in homogenous and heterogeneous media with laboratory experiments},
  issn      = {1027-5606},
  doi       = {10.5194/hess-14-1007-2010},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Investigation of transient soil moisture profiles yields valuable information of near- surface processes. A recently developed reconstruction algorithm based on the telegraph equation allows the inverse estimation of soil moisture profiles along coated, three rod TDR probes. Laboratory experiments were carried out to prove the results of the inversion and to understand the influence of probe rod deformation and solid objects close to the probe in heterogeneous media. Differences in rod geometry can lead to serious misinterpretations in the soil moisture profile, but have small influence on the average soil moisture along the probe. Solids in the integration volume have almost no effect on average soil moisture, but result in locally slightly decreased moisture values. Inverted profiles obtained in a loamy soil with a clay content of about 16\% were in good agreement with independent measurements.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{UhlemannThiekenMerz2014,
  author    = {Uhlemann, Steffi and Thieken, Annegret and Merz, Bruno},
  title     = {A quality assessment framework for natural hazard event documentation: application to trans-basin flood reports in Germany},
  series = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1561-8633},
  doi       = {10.5194/nhess-14-189-2014},
  pages     = {189 -- 208},
  year      = {2014},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AikenAikenCotton2018,
  author    = {Aiken, John M. and Aiken, Chastity and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {A python library for teaching computation to seismology students},
  series = {Seismological research letters},
  volume    = {89},
  journal   = {Seismological research letters},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Seismological Society of America},
  address   = {Albany},
  issn      = {0895-0695},
  doi       = {10.1785/0220170246},
  pages     = {1165 -- 1171},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Python is at the forefront of scientific computation for seismologists and therefore should be introduced to students interested in becoming seismologists. On its own, Python is open source and well designed with extensive libraries. However, Python code can also be executed, visualized, and communicated to others with "Jupyter Notebooks". Thus, Jupyter Notebooks are ideal for teaching students Python and scientific computation. In this article, we designed an openly available Python library and collection of Jupyter Notebooks based on defined scientific computation learning goals for seismology students. The Notebooks cover topics from an introduction to Python to organizing data, earthquake catalog statistics, linear regression, and making maps. Our Python library and collection of Jupyter Notebooks are meant to be used as course materials for an upper-division data analysis course in an Earth Science Department, and the materials were tested in a Probabilistic Seismic Hazard course. However, seismologists or anyone else who is interested in Python for data analysis and map making can use these materials.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HeimannVasyuraBathkeSudhausetal.2019,
  author    = {Heimann, Sebastian and Vasyura-Bathke, Hannes and Sudhaus, Henriette and Isken, Marius Paul and Kriegerowski, Marius and Steinberg, Andreas and Dahm, Torsten},
  title     = {A Python framework for efficient use of pre-computed Green's functions in seismological and other physical forward and inverse source problems},
  series = {Solid earth},
  volume    = {10},
  journal   = {Solid earth},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1869-9510},
  doi       = {10.5194/se-10-1921-2019},
  pages     = {1921 -- 1935},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The computation of such synthetic GFs is computationally and operationally demanding. As a consequence, the onthe-fly recalculation of synthetic GFs in each iteration of an optimisation is time-consuming and impractical. Therefore, the pre-calculation and efficient storage of synthetic GFs on a dense grid of source to receiver combinations enables the efficient lookup and utilisation of GFs in time-critical scenarios. We present a Python-based framework and toolkit - Pyrocko-GF - that enables the pre-calculation of synthetic GF stores, which are independent of their numerical calculation method and GF transfer function. The framework aids in the creation of such GF stores by interfacing a suite of established numerical forward modelling codes in seismology (computational back ends). So far, interfaces to back ends for layered Earth model cases have been provided; however, the architecture of Pyrocko-GF is designed to cover back ends for other geometries (e.g. full 3-D heterogeneous media) and other physical quantities (e.g. gravity, pressure, tilt). Therefore, Pyrocko-GF defines an extensible GF storage format suitable for a wide range of GF types, especially handling elasticity and wave propagation problems. The framework assists with visualisations, quality control, and the exchange of GF stores, which is supported through an online platform that provides many pre-calculated GF stores for local, regional, and global studies. The Pyrocko-GF toolkit comes with a well-documented application programming interface (API) for the Python programming language to efficiently facilitate forward modelling of geophysical processes, e.g. synthetic waveforms or static displacements for a wide range of source models.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AlawiSchneiderKallmeyer2014,
  author    = {Alawi, Mashal and Schneider, Beate and Kallmeyer, Jens},
  title     = {A procedure for separate recovery of extra- and intracellular DNA from a single marine sediment sample},
  series = {Journal of microbiological methods},
  volume    = {104},
  journal   = {Journal of microbiological methods},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0167-7012},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.mimet.2014.06.009},
  pages     = {36 -- 42},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Extracellular DNA (eDNA) is a ubiquitous biological compound in aquatic sediment and soil. Previous studies suggested that eDNA plays an important role in biogeochemical element cycling, horizontal gene transfer and stabilization of biofilm structures. Previous methods for eDNA extraction were either not suitable for oligotrophic sediments or only allowed quantification but no genetic analyses. Our procedure is based on cell detachment and eDNA liberation from sediment particles by sequential washing with an alkaline sodium phosphate buffer followed by a separation of cells and eDNA. The separated eDNA is then bound onto silica particles and purified, whereas the intracellular DNA from the separated cells is extracted using a commercial kit. The method provides extra- and intracellular DNA of high purity that is suitable for downstream applications like PCR. Extracellular DNA was extracted from organic-rich shallow sediment of the Baltic Sea, glacially influenced sediment of the Barents Sea and from the oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre. The eDNA concentration in these samples varied from 23 to 626 ng g(-1) wet weight sediment. A number of experiments were performed to verify each processing step. Although extraction efficiency is higher than other published methods, it is not fully quantitative. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RolinskiRammigWalzetal.2015,
  author    = {Rolinski, Susanne and Rammig, A. and Walz, Ariane and von Bloh, Werner and van Oijen, M. and Thonicke, Kirsten},
  title     = {A probabilistic risk assessment for the vulnerability of the European carbon cycle to weather extremes: the ecosystem perspective},
  series = {Biogeosciences},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Biogeosciences},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1726-4170},
  doi       = {10.5194/bg-12-1813-2015},
  pages     = {1813 -- 1831},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Extreme weather events are likely to occur more often under climate change and the resulting effects on ecosystems could lead to a further acceleration of climate change. But not all extreme weather events lead to extreme ecosystem response. Here, we focus on hazardous ecosystem behaviour and identify coinciding weather conditions. We use a simple probabilistic risk assessment based on time series of ecosystem behaviour and climate conditions. Given the risk assessment terminology, vulnerability and risk for the previously defined hazard are estimated on the basis of observed hazardous ecosystem behaviour. We apply this approach to extreme responses of terrestrial ecosystems to drought, defining the hazard as a negative net biome productivity over a 12-month period. We show an application for two selected sites using data for 1981-2010 and then apply the method to the pan-European scale for the same period, based on numerical modelling results (LPJmL for ecosystem behaviour; ERA-Interim data for climate). Our site-specific results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, using the SPEI to describe the climate condition. The site in Spain provides an example of vulnerability to drought because the expected value of the SPEI is 0.4 lower for hazardous than for non-hazardous ecosystem behaviour. In northern Germany, on the contrary, the site is not vulnerable to drought because the SPEI expectation values imply wetter conditions in the hazard case than in the non-hazard case. At the pan-European scale, ecosystem vulnerability to drought is calculated in the Mediterranean and temperate region, whereas Scandinavian ecosystems are vulnerable under conditions without water shortages. These first model- based applications indicate the conceptual advantages of the proposed method by focusing on the identification of critical weather conditions for which we observe hazardous ecosystem behaviour in the analysed data set. Application of the method to empirical time series and to future climate would be important next steps to test the approach.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RolinskiRammigWalzetal.2014,
  author    = {Rolinski, Susanne and Rammig, Anja and Walz, Ariane and von Bloh, Werner and van Oijen, M. and Thonicke, Kirsten},
  title     = {A probabilistic risk assessment for the vulnerability of the European carbon cycle to weather extremes},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch naturwissenschaftliche Reihe (487)},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch naturwissenschaftliche Reihe (487)},
  number    = {487},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-407999},
  pages     = {1813 -- 1831},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Extreme weather events are likely to occur more often under climate change and the resulting effects on ecosystems could lead to a further acceleration of climate change. But not all extreme weather events lead to extreme ecosystem response. Here, we focus on hazardous ecosystem behaviour and identify coinciding weather conditions. We use a simple probabilistic risk assessment based on time series of ecosystem behaviour and climate conditions. Given the risk assessment terminology, vulnerability and risk for the previously defined hazard are estimated on the basis of observed hazardous ecosystem behaviour. We apply this approach to extreme responses of terrestrial ecosystems to drought, defining the hazard as a negative net biome productivity over a 12-month period. We show an application for two selected sites using data for 1981-2010 and then apply the method to the pan-European scale for the same period, based on numerical modelling results (LPJmL for ecosystem behaviour; ERA-Interim data for climate). Our site-specific results demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method, using the SPEI to describe the climate condition. The site in Spain provides an example of vulnerability to drought because the expected value of the SPEI is 0.4 lower for hazardous than for non-hazardous ecosystem behaviour. In northern Germany, on the contrary, the site is not vulnerable to drought because the SPEI expectation values imply wetter conditions in the hazard case than in the non-hazard case. At the pan-European scale, ecosystem vulnerability to drought is calculated in the Mediterranean and temperate region, whereas Scandinavian ecosystems are vulnerable under conditions without water shortages. These first model- based applications indicate the conceptual advantages of the proposed method by focusing on the identification of critical weather conditions for which we observe hazardous ecosystem behaviour in the analysed data set. Application of the method to empirical time series and to future climate would be important next steps to test the approach.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PaprotnyKreibichMoralesNapolesetal.2020,
  author    = {Paprotny, Dominik and Kreibich, Heidi and Morales-Napoles, Oswaldo and Wagenaar, Dennis and Castellarin, Attilio and Carisi, Francesca and Bertin, Xavier and Merz, Bruno and Schr{\"o}ter, Kai},
  title     = {A probabilistic approach to estimating residential losses from different flood types},
  series = {Natural hazards : journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards},
  volume    = {105},
  journal   = {Natural hazards : journal of the International Society for the Prevention and Mitigation of Natural Hazards},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0921-030X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11069-020-04413-x},
  pages     = {2569 -- 2601},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Residential assets, comprising buildings and household contents, are a major source of direct flood losses. Existing damage models are mostly deterministic and limited to particular countries or flood types. Here, we compile building-level losses from Germany, Italy and the Netherlands covering a wide range of fluvial and pluvial flood events. Utilizing a Bayesian network (BN) for continuous variables, we find that relative losses (i.e. loss relative to exposure) to building structure and its contents could be estimated with five variables: water depth, flow velocity, event return period, building usable floor space area and regional disposable income per capita. The model's ability to predict flood losses is validated for the 11 flood events contained in the sample. Predictions for the German and Italian fluvial floods were better than for pluvial floods or the 1993 Meuse river flood. Further, a case study of a 2010 coastal flood in France is used to test the BN model's performance for a type of flood not included in the survey dataset. Overall, the BN model achieved better results than any of 10 alternative damage models for reproducing average losses for the 2010 flood. An additional case study of a 2013 fluvial flood has also shown good performance of the model. The study shows that data from many flood events can be combined to derive most important factors driving flood losses across regions and time, and that resulting damage models could be applied in an open data framework.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SobelArnaud1999,
  author    = {Sobel, Edward and Arnaud, Nikolas},
  title     = {A possible middle paleozoic suture in the altyn tagh, NorthWest China},
  year      = {1999},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlemmHerzschuhPisaricetal.2013,
  author    = {Klemm, Juliane and Herzschuh, Ulrike and Pisaric, Michael F. J. and Telford, Richard J. and Heim, Birgit and Pestryakova, Luidmila Agafyevna},
  title     = {A pollen-climate transfer function from the tundra and taiga vegetation in Arctic Siberia and its applicability to a Holocene record},
  series = {Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences},
  volume    = {386},
  journal   = {Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology : an international journal for the geo-sciences},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0031-0182},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.06.033},
  pages     = {702 -- 713},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {This study aims to establish, evaluate, and apply a modern pollen-climate transfer function from the transition zone between arctic tundra and light-needled taiga in Arctic Siberia. Lacustrine samples (n = 96) from the northern Siberian lowlands of Yakutia were collected along four north-to-south transects crossing the arctic forest line. Samples span a broad temperature and precipitation gradient (mean July temperature, T-July: 7.5-18.7 degrees C; mean annual precipitation, P-ann: 114-315 mm/yr). Redundancy analyses are used to examine the relationship between the modern pollen signal and corresponding vegetation types and climate. Performance of transfer functions for T-July and P-ann were cross-validated and tested for spatial autocorrelation effects. The root mean square errors of prediction are 1.67 degrees C for T-July and 40 mm/yr for P-ann. A climate reconstruction based on fossil pollen spectra from a Siberian Arctic lake sediment core spanning the Holocene yielded cold conditions for the Late Glacial (1-2 degrees C below present T-July). Warm and moist conditions were reconstructed for the early to mid Holocene (2 degrees C higher T-July than present), and climate conditions similar to modern ones were reconstructed for the last 4000 years. In conclusion, our modern pollen data set fills the gap of existing regional calibration sets with regard to the underrepresented Siberian tundra-taiga transition zone. The Holocene climate reconstruction indicates that the temperature deviation from modern values was only moderate despite the assumed Arctic sensitivity to present climate change.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RamischLockotHaberzettletal.2016,
  author    = {Ramisch, Arne and Lockot, Gregori and Haberzettl, Torsten and Hartmann, Kai and Kuhn, Gerhard and Lehmkuhl, Frank and Schimpf, Stefan and Schulte, Philipp and Stauch, Georg and Wang, Rong and Wunnemann, Bernd and Yan, Dada and Zhang, Yongzhan and Diekmann, Bernhard},
  title     = {A persistent northern boundary of Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation over Central Asia during the Holocene},
  series = {Scientific reports},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {Scientific reports},
  publisher = {Nature Publ. Group},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2045-2322},
  doi       = {10.1038/srep25791},
  pages     = {596 -- 633},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {Extra-tropical circulation systems impede poleward moisture advection by the Indian Summer Monsoon. In this context, the Himalayan range is believed to insulate the south Asian circulation from extra-tropical influences and to delineate the northern extent of the Indian Summer Monsoon in central Asia. Paleoclimatic evidence, however, suggests increased moisture availability in the Early Holocene north of the Himalayan range which is attributed to an intensification of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Nevertheless, mechanisms leading to a surpassing of the Himalayan range and the northern maximum extent of summer monsoonal influence remain unknown. Here we show that the Kunlun barrier on the northern Tibetan Plateau [similar to 36 degrees N] delimits Indian Summer Monsoon precipitation during the Holocene. The presence of the barrier relocates the insulation effect 1,000 km further north, allowing a continental low intensity branch of the Indian Summer Monsoon which is persistent throughout the Holocene. Precipitation intensities at its northern extent seem to be driven by differentiated solar heating of the Northern Hemisphere indicating dependency on energy-gradients rather than absolute radiation intensities. The identified spatial constraints of monsoonal precipitation will facilitate the prediction of future monsoonal precipitation patterns in Central Asia under varying climatic conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KuehnScherbaum2016,
  author    = {Kuehn, Nicolas M. and Scherbaum, Frank},
  title     = {A partially non-ergodic ground-motion prediction equation for Europe and the Middle East},
  series = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {14},
  journal   = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-016-9911-x},
  pages     = {2629 -- 2642},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {A partially non-ergodic ground-motion prediction equation is estimated for Europe and the Middle East. Therefore, a hierarchical model is presented that accounts for regional differences. For this purpose, the scaling of ground-motion intensity measures is assumed to be similar, but not identical in different regions. This is achieved by assuming a hierarchical model, where some coefficients are treated as random variables which are sampled from an underlying global distribution. The coefficients are estimated by Bayesian inference. This allows one to estimate the epistemic uncertainty in the coefficients, and consequently in model predictions, in a rigorous way. The model is estimated based on peak ground acceleration data from nine different European/Middle Eastern regions. There are large differences in the amount of earthquakes and records in the different regions. However, due to the hierarchical nature of the model, regions with only few data points borrow strength from other regions with more data. This makes it possible to estimate a separate set of coefficients for all regions. Different regionalized models are compared, for which different coefficients are assumed to be regionally dependent. Results show that regionalizing the coefficients for magnitude and distance scaling leads to better performance of the models. The models for all regions are physically sound, even if only very few earthquakes comprise one region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RasserScheibnerMutti2005,
  author    = {Rasser, Michael W. and Scheibner, C and Mutti, Maria},
  title     = {A paleoenvironmental standard section for Early Ilerdian tropical carbonate factories (Corbieres, France; Pyrenees, Spain)},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {Early Ilerdian (Early Eocene, Shallow Benthic Zones 5 and 6) carbonate systems of the Pyrenees shelf were deposited after a time of severe climatic ('Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, PETM') and phylogenetic ('Larger Foraminifer Turnover') changes. They reflect the radiation of nummulitid, alveolinid, and orbitolitid larger foraminifera after remarkable biotic changes at the end of the Paleocene, and announce their subsequent flourishing in the Middle Eocene. A paleoenvironmental model for tropical carbonate environments of this particular time interval is provided herein. During the Early Ilerdian, the inner and middle ramp deposits from Minerve, Campo and Serraduy revealed the end-member of a tropical carbonate factory with carbonate production dominated by the end-members of biotically (photo-autotrophic skeletal) controlled and biotically induced carbonate precipitation. Inner platform environments are dominated by alveolinids and in part by orbitolitids, middle platform environments are dominated by nummulitids. Corals are present, but they do not form reefs, which is a typical feature for the Eocene. Nummulite shoal complexes, which are well-known from the Middle Eocene are also absent during the studied Early Ilerdian interval, which may reflect the early evolutionary stage of this group},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{TabaresJimenez2021,
  author    = {Tabares Jimenez, Ximena del Carmen},
  title     = {A palaeoecological approach to savanna dynamics and shrub encroachment in Namibia},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49281},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-492815},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {121},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {The spread of shrubs in Namibian savannas raises questions about the resilience of these ecosystems to global change. This makes it necessary to understand the past dynamics of the vegetation, since there is no consensus on whether shrub encroachment is a new phenomenon, nor on its main drivers. However, a lack of long-term vegetation datasets for the region and the scarcity of suitable palaeoecological archives, makes reconstructing past vegetation and land cover of the savannas a challenge. To help meet this challenge, this study addresses three main research questions: 1) is pollen analysis a suitable tool to reflect the vegetation change associated with shrub encroachment in savanna environments? 2) Does the current encroached landscape correspond to an alternative stable state of savanna vegetation? 3) To what extent do pollen-based quantitative vegetation reconstructions reflect changes in past land cover? The research focuses on north-central Namibia, where despite being the region most affected by shrub invasion, particularly since the 21st century, little is known about the dynamics of this phenomenon. Field-based vegetation data were compared with modern pollen data to assess their correspondence in terms of composition and diversity along precipitation and grazing intensity gradients. In addition, two sediment cores from Lake Otjikoto were analysed to reveal changes in vegetation composition that have occurred in the region over the past 170 years and their possible drivers. For this, a multiproxy approach (fossil pollen, sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA), biomarkers, compound specific carbon (δ13C) and deuterium (δD) isotopes, bulk carbon isotopes (δ13Corg), grain size, geochemical properties) was applied at high taxonomic and temporal resolution. REVEALS modelling of the fossil pollen record from Lake Otjikoto was run to quantitatively reconstruct past vegetation cover. For this, we first made pollen productivity estimates (PPE) of the most relevant savanna taxa in the region using the extended R-value model and two pollen dispersal options (Gaussian plume model and Lagrangian stochastic model). The REVEALS-based vegetation reconstruction was then validated using remote sensing-based regional vegetation data. The results show that modern pollen reflects the composition of the vegetation well, but diversity less well. Interestingly, precipitation and grazing explain a significant amount of the compositional change in the pollen and vegetation spectra. The multiproxy record shows that a state change from open Combretum woodland to encroached Terminalia shrubland can occur over a century, and that the transition between states spans around 80 years and is characterized by a unique vegetation composition. This transition is supported by gradual environmental changes induced by management (i.e. broad-scale logging for the mining industry, selective grazing and reduced fire activity associated with intensified farming) and related land-use change. Derived environmental changes (i.e. reduced soil moisture, reduced grass cover, changes in species composition and competitiveness, reduced fire intensity) may have affected the resilience of Combretum open woodlands, making them more susceptible to change to an encroached state by stochastic events such as consecutive years of precipitation and drought, and by high concentrations of pCO2. We assume that the resulting encroached state was further stabilized by feedback mechanisms that favour the establishment and competitiveness of woody vegetation. The REVEALS-based quantitative estimates of plant taxa indicate the predominance of a semi-open landscape throughout the 20th century and a reduction in grass cover below 50\% since the 21st century associated with the spread of encroacher woody taxa. Cover estimates show a close match with regional vegetation data, providing support for the vegetation dynamics inferred from multiproxy analyses. Reasonable PPEs were made for all woody taxa, but not for Poaceae. In conclusion, pollen analysis is a suitable tool to reconstruct past vegetation dynamics in savannas. However, because pollen cannot identify grasses beyond family level, a multiproxy approach, particularly the use of sedaDNA, is required. I was able to separate stable encroached states from mere woodland phases, and could identify drivers and speculate about related feedbacks. In addition, the REVEALS-based quantitative vegetation reconstruction clearly reflects the magnitude of the changes in the vegetation cover that occurred during the last 130 years, despite the limitations of some PPEs. This research provides new insights into pollen-vegetation relationships in savannas and highlights the importance of multiproxy approaches when reconstructing past vegetation dynamics in semi-arid environments. It also provides the first time series with sufficient taxonomic resolution to show changes in vegetation composition during shrub encroachment, as well as the first quantitative reconstruction of past land cover in the region. These results help to identify the different stages in savanna dynamics and can be used to calibrate predictive models of vegetation change, which are highly relevant to land management.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{RudolphMohr2013,
  author    = {Rudolph-Mohr, Nicole},
  title     = {A novel non-invasive optical method for quantitative visualization of pH and oxygen dynamics in soils},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-66993},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {In soils and sediments there is a strong coupling between local biogeochemical processes and the distribution of water, electron acceptors, acids and nutrients. Both sides are closely related and affect each other from small scale to larger scales. Soil structures such as aggregates, roots, layers or macropores enhance the patchiness of these distributions. At the same time it is difficult to access the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of these parameter. Noninvasive imaging techniques with high spatial and temporal resolution overcome these limitations. And new non-invasive techniques are needed to study the dynamic interaction of plant roots with the surrounding soil, but also the complex physical and chemical processes in structured soils. In this study we developed an efficient non-destructive in-situ method to determine biogeochemical parameters relevant to plant roots growing in soil. This is a quantitative fluorescence imaging method suitable for visualizing the spatial and temporal pH changes around roots. We adapted the fluorescence imaging set-up and coupled it with neutron radiography to study simultaneously root growth, oxygen depletion by respiration activity and root water uptake. The combined set up was subsequently applied to a structured soil system to map the patchy structure of oxic and anoxic zones induced by a chemical oxygen consumption reaction for spatially varying water contents. Moreover, results from a similar fluorescence imaging technique for nitrate detection were complemented by a numerical modeling study where we used imaging data, aiming to simulate biodegradation under anaerobic, nitrate reducing conditions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LehrPoeschkeLewandowskietal.2015,
  author    = {Lehr, C. and P{\"o}schke, Franziska and Lewandowski, J{\"o}rg and Lischeid, Gunnar},
  title     = {A novel method to evaluate the effect of a stream restoration on the spatial pattern of hydraulic connection of stream and groundwater},
  series = {Journal of hydrology},
  volume    = {527},
  journal   = {Journal of hydrology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0022-1694},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.04.075},
  pages     = {394 -- 401},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Stream restoration aims at an enhancement of ecological habitats, an increase of water retention within a landscape and sometimes even at an improvement of biogeochemical functions of lotic ecosystems. For the latter, good exchange between groundwater and stream water is often considered to be of major importance. In this study hydraulic connectivity between river and aquifer was investigated for a four years period, covering the restoration of an old oxbow after the second year. The oxbow became reconnected to the stream and the clogging layer in the oxbow was excavated. We expected increasing hydraulic connectivity between oxbow and aquifer after restoration of the stream, and decreasing hydraulic connectivity for the former shortcut due to increased clogging. To test that hypothesis, the spatial and temporal characteristics of the coupled groundwater-stream water system before and after the restoration were analysed by principal component analyses of time series of groundwater heads and stream water levels. The first component depicted between 53\% and 70\% of the total variance in the dataset for the different years. It captured the propagation of the pressure signal induced by stream water level fluctuations throughout the adjacent aquifer. Thus it could be used as a measure of hydraulic connectivity between stream and aquifer. During the first year, the impact of stream water level fluctuations decreased with distance from the regulated river (shortcut), whereas the hydraulic connection of the oxbow to the adjacent aquifer was very low. After restoration of the stream we observed a slight but not significant increase of hydraulic connectivity in the oxbow in the second year after restoration, but no change for the former shortcut. There is some evidence that the pattern of hydraulic connectivity at the study site is by far more determined by the natural heterogeneity of hydraulic conductivities of the floodplain sediments and the initial construction of the shortcut rather than by the clogging layer in the oxbow. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FernandezPalominoHattermannKrysanovaetal.2022,
  author    = {Fernandez-Palomino, Carlos Antonio and Hattermann, Fred and Krysanova, Valentina and Lobanova, Anastasia and Vega-Jacome, Fiorella and Lavado, Waldo and Santini, William and Aybar, Cesar and Bronstert, Axel},
  title     = {A novel high-resolution gridded precipitation dataset for peruvian and ecuadorian watersheds},
  series = {Journal of hydrometeorology},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Journal of hydrometeorology},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Meteorological Soc.},
  address   = {Boston},
  issn      = {1525-755X},
  doi       = {10.1175/JHM-D-20-0285.1},
  pages     = {309 -- 336},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {A novel approach for estimating precipitation patterns is developed here and applied to generate a new hydrologically corrected daily precipitation dataset, called RAIN4PE (Rain for Peru and Ecuador), at 0.1 degrees spatial resolution for the period 1981-2015 covering Peru and Ecuador. It is based on the application of 1) the random forest method to merge multisource precipitation estimates (gauge, satellite, and reanalysis) with terrain elevation, and 2) observed and modeled streamflow data to first detect biases and second further adjust gridded precipitation by inversely applying the simulated results of the ecohydrological model SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Hydrological results using RAIN4PE as input for the Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments were compared against the ones when feeding other uncorrected (CHIRP and ERA5) and gauge-corrected (CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO) precipitation datasets into the model. For that, SWAT was calibrated and validated at 72 river sections for each dataset using a range of performance metrics, including hydrograph goodness of fit and flow duration curve signatures. Results showed that gauge-corrected precipitation datasets outperformed uncorrected ones for streamflow simulation. However, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO showed limitations for streamflow simulation in several catchments draining into the Pacific Ocean and the Amazon River. RAIN4PE provided the best overall performance for streamflow simulation, including flow variability (low, high, and peak flows) and water budget closure. The overall good performance of RAIN4PE as input for hydrological modeling provides a valuable criterion of its applicability for robust countrywide hydrometeorological applications, including hydroclimatic extremes such as droughts and floods. Significance StatementWe developed a novel precipitation dataset RAIN4PE for Peru and Ecuador by merging multisource precipitation data (satellite, reanalysis, and ground-based precipitation) with terrain elevation using the random forest method. Furthermore, RAIN4PE was hydrologically corrected using streamflow data in watersheds with precipitation underestimation through reverse hydrology. The results of a comprehensive hydrological evaluation showed that RAIN4PE outperformed state-of-the-art precipitation datasets such as CHIRP, ERA5, CHIRPS, MSWEP, and PISCO in terms of daily and monthly streamflow simulations, including extremely low and high flows in almost all Peruvian and Ecuadorian catchments. This underlines the suitability of RAIN4PE for hydrometeorological applications in this region. Furthermore, our approach for the generation of RAIN4PE can be used in other data-scarce regions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WoutersenJardineGiovanniBogotaAngeletal.2018,
  author    = {Woutersen, Amber and Jardine, Phillip E. and Giovanni Bogota-Angel, Raul and Zhang, Hong-Xiang and Silvestro, Daniele and Antonelli, Alexandre and Gogna, Elena and Erkens, Roy H. J. and Gosling, William D. and Dupont-Nivet, Guillaume and Hoorn, Carina},
  title     = {A novel approach to study the morphology and chemistry of pollen in a phylogenetic context, applied to the halophytic taxon Nitraria L.(Nitrariaceae)},
  series = {PeerJ},
  volume    = {6},
  journal   = {PeerJ},
  publisher = {PeerJ Inc.},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {2167-8359},
  doi       = {10.7717/peerj.5055},
  pages     = {31},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Nitraria is a halophytic taxon (i.e., adapted to saline environments) that belongs to the plant family Nitrariaceae and is distributed from the Mediterranean, across Asia into the south-eastern tip of Australia. This taxon is thought to have originated in Asia during the Paleogene (66-23 Ma), alongside the proto-Paratethys epicontinental sea. The evolutionary history of Nitraria might hold important clues on the links between climatic and biotic evolution but limited taxonomic documentation of this taxon has thus far hindered this line of research. Here we investigate if the pollen morphology and the chemical composition of the pollen wall are informative of the evolutionary history of Nitraria and could explain if origination along the proto-Paratethys and dispersal to the Tibetan Plateau was simultaneous or a secondary process. To answer these questions, we applied a novel approach consisting of a combination of Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), to determine the chemical composition of the pollen wall, and pollen morphological analyses using Light Microscopy (LM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). We analysed our data using ordinations (principal components analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling), and directly mapped it on the Nitrariaceae phylogeny to produce a phylomorphospace and a phylochemospace. Our LM, SEM and FTIR analyses show clear morphological and chemical differences between the sister groups Peganum and Nitraria. Differences in the morphological and chemical characteristics of highland species (Nitraria schoberi, N. sphaerocarpa, N. sibirica and N. tangutorum) and lowland species (Nitraria billardierei and N. retusa) are very subtle, with phylogenetic history appearing to be a more important control on Nitraria pollen than local environmental conditions. Our approach shows a compelling consistency between the chemical and morphological characteristics of the eight studied Nitrariaceae species, and these traits are in agreement with the phylogenetic tree. Taken together, this demonstrates how novel methods for studying fossil pollen can facilitate the evolutionary investigation of living and extinct taxa, and the environments they represent.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Falter2016,
  author    = {Falter, Daniela},
  title     = {A novel approach for large-scale flood risk assessments},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-90239},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {95},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {In the past, floods were basically managed by flood control mechanisms. The focus was set on the reduction of flood hazard. The potential consequences were of minor interest. Nowadays river flooding is increasingly seen from the risk perspective, including possible consequences. Moreover, the large-scale picture of flood risk became increasingly important for disaster management planning, national risk developments and the (re-) insurance industry. Therefore, it is widely accepted that risk-orientated flood management ap-proaches at the basin-scale are needed. However, large-scale flood risk assessment methods for areas of several 10,000 km² are still in early stages. Traditional flood risk assessments are performed reach wise, assuming constant probabilities for the entire reach or basin. This might be helpful on a local basis, but where large-scale patterns are important this approach is of limited use. Assuming a T-year flood (e.g. 100 years) for the entire river network is unrealistic and would lead to an overestimation of flood risk at the large scale. Due to the lack of damage data, additionally, the probability of peak discharge or rainfall is usually used as proxy for damage probability to derive flood risk. With a continuous and long term simulation of the entire flood risk chain, the spatial variability of probabilities could be consider and flood risk could be directly derived from damage data in a consistent way. The objective of this study is the development and application of a full flood risk chain, appropriate for the large scale and based on long term and continuous simulation. The novel approach of 'derived flood risk based on continuous simulations' is introduced, where the synthetic discharge time series is used as input into flood impact models and flood risk is directly derived from the resulting synthetic damage time series. The bottleneck at this scale is the hydrodynamic simu-lation. To find suitable hydrodynamic approaches for the large-scale a benchmark study with simplified 2D hydrodynamic models was performed. A raster-based approach with inertia formulation and a relatively high resolution of 100 m in combination with a fast 1D channel routing model was chosen. To investigate the suitability of the continuous simulation of a full flood risk chain for the large scale, all model parts were integrated into a new framework, the Regional Flood Model (RFM). RFM consists of the hydrological model SWIM, a 1D hydrodynamic river network model, a 2D raster based inundation model and the flood loss model FELMOps+r. Subsequently, the model chain was applied to the Elbe catchment, one of the largest catchments in Germany. For the proof-of-concept, a continuous simulation was per-formed for the period of 1990-2003. Results were evaluated / validated as far as possible with available observed data in this period. Although each model part introduced its own uncertainties, results and runtime were generally found to be adequate for the purpose of continuous simulation at the large catchment scale. Finally, RFM was applied to a meso-scale catchment in the east of Germany to firstly perform a flood risk assessment with the novel approach of 'derived flood risk assessment based on continuous simulations'. Therefore, RFM was driven by long term synthetic meteorological input data generated by a weather generator. Thereby, a virtual time series of climate data of 100 x 100 years was generated and served as input to RFM providing subsequent 100 x 100 years of spatially consistent river discharge series, inundation patterns and damage values. On this basis, flood risk curves and expected annual damage could be derived directly from damage data, providing a large-scale picture of flood risk. In contrast to traditional flood risk analysis, where homogenous return periods are assumed for the entire basin, the presented approach provides a coherent large-scale picture of flood risk. The spatial variability of occurrence probability is respected. Additionally, data and methods are consistent. Catchment and floodplain processes are repre-sented in a holistic way. Antecedent catchment conditions are implicitly taken into account, as well as physical processes like storage effects, flood attenuation or channel-floodplain interactions and related damage influencing effects. Finally, the simulation of a virtual period of 100 x 100 years and consequently large data set on flood loss events enabled the calculation of flood risk directly from damage distributions. Problems associated with the transfer of probabilities in rainfall or peak runoff to probabilities in damage, as often used in traditional approaches, are bypassed. RFM and the 'derived flood risk approach based on continuous simulations' has the potential to provide flood risk statements for national planning, re-insurance aspects or other questions where spatially consistent, large-scale assessments are required.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LueckEisenreichSpangenbergetal.1997,
  author    = {L{\"u}ck, Erika and Eisenreich, Manfred and Spangenberg, Ute and Christl, G.},
  title     = {A note on geophysical prospection of archaeological structures in urban contexts in Potsdam (Germany)},
  year      = {1997},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{YepesAudinAlvaradoetal.2016,
  author    = {Yepes, Hugo and Audin, Laurence and Alvarado, Alexandra and Beauval, Celine and Aguilar, Jorge and Font, Yvonne and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {A new view for the geodynamics of Ecuador: Implication in seismogenic source definition and seismic hazard assessment},
  series = {Tectonics},
  volume    = {35},
  journal   = {Tectonics},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0278-7407},
  doi       = {10.1002/2015TC003941},
  pages     = {1249 -- 1279},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {A new view of Ecuador's complex geodynamics has been developed in the course of modeling seismic source zones for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. This study focuses on two aspects of the plates' interaction at a continental scale: (a) age-related differences in rheology between Farallon and Nazca plates—marked by the Grijalva rifted margin and its inland projection—as they subduct underneath central Ecuador, and (b) the rapidly changing convergence obliquity resulting from the convex shape of the South American northwestern continental margin. Both conditions satisfactorily explain several characteristics of the observed seismicity and of the interseismic coupling. Intermediate-depth seismicity reveals a severe flexure in the Farallon slab as it dips and contorts at depth, originating the El Puyo seismic cluster. The two slabs position and geometry below continental Ecuador also correlate with surface expressions observable in the local and regional geology and tectonics. The interseismic coupling is weak and shallow south of the Grijalva rifted margin and increases northward, with a heterogeneous pattern locally associated to the Carnegie ridge subduction. High convergence obliquity is responsible for the North Andean Block northeastward movement along localized fault systems. The Cosanga and Pallatanga fault segments of the North Andean Block-South American boundary concentrate most of the seismic moment release in continental Ecuador. Other inner block faults located along the western border of the inter-Andean Depression also show a high rate of moderate-size earthquake production. Finally, a total of 19 seismic source zones were modeled in accordance with the proposed geodynamic and neotectonic scheme.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Trauth2014,
  author    = {Trauth, Martin H.},
  title     = {A new probabilistic technique to build an age model for complex stratigraphic sequences},
  series = {Quaternary geochronology : the international research and review journal on advances in quaternary dating techniques},
  volume    = {22},
  journal   = {Quaternary geochronology : the international research and review journal on advances in quaternary dating techniques},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1871-1014},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.quageo.2014.03.001},
  pages     = {65 -- 71},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The age models of fluvio-lacustrine sedimentary sequences are often subject of discussions in paleoclimate research. The techniques employed to build an age model are very diverse, ranging from visual or intuitive estimation of the age-depth relationship over linear or spline interpolations between age control points to sophisticated Bayesian techniques also taking into account the most likely deposition times of the type of sediment within the sequence. All these methods, however, fail in detecting abrupt variations in sedimentation rates, including the possibility of episodes of no deposition (hiatus), which is the strength of the method presented in this work. The new technique simply compares the deposition time of equally thick sediment slices from the differences of subsequent radiometric age dates and the unit deposition times of the various sediment types. The percentage overlap of the distributions of these two sources of information, together with the evidence from the sedimentary record, helps to build an age model of complex sequences including abrupt variations in the rate of deposition including one or many hiatuses. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ShpritsAllisonWangetal.2022,
  author    = {Shprits, Yuri and Allison, Hayley J. and Wang, Dedong and Drozdov, Alexander and Szabo-Roberts, Matyas and Zhelavskaya, Irina and Vasile, Ruggero},
  title     = {A new population of ultra-relativistic electrons in the outer radiation zone},
  series = {Journal of geophysical research : Space physics},
  volume    = {127},
  journal   = {Journal of geophysical research : Space physics},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2169-9380},
  doi       = {10.1029/2021JA030214},
  pages     = {34},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Van Allen Probes measurements revealed the presence of the most unusual structures in the ultra-relativistic radiation belts. Detailed modeling, analysis of pitch angle distributions, analysis of the difference between relativistic and ultra-realistic electron evolution, along with theoretical studies of the scattering and wave growth, all indicate that electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can produce a very efficient loss of the ultra-relativistic electrons in the heart of the radiation belts. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the profiles of phase space densities provides direct evidence for localized loss by EMIC waves. The evolution of multi-MeV fluxes shows dramatic and very sudden enhancements of electrons for selected storms. Analysis of phase space density profiles reveals that growing peaks at different values of the first invariant are formed at approximately the same radial distance from the Earth and show the sequential formation of the peaks from lower to higher energies, indicating that local energy diffusion is the dominant source of the acceleration from MeV to multi-MeV energies. Further simultaneous analysis of the background density and ultra-relativistic electron fluxes shows that the acceleration to multi-MeV energies only occurs when plasma density is significantly depleted outside of the plasmasphere, which is consistent with the modeling of acceleration due to chorus waves.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DietrichBehrensWilke2018,
  author    = {Dietrich, Marcel and Behrens, Harald and Wilke, Max},
  title     = {A new optical cell for in situ Raman spectroscopy, and its application to study sulfur-bearing fluids at elevated pressures and temperatures},
  series = {American mineralogist : an international journal of earth and planetary materials},
  volume    = {103},
  journal   = {American mineralogist : an international journal of earth and planetary materials},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Mineralogical Society of America},
  address   = {Chantilly},
  issn      = {0003-004X},
  doi       = {10.2138/am-2018-6244},
  pages     = {418 -- 429},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Sulfur is an important component in volcanic gases at the Earth surface but also present in the deep Earth in hydrothermal or magmatic fluids. Little is known about the evolution of such fluids during ascent in the crust. A new optical cell was developed for in situ Raman spectroscopic investigations on fluids allowing abrupt or continuous changes of pressure up to 200 MPa at temperatures up to 750 degrees C. The concept is based on a flexible gold bellow, which separates the sample fluid from the pressure medium water. To avoid reactions between aggressive fluids and the pressure cell, steel components in contact with the fluid are shielded by gold foil. The cell was tested to study redox reactions in fluids using aqueous ammonium sulfate solutions as a model system. During heating at constant pressure of 130 MPa, sulfate ions transform first to HSO4- ions and then to molecular units such as H2SO4. Variation of pressure shows that the stability of sulfate species relies on fluid density, i.e., highly charged species are stable only in high-density fluids. Partial decomposition of ammonium was evident above 550 degrees C by the occurrence of a nitrogen peak in the Raman spectra. Reduced sulfur species were observed above 700 degrees C by Raman signals near 2590 cm(-1) assigned to HS- and H2S. No clear evidence for the formation of sulfur dioxide was found in contrary to previous studies on aqueous H2SO4, suggesting very reducing conditions in our experiments. Fluid-mineral interaction was studied by inserting into the cell a small, semi-open capsule filled with a mixture of pyrite and pyrrhotite. Oxidation of the sample assembly was evident by transformation of pyrite to pyrrhotite. As a consequence, sulfide species were observed in the fluid already at temperatures of similar to 600 degrees C.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OeztuerkMarwanvonSpechtetal.2018,
  author    = {{\"O}zt{\"u}rk, Ugur and Marwan, Norbert and von Specht, Sebastian and Korup, Oliver and Jensen, J.},
  title     = {A new centennial sea-level record for Antalya, Eastern Mediterranean},
  series = {Journal of geophysical research-oceans},
  volume    = {123},
  journal   = {Journal of geophysical research-oceans},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2169-9275},
  doi       = {10.1029/2018JC013906},
  pages     = {4503 -- 4517},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Quantitative estimates of sea-level rise in the Mediterranean Basin become increasingly accurate thanks to detailed satellite monitoring. However, such measuring campaigns cover several years to decades, while longer-term sea-level records are rare for the Mediterranean. We used a data archeological approach to reanalyze monthly mean sea-level data of the Antalya-I (1935-1977) tide gauge to fill this gap. We checked the accuracy and reliability of these data before merging them with the more recent records of the Antalya-II (1985-2009) tide gauge, accounting for an eight-year hiatus. We obtain a composite time series of monthly and annual mean sea levels spanning some 75 years, providing the longest record for the eastern Mediterranean Basin, and thus an essential tool for studying the region's recent sea-level trends. We estimate a relative mean sea-level rise of 2.2 ± 0.5 mm/year between 1935 and 2008, with an annual variability (expressed here as the standard deviation of the residuals, σresiduals = 41.4 mm) above that at the closest tide gauges (e.g., Thessaloniki, Greece, σresiduals = 29.0 mm). Relative sea-level rise accelerated to 6.0 ± 1.5 mm/year at Antalya-II; we attribute roughly half of this rate (~3.6 mm/year) to tectonic crustal motion and anthropogenic land subsidence. Our study highlights the value of data archeology for recovering and integrating historic tide gauge data for long-term sea-level and climate studies.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KothaCottonBindi2018,
  author    = {Kotha, Sreeram Reddy and Cotton, Fabrice and Bindi, Dino},
  title     = {A new approach to site classification},
  series = {Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {110},
  journal   = {Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0267-7261},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.01.051},
  pages     = {318 -- 329},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {With increasing amount of strong motion data, Ground Motion Prediction Equation (GMPE) developers are able to quantify empirical site amplification functions (delta S2S(s)) from GMPE residuals, for use in site-specific Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Assessment. In this study, we first derive a GMPE for 5\% damped Pseudo Spectral Acceleration (g) of Active Shallow Crustal earthquakes in Japan with 3.4 <= M-w <= 7.3 and 0 <= R-JB <= 600km. Using k-mean spectral clustering technique, we then classify our estimated delta S2S(s)(T = 0.01 - 2s) of 588 wellcharacterized sites, into 8 site clusters with distinct mean site amplification functions, and within-cluster site-tosite variability similar to 50\% smaller than the overall dataset variability (phi(S2S)). Following an evaluation of existing schemes, we propose a revised data-driven site classification characterized by kernel density distributions of V-s30, V-s10, H-800, and predominant period (T-G) of the site clusters.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TuGeWangetal.2014,
  author    = {Tu, Rui and Ge, Maorong and Wang, Rongjiang and Walter, Thomas R.},
  title     = {A new algorithm for tight integration of real-time GPS and strong-motion records, demonstrated on simulated, experimental, and real seismic data},
  series = {Journal of seismology},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Journal of seismology},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1383-4649},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10950-013-9408-x},
  pages     = {151 -- 161},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The complementary advantages of GPS and seismic measurements are well recognized in seismotectonic monitoring studies. Therefore, integrated processing of the two data streams has been proposed recently in an attempt to obtain accurate and reliable information of surface displacements associated with earthquakes. A hitherto still critical issue in the integrated processing is real-time detection and precise estimation of the transient baseline error in the seismic records. Here, we report on a new approach by introducing the seismic acceleration corrected by baseline errors into the state equation system. The correction is performed and regularly updated in short epochs (with increments which may be as short as seconds), so that station position, velocity, and acceleration can be constrained very tightly and baseline error can be estimated as a random-walk process. With the adapted state equation system, our study highlights the use of a new approach developed for integrated processing of GPS and seismic data by means of sequential least-squares adjustment. The efficiency of our approach is demonstrated and validated using simulated, experimental, and real datasets. The latter were collected at collocated GPS and seismic stations around the 4 April 2010, E1 Mayor-Cucapah earthquake (Mw, 7.2). The results have shown that baseline errors of the strong-motion sensors are corrected precisely and high-precision seismic displacements are real-timely obtained by the new approach.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RheinwahltGoswamiBookhagen2019,
  author    = {Rheinwahlt, Aljoscha and Goswami, Bedartha and Bookhagen, Bodo},
  title     = {A network-based flow accumulation algorithm for point clouds},
  series = {Journal of geophysical research : Earth surface},
  volume    = {124},
  journal   = {Journal of geophysical research : Earth surface},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2169-9003},
  doi       = {10.1029/2018JF004827},
  pages     = {2013 -- 2033},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Flow accumulation algorithms estimate the steady state of flow on real or modeled topographic surfaces and are crucial for hydrological and geomorphological assessments, including delineation of river networks, drainage basins, and sediment transport processes. Existing flow accumulation algorithms are typically designed to compute flows on regular grids and are not directly applicable to arbitrarily sampled topographic data such as lidar point clouds. In this study we present a random sampling scheme that generates homogeneous point densities, in combination with a novel flow path tracing approach-the Facet-Flow Network (FFN)-that estimates flow accumulation in terms of specific catchment area (SCA) on triangulated surfaces. The random sampling minimizes biases due to spatial sampling and the FFN allows for direct flow estimation from point clouds. We validate our approach on a Gaussian hill surface and study the convergence of its SCA compared to the analytical solution. Here, our algorithm outperforms the multiple flow direction algorithm, which is optimized for divergent surfaces. We also compute the SCA of a 6-km(2)-steep, vegetated catchment on Santa Cruz Island, California, based on airborne lidar point-cloud data. Point-cloud-based SCA values estimated by our method compare well with those estimated by the D-infinity or multiple flow direction algorithm on gridded data. The advantage of computing SCA from point clouds becomes relevant especially for divergent topography and for small drainage areas: These are depicted with much more detail due to the higher sampling density of point clouds.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MolnosMamdouhPetrietal.2017,
  author    = {Molnos, Sonja and Mamdouh, Tarek and Petri, Stefan and Nocke, Thomas and Weinkauf, Tino and Coumou, Dim},
  title     = {A network-based detection scheme for the jet stream core},
  series = {Earth system dynamics},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Earth system dynamics},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {2190-4979},
  doi       = {10.5194/esd-8-75-2017},
  pages     = {75 -- 89},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The polar and subtropical jet streams are strong upper-level winds with a crucial influence on weather throughout the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. In particular, the polar jet is located between cold arctic air to the north and warmer subtropical air to the south. Strongly meandering states therefore often lead to extreme surface weather. The parameter values of the detection scheme are optimized using simulated annealing and a skill function that accounts for the zonal-mean jet stream position (Rikus, 2015). After the successful optimization process, we apply our scheme to reanalysis data covering 1979-2015 and calculate seasonal-mean probabilistic maps and trends in wind strength and position of jet streams. We present longitudinally defined probability distributions of the positions for both jets for all on the Northern Hemisphere seasons. This shows that winter is characterized by two well-separated jets over Europe and Asia (ca. 20 degrees W to 140 degrees E). In contrast, summer normally has a single merged jet over the western hemisphere but can have both merged and separated jet states in the eastern hemisphere.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{OzturkMalikCheungetal.2019,
  author    = {Ozturk, Ugur and Malik, Nishant and Cheung, Kevin and Marwan, Norbert and Kurths, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {A network-based comparative study of extreme tropical and frontal storm rainfall over Japan},
  series = {Climate dynamics : observational, theoretical and computational research on the climate system},
  volume    = {53},
  journal   = {Climate dynamics : observational, theoretical and computational research on the climate system},
  number    = {1-2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {New York},
  issn      = {0930-7575},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00382-018-4597-1},
  pages     = {521 -- 532},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Frequent and intense rainfall events demand innovative techniques to better predict the extreme rainfall dynamics. This task requires essentially the assessment of the basic types of atmospheric processes that trigger extreme rainfall, and then to examine the differences between those processes, which may help to identify key patterns to improve predictive algorithms. We employ tools from network theory to compare the spatial features of extreme rainfall over the Japanese archipelago and surrounding areas caused by two atmospheric processes: the Baiu front, which occurs mainly in June and July (JJ), and the tropical storms from August to November (ASON). We infer from complex networks of satellite-derived rainfall data, which are based on the nonlinear correlation measure of event synchronization. We compare the spatial scales involved in both systems and identify different regions which receive rainfall due to the large spatial scale of the Baiu and tropical storm systems. We observed that the spatial scales involved in the Baiu driven rainfall extremes, including the synoptic processes behind the frontal development, are larger than tropical storms, which even have long tracks during extratropical transitions. We further delineate regions of coherent rainfall during the two seasons based on network communities, identifying the horizontal (east-west) rainfall bands during JJ over the Japanese archipelago, while during ASON these bands align with the island arc of Japan.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KummerowKindOnckenetal.2004,
  author    = {Kummerow, J. and Kind, Rainer and Oncken, Onno and Giese, Peter and Ryberg, Trond and Wylegalla, Kurt and Scherbaum, Frank},
  title     = {A natural and controlled source seismic profile through the Eastern Alps : TRANSALP},
  year      = {2004},
  abstract  = {The combined passive and active seismic TRANSALP experiment produced an unprecedented high-resolution crustal image of the Eastern Alps between Munich and Venice. The European and Adriatic Mohos (EM and AM, respectively) are clearly imaged with different seismic techniques: near-vertical incidence reflections and receiver functions (RFs). The European Moho dips gently southward from 35 km beneath the northern foreland to a maximum depth of 55 km beneath the central part of the Eastern Alps, whereas the Adriatic Moho is imaged primarily by receiver functions at a relatively constant depth of about 40 km. In both data sets, we have also detected first-order Alpine shear zones, such as the Helvetic detachment, Inntal fault and SubTauern ramp in the north. Apart from the Valsugana thrust, receiver functions in the southern part of the Eastern Alps have also observed a north dipping interface, which may penetrate the entire Adriatic crust [Adriatic Crust Interface (ACI)]. Deep crustal seismicity may be related to the ACI. We interpret the ACI as the currently active retroshear zone in the doubly vergent Alpine collisional belt. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NooshiriBeanDahmetal.2021,
  author    = {Nooshiri, Nima and Bean, Christopher J. and Dahm, Torsten and Grigoli, Francesco and Kristjansdottir, Sigriour and Obermann, Anne and Wiemer, Stefan},
  title     = {A multibranch, multitarget neural network for rapid point-source inversion in a microseismic environment},
  series = {Geophysical journal international},
  volume    = {229},
  journal   = {Geophysical journal international},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0956-540X},
  doi       = {10.1093/gji/ggab511},
  pages     = {999 -- 1016},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Despite advanced seismological techniques, automatic source characterization for microseismic earthquakes remains difficult and challenging since current inversion and modelling of high-frequency signals are complex and time consuming. For real-time applications such as induced seismicity monitoring, the application of standard methods is often not fast enough for true complete real-time information on seismic sources. In this paper, we present an alternative approach based on recent advances in deep learning for rapid source-parameter estimation of microseismic earthquakes. The seismic inversion is represented in compact form by two convolutional neural networks, with individual feature extraction, and a fully connected neural network, for feature aggregation, to simultaneously obtain full moment tensor and spatial location of microseismic sources. Specifically, a multibranch neural network algorithm is trained to encapsulate the information about the relationship between seismic waveforms and underlying point-source mechanisms and locations. The learning-based model allows rapid inversion (within a fraction of second) once input data are available. A key advantage of the algorithm is that it can be trained using synthetic seismic data only, so it is directly applicable to scenarios where there are insufficient real data for training. Moreover, we find that the method is robust with respect to perturbations such as observational noise and data incompleteness (missing stations). We apply the new approach on synthesized and example recorded small magnitude (M <= 1.6) earthquakes at the Hellisheioi geothermal field in the Hengill area, Iceland. For the examined events, the model achieves excellent performance and shows very good agreement with the inverted solutions determined through standard methodology. In this study, we seek to demonstrate that this approach is viable for microseismicity real-time estimation of source parameters and can be integrated into advanced decision-support tools for controlling induced seismicity.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZieglerHeidbachReineckeretal.2016,
  author    = {Ziegler, Moritz O. and Heidbach, Oliver and Reinecker, John and Przybycin, Anna M. and Scheck-Wenderoth, Magdalena},
  title     = {A multi-stage 3-D stress field modelling approach exemplified in the Bavarian Molasse Basin},
  series = {Solid earth},
  volume    = {7},
  journal   = {Solid earth},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1869-9510},
  doi       = {10.5194/se-7-1365-2016},
  pages     = {1365 -- 1382},
  year      = {2016},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KnudsenEgholmJacobsenetal.2015,
  author    = {Knudsen, Mads Faurschou and Egholm, David L. and Jacobsen, Bo Holm and Larsen, Nicolaj Krog and Jansen, John D. and Andersen, Jane Lund and Linge, Henriette C.},
  title     = {A multi-nuclide approach to constrain landscape evolution and past erosion rates in previously glaciated terrains},
  series = {Quaternary geochronology : the international research and review journal on advances in quaternary dating techniques},
  volume    = {30},
  journal   = {Quaternary geochronology : the international research and review journal on advances in quaternary dating techniques},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1871-1014},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.quageo.2015.08.004},
  pages     = {100 -- 113},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Cosmogenic nuclides are typically used to either constrain an exposure age, a burial age, or an erosion rate. Constraining the landscape history and past erosion rates in previously glaciated terrains is, however, notoriously difficult because it involves a large number of unknowns. The potential use of cosmogenic nuclides in landscapes with a complex history of exposure and erosion is therefore often quite limited. Here, we present a novel multi-nuclide approach to study the landscape evolution and past erosion rates in terrains with a complex exposure history, particularly focusing on regions that were repeatedly covered by glaciers or ice sheets during the Quaternary. The approach, based on the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique, focuses on mapping the range of landscape histories that are consistent with a given set of measured cosmogenic nuclide concentrations. A fundamental assumption of the model approach is that the exposure history at the site/location can be divided into two distinct regimes: i) interglacial periods characterized by zero shielding due to overlying ice and a uniform interglacial erosion rate, and ii) glacial periods characterized by 100\% shielding and a uniform glacial erosion rate. We incorporate the exposure history in the model framework by applying a threshold value to the global marine benthic delta O-18 record and include the threshold value as a free model parameter, hereby taking into account global changes in climate. However, any available information on the glacial-interglacial history at the sampling location, in particular the timing of the last deglaciation event, is readily incorporated in the model to constrain the inverse problem. Based on the MCMC technique, the model delineates the most likely exposure history, including the glacial and interglacial erosion rates, which, in turn, makes it possible to reconstruct an exhumation history at the site. We apply the model to two landscape scenarios based on synthetic data and two landscape scenarios based on paired Be-10/Al-26 data from West Greenland, which makes it possible to quantify the denudation rate at these locations. The model framework, which currently incorporates any combination of the following nuclides Be-10, Al-26, C-14, and Ne-21, is highly flexible and can be adapted to many different landscape settings. The model framework may also be used in combination with physics-based landscape evolution models to predict nuclide concentrations at different locations in the landscape. This may help validate the landscape models via comparison to measured nuclide concentrations or to devise new effective sampling strategies. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RudolphMohrVontobelOswald2014,
  author    = {Rudolph-Mohr, Nicole and Vontobel, Peter and Oswald, Sascha},
  title     = {A multi-imaging approach to study the root-soil interface},
  series = {Annals of botany},
  volume    = {114},
  journal   = {Annals of botany},
  number    = {8},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0305-7364},
  doi       = {10.1093/aob/mcu200},
  pages     = {1779 -- 1787},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Background and Aims Dynamic processes occurring at the soil-root interface crucially influence soil physical, chemical and biological properties at a local scale around the roots, and are technically challenging to capture in situ. This study presents a novel multi-imaging approach combining fluorescence and neutron radiography that is able to simultaneously monitor root growth, water content distribution, root respiration and root exudation. Methods Germinated seeds of white lupins (Lupinus albus) were planted in boron-free glass rhizotrons. After 11 d, the rhizotrons were wetted from the bottom and time series of fluorescence and neutron images were taken during the subsequent day and night cycles for 13 d. The following day (i.e. 25 d after planting) the rhizotrons were again wetted from the bottom and the measurements were repeated. Fluorescence sensor foils were attached to the inner sides of the glass and measurements of oxygen and pH were made on the basis of fluorescence intensity. The experimental set-up allowed for simultaneous fluorescence imaging and neutron radiography. Key Results The interrelated patterns of root growth and distribution in the soil, root respiration, exudation and water uptake could all be studied non-destructively and at high temporal and spatial resolution. The older parts of the root system with greater root-length density were associated with fast decreases of water content and rapid changes in oxygen concentration. pH values around the roots located in areas with low soil water content were significantly lower than the rest of the root system. Conclusions The results suggest that the combined imaging set-up developed here, incorporating fluorescence intensity measurements, is able to map important biogeochemical parameters in the soil around living plants with a spatial resolution that is sufficiently high enough to relate the patterns observed to the root system.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaoHerzschuhTelfordetal.2014,
  author    = {Cao, Xianyong and Herzschuh, Ulrike and Telford, Richard J. and Ni, Jian},
  title     = {A modern pollen-climate dataset from China and Mongolia: assessing its potential for climate reconstruction},
  series = {Review of palaeobotany and palynology : an international journal},
  volume    = {211},
  journal   = {Review of palaeobotany and palynology : an international journal},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0034-6667},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.08.007},
  pages     = {87 -- 96},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {A modern pollen dataset from China and Mongolia (18-52 degrees N, 74-132 degrees E) is investigated for its potential use in climate reconstructions. The dataset includes 2559 samples, 229 terrestrial pollen taxa and four climatic variables - mean annual precipitation (P-ann): 35-2091 mm, mean annual temperature (T-ann): -12.1-25.8 degrees C, mean temperature in the coldest month (Mt(co).): -33.8-21.7 degrees C, and mean temperature in the warmest month (Mt(wa)): 03-29.8 degrees C. Modern pollen-climate relationships are assessed using canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), Huisman-Olff-Fresco (HOF) models, the modern analogue technique (MAT), and weighted averaging partial least squares (WA-PLS). Results indicate that P-ann is the most important climatic determinant of pollen distribution and the most promising climate variable for reconstructions, as assessed by the coefficient of determination between observed and predicted environmental values (r(2)) and root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). Mt(co) and Mt(wa) may be reconstructed too, but with caution. Samples from different depositional environments influence the performance of cross-validation differently, with samples from lake sediment-surfaces and moss polsters having the best fit with the lowest RMSEP. The better model performances of MAT are most probably caused by spatial autocorrelation. Accordingly, the WA-PLS models of this dataset are deemed most suitable for reconstructing past climate quantitatively because of their more reliable predictive power. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{TianHerzschuhTelfordetal.2014,
  author    = {Tian, Fang and Herzschuh, Ulrike and Telford, Richard J. and Mischke, Steffen and Van der Meeren, Thijs and Krengel, Michael},
  title     = {A modern pollen-climate calibration set from central-western Mongolia and its application to a late glacial-Holocene record},
  series = {Journal of biogeography},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {Journal of biogeography},
  number    = {10},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0305-0270},
  doi       = {10.1111/jbi.12338},
  pages     = {1909 -- 1922},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {AimFossil pollen spectra from lake sediments in central and western Mongolia have been used to interpret past climatic variations, but hitherto no suitable modern pollen-climate calibration set has been available to infer past climate changes quantitatively. We established such a modern pollen dataset and used it to develop a transfer function model that we applied to a fossil pollen record in order to investigate: (1) whether there was a significant moisture response to the Younger Dryas event in north-western Mongolia; and (2) whether the early Holocene was characterized by dry or wet climatic conditions. LocationCentral and western Mongolia. MethodsWe analysed pollen data from surface sediments from 90 lakes. A transfer function for mean annual precipitation (P-ann) was developed with weighted averaging partial least squares regression (WA-PLS) and applied to a fossil pollen record from Lake Bayan Nuur (49.98 degrees N, 93.95 degrees E, 932m a.s.l.). Statistical approaches were used to investigate the modern pollen-climate relationships and assess model performance and reconstruction output. ResultsRedundancy analysis shows that the modern pollen spectra are characteristic of their respective vegetation types and local climate. Spatial autocorrelation and significance tests of environmental variables show that the WA-PLS model for P-ann is the most valid function for our dataset, and possesses the lowest root mean squared error of prediction. Main conclusionsPrecipitation is the most important predictor of pollen and vegetation distributions in our study area. Our quantitative climate reconstruction indicates a dry Younger Dryas, a relatively dry early Holocene, a wet mid-Holocene and a dry late Holocene.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerzschuhBirksMischkeetal.2010,
  author    = {Herzschuh, Ulrike and Birks, H. John B. and Mischke, Steffen and Zhang, Chengjun and B{\"o}hner, J{\"u}rgen},
  title     = {A modern pollen-climate calibration set based on lake sediments from the Tibetan Plateau and its application to a Late Quaternary pollen record from the Qilian Mountains},
  issn      = {0305-0270},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1365-2699.2009.02245.x},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Aim: Fossil pollen spectra from lake sediments on the Tibetan Plateau have been used for qualitative climate reconstruction, but no modern pollen-climate calibration set based on lake sediments is available to infer past climate quantitatively. This study aims to develop such a dataset and apply it to fossil data. Location: The Tibetan Plateau, between 30 and 40 degrees N and 87 and 103 degrees E. Methods: We collected surface sediments from 112 lakes and analysed them palynologically. The lakes span a wide range of mean annual precipitation (P-ann; 31-1022 mm), mean annual temperature (T-ann; -6.5 to 1 degrees C), and mean July temperature (T-July; 2.6-19.7 degrees C). Redundancy analysis showed that the modern pollen spectra are characteristic of their respective vegetation types and local climate. Transfer functions for P-ann, T-ann and T-July were developed with weighted averaging partial least squares. Model performance was assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation. Results: The root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were 104 mm (P-ann), 1.18 degrees C (T-ann) and 1.17 degrees C (T-July). The RMSEPs, when expressed as percentages of the gradient sampled, were 10.6\% (P-ann), 15.7\% (T-ann) and 11.9\% (T-July). These low values indicate the good performance of our models. An application of the models to fossil pollen spectra covering the last c. 50 kyr yielded realistic results for Luanhaizi Lake in the Qilian Mountains on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau (modern P-ann 480 mm; T-ann-1 degrees C). T-ann and P-ann values similar to present ones were reconstructed for late Marine Isotope Stage 3, with minimum values for the Last Glacial Maximum (c. 300 mm and 2 degrees C below present), and maximum values for the early Holocene (c. 70 mm and 0.5 degrees C greater than present). Main conclusions: The modern pollen-climate calibration set will potentially be useful for quantitative climate reconstructions from lake-sediment pollen spectra from the Tibetan Plateau, an area of considerable climatic and biogeographical importance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Horn2017,
  author    = {Horn, Juliane},
  title     = {A modelling framework for exploration of a multidimensional factor causing decline in honeybee health},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {221},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RamezaniZiaraniBookhagenSchmidtetal.2021,
  author    = {Ramezani Ziarani, Maryam and Bookhagen, Bodo and Schmidt, Torsten and Wickert, Jens and de la Torre, Alejandro and Deng, Zhiguo and Calori, Andrea},
  title     = {A model for the relationship between rainfall, GNSS-derived integrated water vapour, and CAPE in the eastern central Andes},
  series = {Remote Sensing},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Remote Sensing},
  number    = {18},
  publisher = {MDPI},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {2072-4292},
  doi       = {10.3390/rs13183788},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Atmospheric water vapour content is a key variable that controls the development of deep convective storms and rainfall extremes over the central Andes. Direct measurements of water vapour are challenging; however, recent developments in microwave processing allow the use of phase delays from L-band radar to measure the water vapour content throughout the atmosphere: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based integrated water vapour (IWV) monitoring shows promising results to measure vertically integrated water vapour at high temporal resolutions. Previous works also identified convective available potential energy (CAPE) as a key climatic variable for the formation of deep convective storms and rainfall in the central Andes. Our analysis relies on GNSS data from the Argentine Continuous Satellite Monitoring Network, Red Argentina de Monitoreo Satelital Continuo (RAMSAC) network from 1999 to 2013. CAPE is derived from version 2.0 of the ECMWF's (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Re-Analysis (ERA-interim) and rainfall from the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) product. In this study, we first analyse the rainfall characteristics of two GNSS-IWV stations by comparing their complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). Second, we separately derive the relation between rainfall vs. CAPE and GNSS-IWV. Based on our distribution fitting analysis, we observe an exponential relation of rainfall to GNSS-IWV. In contrast, we report a power-law relationship between the daily mean value of rainfall and CAPE at the GNSS-IWV station locations in the eastern central Andes that is close to the theoretical relationship based on parcel theory. Third, we generate a joint regression model through a multivariable regression analysis using CAPE and GNSS-IWV to explain the contribution of both variables in the presence of each other to extreme rainfall during the austral summer season. We found that rainfall can be characterised with a higher statistical significance for higher rainfall quantiles, e.g., the 0.9 quantile based on goodness-of-fit criterion for quantile regression. We observed different contributions of CAPE and GNSS-IWV to rainfall for each station for the 0.9 quantile. Fourth, we identify the temporal relation between extreme rainfall (the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles) and both GNSS-IWV and CAPE at 6 h time steps. We observed an increase before the rainfall event and at the time of peak rainfall—both for GNSS-integrated water vapour and CAPE. We show higher values of CAPE and GNSS-IWV for higher rainfall percentiles (99th and 95th percentiles) compared to the 90th percentile at a 6-h temporal scale. Based on our correlation analyses and the dynamics of the time series, we show that both GNSS-IWV and CAPE had comparable magnitudes, and we argue to consider both climatic variables when investigating their effect on rainfall extremes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{RamezaniZiaraniBookhagenSchmidtetal.2021,
  author    = {Ramezani Ziarani, Maryam and Bookhagen, Bodo and Schmidt, Torsten and Wickert, Jens and de la Torre, Alejandro and Deng, Zhiguo and Calori, Andrea},
  title     = {A model for the relationship between rainfall, GNSS-derived integrated water vapour, and CAPE in the eastern central Andes},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {1172},
  issn      = {1866-8372},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52325},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-523256},
  pages     = {21},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {Atmospheric water vapour content is a key variable that controls the development of deep convective storms and rainfall extremes over the central Andes. Direct measurements of water vapour are challenging; however, recent developments in microwave processing allow the use of phase delays from L-band radar to measure the water vapour content throughout the atmosphere: Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)-based integrated water vapour (IWV) monitoring shows promising results to measure vertically integrated water vapour at high temporal resolutions. Previous works also identified convective available potential energy (CAPE) as a key climatic variable for the formation of deep convective storms and rainfall in the central Andes. Our analysis relies on GNSS data from the Argentine Continuous Satellite Monitoring Network, Red Argentina de Monitoreo Satelital Continuo (RAMSAC) network from 1999 to 2013. CAPE is derived from version 2.0 of the ECMWF's (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) Re-Analysis (ERA-interim) and rainfall from the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) product. In this study, we first analyse the rainfall characteristics of two GNSS-IWV stations by comparing their complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF). Second, we separately derive the relation between rainfall vs. CAPE and GNSS-IWV. Based on our distribution fitting analysis, we observe an exponential relation of rainfall to GNSS-IWV. In contrast, we report a power-law relationship between the daily mean value of rainfall and CAPE at the GNSS-IWV station locations in the eastern central Andes that is close to the theoretical relationship based on parcel theory. Third, we generate a joint regression model through a multivariable regression analysis using CAPE and GNSS-IWV to explain the contribution of both variables in the presence of each other to extreme rainfall during the austral summer season. We found that rainfall can be characterised with a higher statistical significance for higher rainfall quantiles, e.g., the 0.9 quantile based on goodness-of-fit criterion for quantile regression. We observed different contributions of CAPE and GNSS-IWV to rainfall for each station for the 0.9 quantile. Fourth, we identify the temporal relation between extreme rainfall (the 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles) and both GNSS-IWV and CAPE at 6 h time steps. We observed an increase before the rainfall event and at the time of peak rainfall—both for GNSS-integrated water vapour and CAPE. We show higher values of CAPE and GNSS-IWV for higher rainfall percentiles (99th and 95th percentiles) compared to the 90th percentile at a 6-h temporal scale. Based on our correlation analyses and the dynamics of the time series, we show that both GNSS-IWV and CAPE had comparable magnitudes, and we argue to consider both climatic variables when investigating their effect on rainfall extremes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AramayoGuzmanHongnetal.2017,
  author    = {Aramayo, Alejandro and Guzman, Silvina and Hongn, Fernando D. and del Papa, Cecilia and Montero-Lopez, Carolina and Sudo, Masafumi},
  title     = {A Middle Miocene (13.5-12 Ma) deformational event constrained by volcanism along the Puna-Eastern Cordillera border, NW Argentina},
  series = {Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth},
  volume    = {703},
  journal   = {Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0040-1951},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.tecto.2017.02.018},
  pages     = {9 -- 22},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {The features of Middle Miocene deposits in the Puna-Eastern Cordillera transition (Valles Calchaquies) indicate that Cenozoic deformation, sedimentation and volcanism follow a complex spatiotemporal relationship. The intense volcanic activity recorded in the eastern Puna border between 14 and 11.5 Ma coincides with the occurrence of one of the most important deformation events of the Neogene tectonic evolution in the region. Studies performed across the Puna-Eastern Cordillera transition show different relationships between volcanic deposits of ca. 13.5-12.1 Ma and the Oligocene-Miocene Angastaco Formation. In this paper we describe the ash-flow tuff deposits which are the first of this type found concordant in the sedimentary fill of Valles Calchaquies. Several analyses performed on these pyroclastic deposits allow a correlation to be made with the Alto de Las Lagunas Ignimbrite (ca. 13.5 Ma) of the Pucarilla-Cerro Tipillas Volcanic Complex located in the Puna. Outcrops of the ca. 13.5 Ma pyroclastic deposits are recognised within the Puna and the Valle Calchaqui. However, in the southern prolongation of the Valle de Hualfin (Tiopampa-Pucarilla depression) that separates the Puna from the Valle Calchaqui at these latitudes, these deposits are partially eroded and buried, and thus their occurrence is recorded only by abundant volcanic clasts included in conglomerates of the Angastaco Formation. The sedimentation of the Angastaco Formation was aborted at ca. 12 Ma in the Tiopampa-Pucarilla depression by the Pucarilla Ignimbrite, which unconformably covers the synorogenic units. On the contrary, in the Valle Calchaqui the sedimentation of the Angastaco Formation continued until the Late Miocene. The different relationships between the Miocene Angastaco Formation and the ignimbrites with ages of ca. 13.5 and ca. 12 Ma reveal that in this short period (-1.5 m.y.) a significant deformation event took place and resulted in marked palaeogeographic changes, as evidenced by stratigraphic-sedimentological and chronological records in the Angastaco Formation. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{deAraujoBronstert2016,
  author    = {de Araujo, Jose Carlos and Bronstert, Axel},
  title     = {A method to assess hydrological drought in semi-arid environments and its application to the Jaguaribe River basin, Brazil},
  series = {Water International},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {Water International},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0250-8060},
  doi       = {10.1080/02508060.2015.1113077},
  pages     = {213 -- 230},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {This manuscript proposes a method to assess hydrological drought in semi-arid environments under high impoundment rate and applies it to the semi-arid Jaguaribe River basin in Brazil. It analyzes droughts (1) in the largest reservoir systems; (2) in the Upper Basin, considering 4744 reservoirs, 800 wells and almost 18,000 cisterns; and (3) in reservoirs of different sizes during multiyear droughts. Results show that the water demand is constrained in the basin; hydrological and meteorological droughts are often out of phase; there is a negative correlation between storage level and drought severity; and the small systems cannot cope with long-term droughts.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WalterTrauth2013,
  author    = {Walter, Marius J. and Trauth, Martin H.},
  title     = {A MATLAB based orientation analysis of Acheulean handaxe accumulations in Olorgesailie and Kariandusi, Kenya Rift},
  series = {Journal of human evolution},
  volume    = {64},
  journal   = {Journal of human evolution},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {London},
  issn      = {0047-2484},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.02.011},
  pages     = {569 -- 581},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {The Pleistocene archeological record in East Africa has revealed unusual accumulations of Acheulean handaxes at prehistoric sites. In particular, there has been intensive debate concerning whether the artifact accumulation at the Middle Pleistocene Olorgesailie (Southern Kenya Rift) and Kariandusi (Central Kenya Rift) sites were a result of fluvial reworking or of in situ deposition by hominids. We used a two-step approach to test the hypothesis of fluvial reworking. Firstly, the behavior of handaxes in water currents was investigated in a current flume and the flow threshold required to reorientate the handaxes was determined. The results of these experiments suggested that, in relatively high energy and non-steady flow conditions, handaxes will reorientate themselves perpendicular to the current direction. Secondly, an automated image analysis routine was developed and applied to archeological plans from three Acheulean sites, two at Olorgesailie and one at Kariandusi, in order to determine the orientations of the handaxes. A Rayleigh test was then applied to the orientation data to test for a preferred orientation. The results revealed that the handaxes at the Upper Kariandusi Site and the Olorgesailie Main Site Mid Trench had a preferential orientation, suggesting reworking by a paleocurrent. The handaxes from the Olorgesailie Main Site H/6A, however, appeared to be randomly oriented and in situ deposition by the producers therefore remains a possibility.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RiggelsenOhrnberger2014,
  author    = {Riggelsen, Carsten and Ohrnberger, Matthias},
  title     = {A machine learning approach for improving the detection capabilities at 3C Seismic Stations},
  series = {Pure and applied geophysics},
  volume    = {171},
  journal   = {Pure and applied geophysics},
  number    = {3-5},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Basel},
  issn      = {0033-4553},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00024-012-0592-3},
  pages     = {395 -- 411},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {We apply and evaluate a recent machine learning method for the automatic classification of seismic waveforms. The method relies on Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBN) and supervised learning to improve the detection capabilities at 3C seismic stations. A time-frequency decomposition provides the basis for the required signal characteristics we need in order to derive the features defining typical "signal" and "noise" patterns. Each pattern class is modeled by a DBN, specifying the interrelationships of the derived features in the time-frequency plane. Subsequently, the models are trained using previously labeled segments of seismic data. The DBN models can now be compared against in order to determine the likelihood of new incoming seismic waveform segments to be either signal or noise. As the noise characteristics of seismic stations varies smoothly in time (seasonal variation as well as anthropogenic influence), we accommodate in our approach for a continuous adaptation of the DBN model that is associated with the noise class. Given the difficulty for obtaining a golden standard for real data (ground truth) the proof of concept and evaluation is shown by conducting experiments based on 3C seismic data from the International Monitoring Stations, BOSA and LPAZ.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchefflerImmenhauserPourteauetal.2019,
  author    = {Scheffler, Franziska and Immenhauser, Adrian and Pourteau, Amaury and Natalicchio, Marcello and Candan, Osman and Oberh{\"a}nsli, Roland},
  title     = {A lost Tethyan evaporitic basin},
  series = {Sedimentology : the journal of the International Association of Sedimentologists},
  volume    = {66},
  journal   = {Sedimentology : the journal of the International Association of Sedimentologists},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0037-0746},
  doi       = {10.1111/sed.12606},
  pages     = {2627 -- 2660},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Ancient evaporite deposits are geological archives of depositional environments characterized by a long-term negative precipitation balance and bear evidence for global ocean element mass balance calculations. Here, Cretaceous selenite pseudomorphs from western Anatolia ('Rosetta Marble') — characterized by their exceptional morphological preservation — and their 'marine' geochemical signatures are described and interpreted in a process-oriented context. These rocks recorded Late Cretaceous high-pressure/low-temperature, subduction-related metamorphism with peak conditions of 1·0 to 1·2 GPa and 300 to 400°C. Metre-scale, rock-forming radiating rods, now present as fibrous calcite marble, clearly point to selenitic gypsum as the precursor mineral. Stratigraphic successions are recorded along a reconstructed proximal to distal transect. The cyclical alternation of selenite beds and radiolarian ribbon-bedded cherts in the distal portions are interpreted as a two type of seawater system. During arid intervals, shallow marine brines cascaded downward into basinal settings and induced precipitation. During more humid times, upwelling-induced radiolarian blooms caused the deposition of radiolarite facies. Interestingly, there is no comparable depositional setting known from the Cenozoic world. Meta-selenite geochemical data (δ13C, δ18O and 87Sr/86Sr) plot within the range of reconstructed middle Cretaceous seawater signatures. Possible sources for the 13C-enriched (mean 2·2 per mille) values include methanogenesis, gas hydrates and cold seep fluid exhalation. Spatially resolved component-specific analysis of a rock slab displays isotopic variances between meta-selenite crystals (mean δ13C 2·2 per mille) and host matrix (mean δ13C 1·3 per mille). The Cretaceous evaporite-pseudomorphs of Anatolia represent a basin wide event coeval with the Aptian evaporites of the Proto-Atlantic and the pseudomorphs share many attributes, including lateral distribution of 600 km and stratigraphic thickness of 1·5 to 2·0 km, with the evaporites formed during the younger Messinian salinity crisis. The Rosetta Marble of Anatolia may represent the best-preserved selenite pseudomorphs worldwide and have a clear potential to act as a template for the study of meta-selenite in deep time.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vonSpechtCotton2020,
  author    = {von Specht, Sebastian and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {A link between machine learning and optimization in ground-motion model development},
  series = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
  volume    = {110},
  journal   = {Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {Seismological Society of America},
  address   = {Albany},
  issn      = {0037-1106},
  doi       = {10.1785/0120190133},
  pages     = {2777 -- 2800},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {The steady increase of ground-motion data not only allows new possibilities but also comes with new challenges in the development of ground-motion models (GMMs). Data classification techniques (e.g., cluster analysis) do not only produce deterministic classifications but also probabilistic classifications (e.g., probabilities for each datum to belong to a given class or cluster). One challenge is the integration of such continuous classification in regressions for GMM development such as the widely used mixed-effects model. We address this issue by introducing an extension of the mixed-effects model to incorporate data weighting. The parameter estimation of the mixed-effects model, that is, fixed-effects coefficients of the GMMs and the random-effects variances, are based on the weighted likelihood function, which also provides analytic uncertainty estimates. The data weighting permits for earthquake classification beyond the classical, expert-driven, binary classification based, for example, on event depth, distance to trench, style of faulting, and fault dip angle. We apply Angular Classification with Expectation-maximization, an algorithm to identify clusters of nodal planes from focal mechanisms to differentiate between, for example, interface- and intraslab-type events. Classification is continuous, that is, no event belongs completely to one class, which is taken into account in the ground-motion modeling. The theoretical framework described in this article allows for a fully automatic calibration of ground-motion models using large databases with automated classification and processing of earthquake and ground-motion data. As an example, we developed a GMM on the basis of the GMM by Montalva et al. (2017) with data from the strong-motion flat file of Bastias and Montalva (2016) with similar to 2400 records from 319 events in the Chilean subduction zone. Our GMM with the data-driven classification is comparable to the expert-classification-based model. Furthermore, the model shows temporal variations of the between-event residuals before and after large earthquakes in the region.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Kneis2015,
  author    = {Kneis, David},
  title     = {A lightweight framework for rapid development of object-based hydrological model engines},
  series = {Environmental modelling \& software with environment data news},
  volume    = {68},
  journal   = {Environmental modelling \& software with environment data news},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1364-8152},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.02.009},
  pages     = {110 -- 121},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Computer-based simulation models are frequently used in hydrological research and engineering but also in other fields of environmental sciences. New case studies often require existing model concepts to be adapted. Extensions may be necessary due to the peculiarities of the studied natural system or subtleties of anthropogenic control. In other cases, simplifications must be made in response to scarce data, incomplete knowledge, or restrictions set by the spatio-temporal scale of application. This paper introduces an open-source modeling framework called ECHSE designed to cope with the above-mentioned challenges. It provides a lightweight infrastructure for the rapid development of new, reusable simulation tools and, more importantly, the safe modification of existing formulations. ECHSE-based models treat the simulated system as a collection of interacting objects. Although feedbacks are generally supported, the majority of the objects' interactions is expected to be of the feed-forward type. Therefore, the ECHSE software is particularly useful in the context of hydrological catchment modeling. Conversely, it is unsuitable, e.g., for fully hydrodynamic simulations and groundwater flow modeling. The focus of the paper is put on a comprehensible outline of the ECHSE's fundamental concepts and limitations. For the purpose of illustration, a specific, ECHSE-based solution for hydrological catchment modeling is presented which has undergone testing in a number of river basins. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaoNiHerzschuhetal.2013,
  author    = {Cao, Xianyong and Ni, Jian and Herzschuh, Ulrike and Wang, Yongbo and Zhao, Yan},
  title     = {A late quaternary pollen dataset from eastern continental Asia for vegetation and climate reconstructions set up and evaluation},
  series = {Review of palaeobotany and palynology : an international journal},
  volume    = {194},
  journal   = {Review of palaeobotany and palynology : an international journal},
  number    = {13},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0034-6667},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.revpalbo.2013.02.003},
  pages     = {21 -- 37},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {A total of 271 pollen records were selected from a large collection of both raw and digitized pollen spectra from eastern continental Asia (70 degrees-135 degrees E and 18 degrees-55 degrees N). Following pollen percentage recalculations, taxonomic homogenization, and age-depth model revision, the pollen spectra were interpolated at a 500-year resolution and a taxonomically harmonized and temporally standardized fossil pollen dataset established with 226 pollen taxa, covering the last 22 cal lea. Of the 271 pollen records, 85\% were published since 1990, with reliable chronologies and high temporal resolutions; of these, 50\% have raw data with complete pollen assemblages, ensuring the quality of this dataset The pollen records available for each 500-year time slice are well distributed over all main vegetation types and climatic zones of the study area, making their pollen spectra suitable for paleovegetation and paleoclimate research. Such a dataset can be used as an example for the development of similar datasets for other regions of the world.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PrachtTimmerman2004,
  author    = {Pracht, M. and Timmerman, Martin Jan},
  title     = {A late Namurian (318 Ma) 40Ar-39Ar age for kaersutite megacrysts from the syn-tectonic Black Ball Head diatreme: implications for the onset of Variscan deformation in SW Ireland},
  issn      = {0790-1763},
  year      = {2004},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MulchUbaStreckeretal.2009,
  author    = {Mulch, Andreas and Uba, Cornelius Eji and Strecker, Manfred and Schonberg, Ronald and Chamberlain, C. Page},
  title     = {A Late Miocene stable isotope paleosoil record of Andean foreland precipitation},
  issn      = {0016-7037},
  year      = {2009},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SvennevigHermannsKeidingetal.2022,
  author    = {Svennevig, Kristian and Hermanns, Reginald L. and Keiding, Marie and Binder, Daniel and Citterio, Michele and Dahl-Jensen, Trine and Mertl, Stefan and S{\o}rensen, Erik Vest and Voss, Peter Henrik},
  title     = {A large frozen debris avalanche entraining warming permafrost ground-the June 2021 Assapaat landslibe, West Greenland},
  series = {Landslides},
  volume    = {19},
  journal   = {Landslides},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {1612-510X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10346-022-01922-7},
  pages     = {2549 -- 2567},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {A large landslide (frozen debris avalanche) occurred at Assapaat on the south coast of the Nuussuaq Peninsula in Central West Greenland on June 13, 2021, at 04:04 local time. We present a compilation of available data from field observations, photos, remote sensing, and seismic monitoring to describe the event. Analysis of these data in combination with an analysis of pre- and post-failure digital elevation models results in the first description of this type of landslide. The frozen debris avalanche initiated as a 6.9 * 10(6) m(3) failure of permafrozen talus slope and underlying colluvium and till at 600-880 m elevation. It entrained a large volume of permafrozen colluvium along its 2.4 km path in two subsequent entrainment phases accumulating a total volume between 18.3 * 10(6) and 25.9 * 10(6) m(3). About 3.9 * 10(6) m(3) is estimated to have entered the Vaigat strait; however, no tsunami was reported, or is evident in the field. This is probably because the second stage of entrainment along with a flattening of slope angle reduced the mobility of the frozen debris avalanche. We hypothesise that the initial talus slope failure is dynamically conditioned by warming of the ice matrix that binds the permafrozen talus slope. When the slope ice temperature rises to a critical level, its shear resistance is reduced, resulting in an unstable talus slope prone to failure. Likewise, we attribute the large-scale entrainment to increasing slope temperature and take the frozen debris avalanche as a strong sign that the permafrost in this region is increasingly at a critical state. Global warming is enhanced in the Arctic and frequent landslide events in the past decade in Western Greenland let us hypothesise that continued warming will lead to an increase in the frequency and magnitude of these types of landslides. Essential data for critical arctic slopes such as precipitation, snowmelt, and ground and surface temperature are still missing to further test this hypothesis. It is thus strongly required that research funds are made available to better predict the change of landslide threat in the Arctic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JonesArpWhitmanetal.2017,
  author    = {Jones, Benjamin M. and Arp, Christopher D. and Whitman, Matthew S. and Nigro, Debora and Nitze, Ingmar and Beaver, John and Gadeke, Anne and Zuck, Callie and Liljedahl, Anna and Daanen, Ronald and Torvinen, Eric and Fritz, Stacey and Grosse, Guido},
  title     = {A lake-centric geospatial database to guide research and inform management decisions in an Arctic watershed in northern Alaska experiencing climate and land-use changes},
  series = {AMBIO},
  volume    = {46},
  journal   = {AMBIO},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0044-7447},
  doi       = {10.1007/s13280-017-0915-9},
  pages     = {769 -- 786},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Lakes are dominant and diverse landscape features in the Arctic, but conventional land cover classification schemes typically map them as a single uniform class. Here, we present a detailed lake-centric geospatial database for an Arctic watershed in northern Alaska. We developed a GIS dataset consisting of 4362 lakes that provides information on lake morphometry, hydrologic connectivity, surface area dynamics, surrounding terrestrial ecotypes, and other important conditions describing Arctic lakes. Analyzing the geospatial database relative to fish and bird survey data shows relations to lake depth and hydrologic connectivity, which are being used to guide research and aid in the management of aquatic resources in the National Petroleum Reserve in Alaska. Further development of similar geospatial databases is needed to better understand and plan for the impacts of ongoing climate and land-use changes occurring across lake-rich landscapes in the Arctic.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KlemmeFeldhausPotapkinetal.2021,
  author    = {Klemme, Stephan and Feldhaus, Michael and Potapkin, Vasily and Wilke, Max and Borchert, Manuela and Louvel, Marion and Loges, Anselm and Rohrbach, Arno and Weitkamp, Petra and Welter, Edmund and Kokh, Maria A. and Schmidt, Christian and Testemale, Denis},
  title     = {A hydrothermal apparatus for x-ray absorption spectroscopy of hydrothermal fluids at DESY},
  series = {Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques},
  volume    = {92},
  journal   = {Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques},
  number    = {6},
  publisher = {AIP Publishing},
  address   = {Melville},
  issn      = {0034-6748},
  doi       = {10.1063/5.0044767},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We present a new autoclave that enables in situ characterization of hydrothermal fluids at high pressures and high temperatures at synchrotron x-ray radiation sources. The autoclave has been specifically designed to enable x-ray absorption spectroscopy in fluids with applications to mineral solubility and element speciation analysis in hydrothermal fluids in complex compositions. However, other applications, such as Raman spectroscopy, in high-pressure fluids are also possible with the autoclave. First experiments were run at pressures between 100 and 600 bars and at temperatures between 25 degrees C and 550 degrees C, and preliminary results on scheelite dissolution in fluids of different compositions show that the autoclave is well suited to study the behavior of ore-forming metals at P-T conditions relevant to the Earth's crust.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BartholdTurnerElsenbeeretal.2017,
  author    = {Barthold, Frauke Katrin and Turner, Benjamin L. and Elsenbeer, Helmut and Zimmermann, Alexander},
  title     = {A hydrochemical approach to quantify the role of return flow in a surface flow-dominated catchment},
  series = {Hydrological processes},
  volume    = {31},
  journal   = {Hydrological processes},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0885-6087},
  doi       = {10.1002/hyp.11083},
  pages     = {1018 -- 1033},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Stormflow generation in headwater catchments dominated by subsurface flow has been studied extensively, yet catchments dominated by surface flow have received less attention. We addressed this by testing whether stormflow chemistry is controlled by either (a) the event-water signature of overland flow, or (b) the pre-event water signature of return flow. We used a high-resolution hydrochemical data set of stormflow and end-members of multiple storms in an end-member mixing analysis to determine the number of end-members needed to explain stormflow, characterize and identify potential end-members, calculate their contributions to stormflow, and develop a conceptual model of stormflow. The arrangement and relative positioning of end-members in stormflow mixing space suggest that saturation excess overland flow (26-48\%) and return flow from two different subsurface storage pools (17-53\%) are both similarly important for stormflow. These results suggest that pipes and fractures are important flow paths to rapidly release stored water and highlight the value of within-event resolution hydrochemical data to assess the full range and dynamics of flow paths.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BurkartKuesterSchelskietal.1998,
  author    = {Burkart, Michael and K{\"u}ster, H. and Schelski, Anke and Potsch, J.},
  title     = {A historical and plant sociological appraisal of floodplain meadows in the lower Havel valley, northeast germany},
  year      = {1998},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Paschke2012,
  author    = {Paschke, Marco},
  title     = {A highly resolved P-velocity image of the Messum igneous complex in Namibia obtained by waveform tomography},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  pages     = {117 S.},
  year      = {2012},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WangHerzschuhLiuetal.2014,
  author    = {Wang, Yongbo and Herzschuh, Ulrike and Liu, Xingqi and Korup, Oliver and Diekmann, Bernhard},
  title     = {A high-resolution sedimentary archive from landslide-dammed Lake Mengda, north-eastern Tibetan Plateau},
  series = {Journal of paleolimnolog},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Journal of paleolimnolog},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-2728},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10933-012-9666-6},
  pages     = {303 -- 312},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {Lacustrine sediments have been widely used to investigate past climatic and environmental changes on millennial to seasonal time scales. Sedimentary archives of lakes in mountainous regions may also record non-climatic events such as earthquakes. We argue herein that a set of 64 annual laminae couplets reconciles a stratigraphically inconsistent accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) C-14 chronology in a similar to 4-m-long sediment core from Lake Mengda, in the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. The laminations suggest the lake was formed by a large landslide, triggered by the 1927 Gulang earthquake (M = 8.0). The lake sediment sequence can be separated into three units based on lithologic, sedimentary, and isotopic characteristics. Starting from the bottom of the sequence, these are: (1) unweathered, coarse, sandy valley-floor deposits or landslide debris that pre-date the lake, (2) landslide-induced, fine-grained soil or reworked landslide debris with a high organic content, and (3) lacustrine sediments with low organic content and laminations. These annual laminations provide a high-resolution record of anthropogenic and environmental changes during the twentieth century, recording enhanced sediment input associated with two phases of construction activities. The high mean sedimentation rates of up to 4.8 mm year(-1) underscore the potential for reconstructing such distinct sediment pulses in remote, forested, and seemingly undisturbed mountain catchments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{NordBoudevillainBerneetal.2017,
  author    = {Nord, Guillaume and Boudevillain, Brice and Berne, Alexis and Branger, Flora and Braud, Isabelle and Dramais, Guillaume and Gerard, Simon and Le Coz, Jerome and Legout, Cedric and Molinie, Gilles and Van Baelen, Joel and Vandervaere, Jean-Pierre and Andrieu, Julien and Aubert, Coralie and Calianno, Martin and Delrieu, Guy and Grazioli, Jacopo and Hachani, Sahar and Horner, Ivan and Huza, Jessica and Le Boursicaud, Raphael and Raupach, Timothy H. and Teuling, Adriaan J. and Uber, Magdalena and Vincendon, Beatrice and Wijbrans, Annette},
  title     = {A high space-time resolution dataset linking meteorological forcing and hydro-sedimentary response in a mesoscale Mediterranean catchment (Auzon) of the Ardeche region, France},
  series = {Earth System Science Data},
  volume    = {9},
  journal   = {Earth System Science Data},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1866-3508},
  doi       = {10.5194/essd-9-221-2017},
  pages     = {29},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {A comprehensive hydrometeorological dataset is presented spanning the period 1 January 201131 December 2014 to improve the understanding of the hydrological processes leading to flash floods and the relation between rainfall, runoff, erosion and sediment transport in a mesoscale catchment (Auzon, 116 km(2)) of the Mediterranean region. Badlands are present in the Auzon catchment and well connected to high-gradient channels of bedrock rivers which promotes the transfer of suspended solids downstream. The number of observed variables, the various sensors involved (both in situ and remote) and the space-time resolution (similar to km(2), similar to min) of this comprehensive dataset make it a unique contribution to research communities focused on hydrometeorology, surface hydrology and erosion. Given that rainfall is highly variable in space and time in this region, the observation system enables assessment of the hydrological response to rainfall fields. Indeed, (i) rainfall data are provided by rain gauges (both a research network of 21 rain gauges with a 5 min time step and an operational network of 10 rain gauges with a 5 min or 1 h time step), S-band Doppler dual-polarization radars (1 km(2), 5 min resolution), disdrometers (16 sensors working at 30 s or 1 min time step) and Micro Rain Radars (5 sensors, 100m height resolution). Additionally, during the special observation period (SOP-1) of the HyMeX (Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) project, two X-band radars provided precipitation measurements at very fine spatial and temporal scales (1 ha, 5 min). (ii) Other meteorological data are taken from the operational surface weather observation stations of Meteo-France (including 2m air temperature, atmospheric pressure, 2 m relative humidity, 10m wind speed and direction, global radiation) at the hourly time resolution (six stations in the region of interest). (iii) The monitoring of surface hydrology and suspended sediment is multi-scale and based on nested catchments. Three hydrometric stations estimate water discharge at a 2-10 min time resolution. Two of these stations also measure additional physico-chemical variables (turbidity, temperature, conductivity) and water samples are collected automatically during floods, allowing further geochemical characterization of water and suspended solids. Two experimental plots monitor overland flow and erosion at 1 min time resolution on a hillslope with vineyard. A network of 11 sensors installed in the intermittent hydrographic network continuously measures water level and water temperature in headwater subcatchments (from 0.17 to 116 km(2)) at a time resolution of 2-5 min. A network of soil moisture sensors enables the continuous measurement of soil volumetric water content at 20 min time resolution at 9 sites. Additionally, concomitant observations (soil moisture measurements and stream gauging) were performed during floods between 2012 and 2014. Finally, this dataset is considered appropriate for understanding the rainfall variability in time and space at fine scales, improving areal rainfall estimations and progressing in distributed hydrological and erosion modelling.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{FahleDietrichLischeid2013,
  author    = {Fahle, Marcus and Dietrich, Ottfried and Lischeid, Gunnar},
  title     = {A guideline for developing an initial hydrological monotoring network as a basis for water management in artificially drained wetlands},
  series = {Irrigation and drainage},
  volume    = {62},
  journal   = {Irrigation and drainage},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley-Blackwell},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1531-0353},
  doi       = {10.1002/ird.1744},
  pages     = {524 -- 536},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Reliable hydrological monitoring is the basis for sound water management in drained wetlands. Since statistical methods cannot be employed for unobserved or sparsely monitored areas, the primary design (first set-up) may be arbitrary in most instances. The objective of this paper is therefore to provide a guideline for designing the initial hydrological monitoring network. A scheme is developed that handles different parts of monitoring and hydrometry in wetlands, focusing on the positioning of surface water and groundwater gauges. For placement of the former, control units are used which correspond to areas whose water levels can be regulated separately. The latter are arranged depending on hydrological response units, defined by combinations of soil type and land use, and the chosen surface water monitoring sites. A practical application of the approach is shown for an investigation area in the Spreewald region in north-east Germany. The presented scheme leaves a certain degree of freedom to its user, allowing the inclusion of expert knowledge or special concerns. Based on easily obtainable data, the developed hydrological network serves as a first step in the iterative procedure of monitoring network optimisation. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley \& Sons, Ltd.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{BeisnerGrossartGasol2019,
  author    = {Beisner, Beatrix E. and Grossart, Hans-Peter and Gasol, Josep M.},
  title     = {A guide to methods for estimating phago-mixotrophy in nanophytoplankton},
  series = {Journal of plankton research},
  volume    = {41},
  journal   = {Journal of plankton research},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0142-7873},
  doi       = {10.1093/plankt/fbz008},
  pages     = {77 -- 89},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Growing attention to phytoplankton mixotrophy as a trophic strategy has led to significant revisions of traditional pelagic food web models and ecosystem functioning. Although some empirical estimates of mixotrophy do exist, a much broader set of in situ measurements are required to (i) identify which organisms are acting as mixotrophs in real time and to (ii) assess the contribution of their heterotrophy to biogeochemical cycling. Estimates are needed through time and across space to evaluate which environmental conditions or habitats favour mixotrophy: conditions still largely unknown. We review methodologies currently available to plankton ecologists to undertake estimates of plankton mixotrophy, in particular nanophytoplankton phago-mixotrophy. Methods are based largely on fluorescent or isotopic tracers, but also take advantage of genomics to identify phylotypes and function. We also suggest novel methods on the cusp of use for phago-mixotrophy assessment, including single-cell measurements improving our capacity to estimate mixotrophic activity and rates in wild plankton communities down to the single-cell level. Future methods will benefit from advances in nanotechnology, micromanipulation and microscopy combined with stable isotope and genomic methodologies. Improved estimates of mixotrophy will enable more reliable models to predict changes in food web structure and biogeochemical flows in a rapidly changing world.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WeatherillCotton2020,
  author    = {Weatherill, Graeme and Cotton, Fabrice},
  title     = {A ground motion logic tree for seismic hazard analysis in the stable cratonic region of Europe},
  series = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Bulletin of earthquake engineering : official publication of the European Association for Earthquake Engineering},
  number    = {14},
  publisher = {Springer Science + Business Media B.V.},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1570-761X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10518-020-00940-x},
  pages     = {6119 -- 6148},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Regions of low seismicity present a particular challenge for probabilistic seismic hazard analysis when identifying suitable ground motion models (GMMs) and quantifying their epistemic uncertainty. The 2020 European Seismic Hazard Model adopts a scaled backbone approach to characterise this uncertainty for shallow seismicity in Europe, incorporating region-to-region source and attenuation variability based on European strong motion data. This approach, however, may not be suited to stable cratonic region of northeastern Europe (encompassing Finland, Sweden and the Baltic countries), where exploration of various global geophysical datasets reveals that its crustal properties are distinctly different from the rest of Europe, and are instead more closely represented by those of the Central and Eastern United States. Building upon the suite of models developed by the recent NGA East project, we construct a new scaled backbone ground motion model and calibrate its corresponding epistemic uncertainties. The resulting logic tree is shown to provide comparable hazard outcomes to the epistemic uncertainty modelling strategy adopted for the Eastern United States, despite the different approaches taken. Comparison with previous GMM selections for northeastern Europe, however, highlights key differences in short period accelerations resulting from new assumptions regarding the characteristics of the reference rock and its influence on site amplification.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{StoltnowLuedersGraafetal.2022,
  author    = {Stoltnow, Malte and L{\"u}ders, Volker and Graaf, Stefan de and Niedermann, Samuel},
  title     = {A geochemical study of the Sweet Home mine, Colorado Mineral Belt, USA},
  series = {Mineralium deposita : international journal for geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of mineral deposits},
  volume    = {57},
  journal   = {Mineralium deposita : international journal for geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of mineral deposits},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin ; Heidelberg},
  issn      = {0026-4598},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00126-022-01102-6},
  pages     = {801 -- 825},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Deep hydrothermal Mo, W, and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine (Detroit City portal) formed in response to magmatic activity during the Oligocene. Microthermometric data of fluid inclusions trapped in greisen quartz and fluorite suggest that the early-stage mineralization at the Sweet Home mine precipitated from low- to medium-salinity (1.5-11.5 wt\% equiv. NaCl), CO2-bearing fluids at temperatures between 360 and 415 degrees C and at depths of at least 3.5 km. Stable isotope and noble gas isotope data indicate that greisen formation and base metal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine was related to fluids of different origins. Early magmatic fluids were the principal source for mantle-derived volatiles (CO2, H2S/SO2, noble gases), which subsequently mixed with significant amounts of heated meteoric water. Mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water is constrained by delta H-2(w)-delta O-18(w) relationships of fluid inclusions. The deep hydrothermal mineralization at the Sweet Home mine shows features similar to deep hydrothermal vein mineralization at Climax-type Mo deposits or on their periphery. This suggests that fluid migration and the deposition of ore and gangue minerals in the Sweet Home mine was triggered by a deep-seated magmatic intrusion. The findings of this study are in good agreement with the results of previous fluid inclusion studies of the mineralization of the Sweet Home mine and from Climax-type Mo porphyry deposits in the Colorado Mineral Belt.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LontsiGarciaJerezCamiloMolinaVillegasetal.2019,
  author    = {Lontsi, Agostiny Marrios and Garcia-Jerez, Antonio and Camilo Molina-Villegas, Juan and Jose Sanchez-Sesma, Francisco and Molkenthin, Christian and Ohrnberger, Matthias and Kr{\"u}ger, Frank and Wang, Rongjiang and Fah, Donat},
  title     = {A generalized theory for full microtremor horizontal-to-vertical [H/V(z,f)] spectral ratio interpretation in offshore and onshore environments},
  series = {Geophysical journal international},
  volume    = {218},
  journal   = {Geophysical journal international},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Oxford Univ. Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {0956-540X},
  doi       = {10.1093/gji/ggz223},
  pages     = {1276 -- 1297},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Advances in the field of seismic interferometry have provided a basic theoretical interpretation to the full spectrum of the microtremor horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio [H/V(f)]. The interpretation has been applied to ambient seismic noise data recorded both at the surface and at depth. The new algorithm, based on the diffuse wavefield assumption, has been used in inversion schemes to estimate seismic wave velocity profiles that are useful input information for engineering and exploration seismology both for earthquake hazard estimation and to characterize surficial sediments. However, until now, the developed algorithms are only suitable for on land environments with no offshore consideration. Here, the microtremor H/V(z, f) modelling is extended for applications to marine sedimentary environments for a 1-D layered medium. The layer propagator matrix formulation is used for the computation of the required Green's functions. Therefore, in the presence of a water layer on top, the propagator matrix for the uppermost layer is defined to account for the properties of the water column. As an application example we analyse eight simple canonical layered earth models. Frequencies ranging from 0.2 to 50 Hz are considered as they cover a broad wavelength interval and aid in practice to investigate subsurface structures in the depth range from a few meters to a few hundreds of meters. Results show a marginal variation of 8 per cent at most for the fundamental frequency when a water layer is present. The water layer leads to variations in H/V peak amplitude of up to 50 per cent atop the solid layers.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BaroniTarantola2014,
  author    = {Baroni, Gabriele and Tarantola, S.},
  title     = {A general probabilistic framework for uncertainty and global sensitivity analysis of deterministic models: A hydrological case study},
  series = {Environmental modelling \& software with environment data news},
  volume    = {51},
  journal   = {Environmental modelling \& software with environment data news},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1364-8152},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.envsoft.2013.09.022},
  pages     = {26 -- 34},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The present study proposes a General Probabilistic Framework (GPF) for uncertainty and global sensitivity analysis of deterministic models in which, in addition to scalar inputs, non-scalar and correlated inputs can be considered as well. The analysis is conducted with the variance-based approach of Sobol/Saltelli where first and total sensitivity indices are estimated. The results of the framework can be used in a loop for model improvement, parameter estimation or model simplification. The framework is applied to SWAP, a 113 hydrological model for the transport of water, solutes and heat in unsaturated and saturated soils. The sources of uncertainty are grouped in five main classes: model structure (soil discretization), input (weather data), time-varying (crop) parameters, scalar parameters (soil properties) and observations (measured soil moisture). For each source of uncertainty, different realizations are created based on direct monitoring activities. Uncertainty of evapotranspiration, soil moisture in the root zone and bottom fluxes below the root zone are considered in the analysis. The results show that the sources of uncertainty are different for each output considered and it is necessary to consider multiple output variables for a proper assessment of the model. Improvements on the performance of the model can be achieved reducing the uncertainty in the observations, in the soil parameters and in the weather data. Overall, the study shows the capability of the GPF to quantify the relative contribution of the different sources of uncertainty and to identify the priorities required to improve the performance of the model. The proposed framework can be extended to a wide variety of modelling applications, also when direct measurements of model output are not available.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HerzschuhWinterWuennemannetal.2006,
  author    = {Herzschuh, Ulrike and Winter, Katja and W{\"u}nnemann, Bernd and Li, Shijie},
  title     = {A general cooling trend on the central Tibetan Plateau throughout the Holocene recorded by the Lake Zigetang pollen spectra},
  series = {Quaternary international : the journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research},
  volume    = {154},
  journal   = {Quaternary international : the journal of the International Union for Quaternary Research},
  publisher = {Pergamon Press},
  address   = {Oxford},
  issn      = {1040-6182},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.quaint.2006.02.005},
  pages     = {113 -- 121},
  year      = {2006},
  abstract  = {A 741-cm-long laminated sediment core, covering the last 10,800 years was collected from Lake Zigetang, central Tibetan Plateau (90.9 degrees E, 32.0 degrees N, 4560m a.s.l.), and analysed palynologically at 69 horizons. Biome reconstruction suggests a dominance of temperate steppe vegetation (mainly Artemisia and Poaceae) on the central Tibetan Plateau during the first half of the Holocene (10.8-4.4 cal. ka BP), while alpine steppes with desert elements (mainly Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Chenopodiaceae, and characteristic high-alpine herb families) tend to dominate the second half (4.4-0 cal. ka BP). The Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio-a semi-quantitative measure for summer temperature-indicates a general cooling trend throughout the Holocene. Dense temperate steppe vegetation and maximum desert plant withdrawal, however, indicate that a suitable balance of wet and warm conditions for optimum vegetation growth likely occurred during the middle Holocene (7.3-4.4 cal. ka BP). Severe Early Holocene cold events have been reconstructed for 8.7-8.3 and similar to 7.4 cal. ka BP. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaerkerPelacaniSchroeder2011,
  author    = {Maerker, Michael and Pelacani, Samanta and Schroeder, Boris},
  title     = {A functional entity approach to predict soil erosion processes in a small Plio-Pleistocene Mediterranean catchment in Northern Chianti, Italy},
  series = {Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology},
  volume    = {125},
  journal   = {Geomorphology : an international journal on pure and applied geomorphology},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0169-555X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.10.022},
  pages     = {530 -- 540},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {In this paper we evaluate different methods to predict soil erosion processes. We derived different layers of predictor variables for the study area in the Northern Chianti, Italy, describing the soil-lithologic complex, land use, and topographic characteristics. For a subcatchment of the Orme River, we mapped erosion processes by interpreting aerial photographs and field observations. These were classified as erosional response units (ERU), i.e. spatial areas of homogeneous erosion processes. The ERU were used as the response variable in the soil erosion modelling process. We applied two models i) bootstrap aggregation (Random Forest: RF), and ii) stochastic gradient boosting (TreeNet: TN) to predict the potential spatial distribution of erosion processes for the entire Orme River catchment. The models are statistically evaluated using training data and a set of performance parameters such as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), Cohen's Kappa, and pseudo R2. Variable importance and response curves provide further insight into controlling factors of erosion. Both models provided good performance in terms of classification and calibration; however, TN outperformed RF. Similar classes such as active and inactive landslides can be discriminated and well interpreted by considering response curves and relative variable importance. The spatial distribution of the predicted erosion susceptibilities generally follows topographic constraints and is similar for both models. Hence, the model-based delineation of ERU on the basis of soil and terrain information is a valuable tool in geomorphology; it provides insights into factors controlling erosion processes and may allow the extrapolation and prediction of erosion processes in unsurveyed areas.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BuschMeissnerPotthoffetal.2015,
  author    = {Busch, Jan Philip and Meißner, Tobias and Potthoff, Annegret and Bleyl, Steffen and Georgi, Anett and Mackenzie, Katrin and Trabitzsch, Ralf and Werban, Ulrike and Oswald, Sascha},
  title     = {A field investigation on transport of carbon-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) in groundwater},
  series = {Journal of contaminant hydrology},
  volume    = {181},
  journal   = {Journal of contaminant hydrology},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0169-7722},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jconhyd.2015.03.009},
  pages     = {59 -- 68},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The application of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) for subsurface remediation of groundwater contaminants is a promising new technology, which can be understood as alternative to the permeable reactive barrier technique using granular iron. Dechlorination of organic contaminants by zero-valent iron seems promising. Currently, one limitation to widespread deployment is the fast agglomeration and sedimentation of nZVI in colloidal suspensions, even more so when in soils and sediments, which limits the applicability for the treatment of sources and plumes of contamination. Colloid-supported nZVI shows promising characteristics to overcome these limitations. Mobility of Carbo-Iron Colloids (CIC) - a newly developed composite material based on finely ground activated carbon as a carrier for nZVI - was tested in a field application: In this study, a horizontal dipole flow field was established between two wells separated by 53 m in a confined, natural aquifer. The injection/extraction rate was 500 L/h. Approximately 12 kg of CIC was suspended with the polyanionic stabilizer carboxymethyl cellulose. The suspension was introduced into the aquifer at the injection well. Breakthrough of CIC was observed visually and based on total particle and iron concentrations detected in samples from the extraction well. Filtration of water samples revealed a particle breakthrough of about 12\% of the amount introduced. This demonstrates high mobility of CIC particles and we suggest that nZVI carried on CIC can be used for contaminant plume remediation by in-situ formation of reactive barriers. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Muksin2014,
  author    = {Muksin, Umar},
  title     = {A fault-controlled geothermal system in Tarutung (North Sumatra, Indonesia)investigated by seismological analysis},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-72065},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2014},
  abstract  = {The seismic structure (Vp, Vp/Vs, and Qp anomalies) contributes to the physical properties and the lithology of rocks and possible fluid distribution in the region. The Vp model images the geometry of the Tarutung and the Sarulla basins. Both basins have a depth of around 2.0 km. High Vp/Vs and high attenuation (low Qp) anomalies are observed along the Sarulla graben associated with a weak zone caused by volcanic activities along the graben. Low Vp/Vs and low conductivity anomalies are found in the west of the Tarutung basin. This anomaly is interpreted as dry, compact, and rigid granitic rock in the region as also found by geological observations. Low Vp, high Vp/Vs and low Qp anomalies are found at the east of the Tarutung basin which appear to be associated with the three big geothermal manifestations in Sipoholon, Hutabarat, and Panabungan area. These anomalies are connected with high Vp/Vs and low Qp anomalies below the Tarutung basin at depth of around 3 - 10 km. This suggests that these geothermal manifestations are fed by the same source of the hot fluid below the Tarutung basin. The hot fluids from below the Tarutung basin propagate to the more dilatational and more permeable zone in the northeast. Granite found in the west of the Tarutung basin could also be abundant underneath the basin at a certain depth so that it prevents the hot fluid to be transported directly to the Tarutung basin. High seismic attenuation and low Vp/Vs anomalies are found in the southwest of the Tarutung basin below the Martimbang volcano. These anomalies are associated with hot rock below the volcano without or with less amount of partial melting. There is no indication that the volcano controls the geothermal system around the Tarutung basin. The geothermal resources around the Tarutung basin is a fault-controlled system as a result of deep circulation of fluids. Outside of the basin, the seismicity delineation and the focal mechanism correlate with the shape and the characteristics of the strike-slip Sumatran fault. Within the Tarutung basin, the seismicity is distributed more broadly which coincides with the margin of the basin. An extensional duplex system in the Tarutung basin is derived from the seismicity and focal mechanism analysis which is also consistent with the geological observations. The vertical distribution of the seismicity suggests the presence of a negative flower structure within the Tarutung basin.},
  language  = {de}
}
@article{HartmanGentzSchilleretal.2018,
  author    = {Hartman, Jan F. and Gentz, Torben and Schiller, Amanda and Greule, Markus and Grossart, Hans-Peter and Ionescu, Danny and Keppler, Frank and Martinez-Cruz, Karla and Sepulveda-Jauregui, Armando and Isenbeck-Schroeter, Margot},
  title     = {A f ast and sensitive method for the continuous in situ determination of dissolved methane and its delta C-13-isotope ratio in surface waters},
  series = {Limnology and Oceanography-methods},
  volume    = {16},
  journal   = {Limnology and Oceanography-methods},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {1541-5856},
  doi       = {10.1002/lom3.10244},
  pages     = {273 -- 285},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {A fast and sensitive method for the continuous determination of methane (CH4) and its stable carbon isotopic values (delta C-13-CH4) in surface waters was developed by applying a vacuum to a gas/liquid exchange membrane and measuring the extracted gases by a portable cavity ring-down spectroscopy analyser (M-CRDS). The M-CRDS was calibrated and characterized for CH4 concentration and delta C-13-CH4 with synthetic water standards. The detection limit of the M-CRDS for the simultaneous determination of CH4 and delta C-13-CH4 is 3.6 nmol L-1 CH4. A measurement precision of CH4 concentrations and delta C-13-CH4 in the range of 1.1\%, respectively, 1.7 parts per thousand (1 sigma) and accuracy (1.3\%, respectively, 0.8 parts per thousand [1 sigma]) was achieved for single measurements and averaging times of 10 min. The response time tau of 57 +/- 5 s allow determination of delta C-13-CH4 values more than twice as fast than other methods. The demonstrated M-CRDS method was applied and tested for Lake Stechlin (Germany) and compared with the headspace-gas chromatography and fast membrane CH4 concentration methods. Maximum CH4 concentrations (577 nmol L-1) and lightest delta C-13-CH4 (-35.2 parts per thousand) were found around the thermocline in depth profile measurements. The M-CRDS-method was in good agreement with other methods. Temporal variations in CH4 concentration and delta C-13-CH4 obtained in 24 h measurements indicate either local methane production/oxidation or physical variations in the thermocline. Therefore, these results illustrate the need of fast and sensitive analyses to achieve a better understanding of different mechanisms and pathways of CH4 formation in aquatic environments.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{RachKahmenBraueretal.2017,
  author    = {Rach, Oliver and Kahmen, Ansgar and Brauer, Achim and Sachse, Dirk},
  title     = {A dual-biomarker approach for quantification of changes in relative humidity from sedimentary lipid D/H ratios},
  series = {Climate of the past : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Climate of the past : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1814-9324},
  doi       = {10.5194/cp-13-741-2017},
  pages     = {741 -- 757},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Past climatic change can be reconstructed from sedimentary archives by a number of proxies. However, few methods exist to directly estimate hydrological changes and even fewer result in quantitative data, impeding our understanding of the timing, magnitude and mechanisms of hydrological changes. Here we present a novel approach based on delta H-2 values of sedimentary lipid biomarkers in combination with plant physiological modeling to extract quantitative information on past changes in relative humidity. Our initial application to an annually laminated lacustrine sediment sequence from western Europe deposited during the Younger Dryas cold period revealed relative humidity changes of up to 15\% over sub-centennial timescales, leading to major ecosystem changes, in agreement with palynological data from the region. We show that by combining organic geochemical methods and mechanistic plant physiological models on well characterized lacustrine archives it is possible to extract quantitative ecohydrological parameters from sedimentary lipid biomarker delta H-2 data.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{JambrinaEnriquezSachseValeroGarces2016,
  author    = {Jambrina-Enriquez, Margarita and Sachse, Dirk and Valero-Garces, Blas L.},
  title     = {A deglaciation and Holocene biomarker-based reconstruction of climate and environmental variability in NW Iberian Peninsula: the Sanabria Lake sequence},
  series = {Journal of paleolimnolog},
  volume    = {56},
  journal   = {Journal of paleolimnolog},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-2728},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10933-016-9890-6},
  pages     = {49 -- 66},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The molecular biomarker composition of two sediment cores from Sanabria Lake (NW Iberian Peninsula) and a survey of modern plants in the watershed provide a reconstruction of past vegetation and landscape dynamics since deglaciation. During a proglacial stage in Lake Sanabria (prior to 14.7 cal ka BP), very low biomarker concentration and carbon preference index (CPI) values similar to 1 suggest that the n-alkanes could have derived from eroded ancient sediment sources or older organic matter with high degree of maturity. During the Late glacial (14.7-11.7 cal ka BP) and the Holocene (last 11.7 cal ka BP) intervals with higher biomarker and triterpenoid concentrations (high \%nC(29) , nC(31) alkanes), higher CPI and average carbon length (ACL), and lower P-aq (proportion of aquatic plants) are indicative of major contribution of vascular land plants from a more forested watershed (e.g. Mid Holocene period 7.0-4.0 cal ka BP). Lower biomarker concentrations (high \%nC(27) alkanes), CPI and ACL values responded to short phases with decreased allochthonous contribution into the lake that correspond to centennial-scale periods of regional forest decline (e.g. 4-3 ka BP, Roman deforestation after 2.0 ka, and some phases of the LIA, seventeenth-nineteenth centuries). Human activities in the watershed were significant during early medieval times (1.3-1.0 cal ka BP) and since 1960 CE, in both cases associated with relatively higher productivity stages in the lake (lower biomarker and triterpenoid concentrations, high \%nC(23) and \%nC(31) respectively, lower ACL and CPI values and higher P-aq). The lipid composition of Sanabria Lake sediments indicates a major allochthonous (watershed-derived) contribution to the organic matter budget since deglaciation, and a dominant oligotrophic status during the lake history. The study constrains the climate and anthropogenic forcings and watershed versus lake sources in organic matter accumulation processes and helps to design conservation and management policies in mountain, oligotrophic lakes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KriegerowskiPetersenVasyuraBathkeetal.2018,
  author    = {Kriegerowski, Marius and Petersen, Gesa Maria and Vasyura-Bathke, Hannes and Ohrnberger, Matthias},
  title     = {A Deep Convolutional Neural Network for Localization of Clustered Earthquakes Based on Multistation Full Waveforms},
  series = {Seismological research letters},
  volume    = {90},
  journal   = {Seismological research letters},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Seismological Society of America},
  address   = {Albany},
  issn      = {0895-0695},
  doi       = {10.1785/0220180320},
  pages     = {510 -- 516},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Earthquake localization is both a necessity within the field of seismology, and a prerequisite for further analysis such as source studies and hazard assessment. Traditional localization methods often rely on manually picked phases. We present an alternative approach using deep learning that once trained can predict hypocenter locations efficiently. In seismology, neural networks have typically been trained with either single-station records or based on features that have been extracted previously from the waveforms. We use three-component full-waveform records of multiple stations directly. This means no information is lost during preprocessing and preparation of the data does not require expert knowledge. The first convolutional layer of our deep convolutional neural network (CNN) becomes sensitive to features that characterize the waveforms it is trained on. We show that this layer can therefore additionally be used as an event detector. As a test case, we trained our CNN using more than 2000 earthquake swarm events from West Bohemia, recorded by nine local three-component stations. The CNN successfully located 908 validation events with standard deviations of 56.4 m in east-west, 123.8 m in north-south, and 136.3 m in vertical direction compared to a double-difference relocated reference catalog. The detector is sensitive to events with magnitudes down to M-L = -0.8 with 3.5\% false positive detections.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ToetzkeMankeGaiselmannetal.2015,
  author    = {T{\"o}tzke, Christian and Manke, Ingo and Gaiselmann, Gerd and Bohner, John and M{\"u}ller, Bernd R. and Kupsch, Andreas and Hentschel, Manfred P. and Schmidt, Volker and Banhart, Jens and Lehnert, Werner},
  title     = {A dedicated compression device for high resolution X-ray tomography of compressed gas diffusion layers},
  series = {Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques},
  volume    = {86},
  journal   = {Review of scientific instruments : a monthly journal devoted to scientific instruments, apparatus, and techniques},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
  address   = {Melville},
  issn      = {0034-6748},
  doi       = {10.1063/1.4918291},
  pages     = {6},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {We present an experimental approach to study the three-dimensional microstructure of gas diffusion layer (GDL) materials under realistic compression conditions. A dedicated compression device was designed that allows for synchrotron-tomographic investigation of circular samples under well-defined compression conditions. The tomographic data provide the experimental basis for stochastic modeling of nonwoven GDL materials. A plain compression tool is used to study the fiber courses in the material at different compression stages. Transport relevant geometrical parameters, such as porosity, pore size, and tortuosity distributions, are exemplarily evaluated for a GDL sample in the uncompressed state and for a compression of 30 vol.\%. To mimic the geometry of the flow-field, we employed a compression punch with an integrated channel-rib-profile. It turned out that the GDL material is homogeneously compressed under the ribs, however, much less compressed underneath the channel. GDL fibers extend far into the channel volume where they might interfere with the convective gas transport and the removal of liquid water from the cell. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ParkStolleXiongetal.2015,
  author    = {Park, Jaeheung and Stolle, Claudia and Xiong, Chao and L{\"u}hr, Hermann and Pfaff, Robert F. and Buchert, Stephan and Martinis, Carlos R.},
  title     = {A dayside plasma depletion observed at midlatitudes during quiet geomagnetic conditions},
  series = {Geophysical research letters},
  volume    = {42},
  journal   = {Geophysical research letters},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0094-8276},
  doi       = {10.1002/2014GL062655},
  pages     = {967 -- 974},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {In this study we investigate a dayside, midlatitude plasma depletion (DMLPD) encountered on 22 May 2014 by the Swarm and GRACE satellites, as well as ground-based instruments. The DMLPD was observed near Puerto Rico by Swarm near 10 LT under quiet geomagnetic conditions at altitudes of 475-520 km and magnetic latitudes of similar to 25 degrees-30 degrees. The DMLPD was also revealed in total electron content observations by the Saint Croix station and by the GRACE satellites (430 km) near 16 LT and near the same geographic location. The unique Swarm constellation enables the horizontal tilt of the DMLPD to be measured (35 degrees clockwise from the geomagnetic east-west direction). Ground-based airglow images at Arecibo showed no evidence for plasma density depletions during the night prior to this dayside event. The C/NOFS equatorial satellite showed evidence for very modest plasma density depletions that had rotated into the morningside from nightside. However, the equatorial depletions do not appear related to the DMLPD, for which the magnetic apex height is about 2500 km. The origins of the DMLPD are unknown, but may be related to gravity waves.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BrillPassuniPinedaEspichanCuyaetal.2020,
  author    = {Brill, Fabio Alexander and Passuni Pineda, Silvia and Espichan Cuya, Bruno and Kreibich, Heidi},
  title     = {A data-mining approach towards damage modelling for El Nino events in Peru},
  series = {Geomatics, natural hazards and risk},
  volume    = {11},
  journal   = {Geomatics, natural hazards and risk},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {1947-5705},
  doi       = {10.1080/19475705.2020.1818636},
  pages     = {1966 -- 1990},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Compound natural hazards likeEl Ninoevents cause high damage to society, which to manage requires reliable risk assessments. Damage modelling is a prerequisite for quantitative risk estimations, yet many procedures still rely on expert knowledge, and empirical studies investigating damage from compound natural hazards hardly exist. A nationwide building survey in Peru after theEl Ninoevent 2017 - which caused intense rainfall, ponding water, flash floods and landslides - enables us to apply data-mining methods for statistical groundwork, using explanatory features generated from remote sensing products and open data. We separate regions of different dominant characteristics through unsupervised clustering, and investigate feature importance rankings for classifying damage via supervised machine learning. Besides the expected effect of precipitation, the classification algorithms select the topographic wetness index as most important feature, especially in low elevation areas. The slope length and steepness factor ranks high for mountains and canyons. Partial dependence plots further hint at amplified vulnerability in rural areas. An example of an empirical damage probability map, developed with a random forest model, is provided to demonstrate the technical feasibility.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{LotzeCampenVerburgPoppetal.2017,
  author    = {Lotze-Campen, Hermann and Verburg, Peter H. and Popp, Alexander and Lindner, Marcus and Verkerk, Pieter J. and Moiseyev, Alexander and Schrammeijer, Elizabeth and Helming, John and Tabeau, Andrzej and Schulp, Catharina J. E. and van der Zanden, Emma H. and Lavalle, Carlo and Batista e Silva, Filipe and Walz, Ariane and Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon},
  title     = {A cross-scale impact assessment of European nature protection policies under contrasting future socio-economic pathways},
  series = {Regional environmental change},
  volume    = {18},
  journal   = {Regional environmental change},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Heidelberg},
  issn      = {1436-3798},
  doi       = {10.1007/s10113-017-1167-8},
  pages     = {751 -- 762},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Protection of natural or semi-natural ecosystems is an important part of societal strategies for maintaining biodiversity, ecosystem services, and achieving overall sustainable development. The assessment of multiple emerging land use trade-offs is complicated by the fact that land use changes occur and have consequences at local, regional, and even global scale. Outcomes also depend on the underlying socio-economic trends. We apply a coupled, multi-scale modelling system to assess an increase in nature protection areas as a key policy option in the European Union (EU). The main goal of the analysis is to understand the interactions between policy-induced land use changes across different scales and sectors under two contrasting future socio-economic pathways. We demonstrate how complementary insights into land system change can be gained by coupling land use models for agriculture, forestry, and urban areas for Europe, in connection with other world regions. The simulated policy case of nature protection shows how the allocation of a certain share of total available land to newly protected areas, with specific management restrictions imposed, may have a range of impacts on different land-based sectors until the year 2040. Agricultural land in Europe is slightly reduced, which is partly compensated for by higher management intensity. As a consequence of higher costs, total calorie supply per capita is reduced within the EU. While wood harvest is projected to decrease, carbon sequestration rates increase in European forests. At the same time, imports of industrial roundwood from other world regions are expected to increase. Some of the aggregate effects of nature protection have very different implications at the local to regional scale in different parts of Europe. Due to nature protection measures, agricultural production is shifted from more productive land in Europe to on average less productive land in other parts of the world. This increases, at the global level, the allocation of land resources for agriculture, leading to a decrease in tropical forest areas, reduced carbon stocks, and higher greenhouse gas emissions outside of Europe. The integrated modelling framework provides a method to assess the land use effects of a single policy option while accounting for the trade-offs between locations, and between regional, European, and global scales.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ScheweLevermannCheng2012,
  author    = {Schewe, Jacob and Levermann, Anders and Cheng, Hai},
  title     = {A critical humidity threshold for monsoon transitions},
  series = {Climate of the past : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Climate of the past : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1814-9324},
  doi       = {10.5194/cp-8-535-2012},
  pages     = {535 -- 544},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Monsoon systems around the world are governed by the so-called moisture-advection feedback. Here we show that, in a minimal conceptual model, this feedback implies a critical threshold with respect to the atmospheric specific humidity q(o) over the ocean adjacent to the monsoon region. If q(o) falls short of this critical value q(o)(c), monsoon rainfall over land cannot be sustained. Such a case could occur if evaporation from the ocean was reduced, e.g. due to low sea surface temperatures. Within the restrictions of the conceptual model, we estimate q(o)(c) from present-day reanalysis data for four major monsoon systems, and demonstrate how this concept can help understand abrupt variations in monsoon strength on orbital timescales as found in proxy records.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{EberliBernoulliVecseietal.2019,
  author    = {Eberli, Gregor P. and Bernoulli, Daniel and Vecsei, Adam and Sekti, Rizky and Grasmueck, Mark and L{\"u}dmann, Thomas and Anselmetti, Flavio S. and Mutti, Maria and Della Porta, Giovanna},
  title     = {A Cretaceous carbonate delta drift in the Montagna della Maiella, Italy},
  series = {Sedimentology : the journal of the International Association of Sedimentologists},
  volume    = {66},
  journal   = {Sedimentology : the journal of the International Association of Sedimentologists},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0037-0746},
  doi       = {10.1111/sed.12590},
  pages     = {1266 -- 1301},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) bioclastic wedge of the Orfento Formation in the Montagna della Maiella, Italy, is compared to newly discovered contourite drifts in the Maldives. Like the drift deposits in the Maldives, the Orfento Formation fills a channel and builds a Miocene delta-shaped and mounded sedimentary body in the basin that is similar in size to the approximately 350 km(2) large coarse-grained bioclastic Miocene delta drifts in the Maldives. The composition of the bioclastic wedge of the Orfento Formation is also exclusively bioclastic debris sourced from the shallow-water areas and reworked clasts of the Orfento Formation itself. In the near mud-free succession, age-diagnostic fossils are sparse. The depositional textures vary from wackestone to float-rudstone and breccia/conglomerates, but rocks with grainstone and rudstone textures are the most common facies. In the channel, lensoid convex-upward breccias, cross-cutting channelized beds and thick grainstone lobes with abundant scours indicate alternating erosion and deposition from a high-energy current. In the basin, the mounded sedimentary body contains lobes with a divergent progradational geometry. The lobes are built by decametre thick composite megabeds consisting of sigmoidal clinoforms that typically have a channelized topset, a grainy foreset and a fine-grained bottomset with abundant irregular angular clasts. Up to 30 m thick channels filled with intraformational breccias and coarse grainstones pinch out downslope between the megabeds. In the distal portion of the wedge, stacked grainstone beds with foresets and reworked intraclasts document continuous sediment reworking and migration. The bioclastic wedge of the Orfento Formation has been variously interpreted as a succession of sea-level controlled slope deposits, a shoaling shoreface complex, or a carbonate tidal delta. Current-controlled delta drifts in the Maldives, however, offer a new interpretation because of their similarity in architecture and composition. These similarities include: (i) a feeder channel opening into the basin; (ii) an excavation moat at the exit of the channel; (iii) an overall mounded geometry with an apex that is in shallower water depth than the source channel; (iv) progradation of stacked lobes; (v) channels that pinch out in a basinward direction; and (vi) smaller channelized intervals that are arranged in a radial pattern. As a result, the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) bioclastic wedge of the Orfento Formation in the Montagna della Maiella, Italy, is here interpreted as a carbonate delta drift.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Buerger2018,
  author    = {B{\"u}rger, Gerd},
  title     = {A counterexample to decomposing climate shifts and trends by weather types},
  series = {International Journal of Climatology},
  volume    = {38},
  journal   = {International Journal of Climatology},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0899-8418},
  doi       = {10.1002/joc.5519},
  pages     = {3732 -- 3735},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {The literature contains a sizable number of publications where weather types are used to decompose climate shifts or trends into contributions of frequency and mean of those types. They are all based on the product rule, that is, a transformation of a product of sums into a sum of products, the latter providing the decomposition. While there is nothing to argue about the transformation itself, its interpretation as a climate shift or trend decomposition is bound to fail. While the case of a climate shift may be viewed as an incomplete description of a more complex behaviour, trend decomposition indeed produces bogus trends, as demonstrated by a synthetic counterexample with well-defined trends in type frequency and mean. Consequently, decompositions based on that transformation, be it for climate shifts or trends, must not be used.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{DahmHainzl2022,
  author    = {Dahm, Torsten and Hainzl, Sebastian},
  title     = {A Coulomb stress response model for time-dependent earthquake forecasts},
  series = {Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth},
  volume    = {127},
  journal   = {Journal of geophysical research : Solid earth},
  number    = {9},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2169-9313},
  doi       = {10.1029/2022JB024443},
  pages     = {19},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Seismicity models are probabilistic forecasts of earthquake rates to support seismic hazard assessment. Physics-based models allow extrapolating previously unsampled parameter ranges and enable conclusions on underlying tectonic or human-induced processes. The Coulomb Failure (CF) and the rate-and-state (RS) models are two widely used physics-based seismicity models both assuming pre-existing populations of faults responding to Coulomb stress changes. The CF model depends on the absolute Coulomb stress and assumes instantaneous triggering if stress exceeds a threshold, while the RS model only depends on stress changes. Both models can predict background earthquake rates and time-dependent stress effects, but the RS model with its three independent parameters can additionally explain delayed aftershock triggering. This study introduces a modified CF model where the instantaneous triggering is replaced by a mean time-to-failure depending on the absolute stress value. For the specific choice of an exponential dependence on stress and a stationary initial seismicity rate, we show that the model leads to identical results as the RS model and reproduces the Omori-Utsu relation for aftershock decays as well stress-shadowing effects. Thus, both CF and RS models can be seen as special cases of the new model. However, the new stress response model can also account for subcritical initial stress conditions and alternative functions of the mean time-to-failure depending on the problem and fracture mode.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WinterSchneebergerDungetal.2019,
  author    = {Winter, Benjamin and Schneeberger, Klaus and Dung, N. V. and Huttenlau, M. and Achleitner, S. and St{\"o}tter, J. and Merz, Bruno and Vorogushyn, Sergiy},
  title     = {A continuous modelling approach for design flood estimation on sub-daily time scale},
  series = {Hydrological sciences journal = Journal des sciences hydrologiques},
  volume    = {64},
  journal   = {Hydrological sciences journal = Journal des sciences hydrologiques},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0262-6667},
  doi       = {10.1080/02626667.2019.1593419},
  pages     = {539 -- 554},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Design flood estimation is an essential part of flood risk assessment. Commonly applied are flood frequency analyses and design storm approaches, while the derived flood frequency using continuous simulation has been getting more attention recently. In this study, a continuous hydrological modelling approach on an hourly time scale, driven by a multi-site weather generator in combination with a -nearest neighbour resampling procedure, based on the method of fragments, is applied. The derived 100-year flood estimates in 16 catchments in Vorarlberg (Austria) are compared to (a) the flood frequency analysis based on observed discharges, and (b) a design storm approach. Besides the peak flows, the corresponding runoff volumes are analysed. The spatial dependence structure of the synthetically generated flood peaks is validated against observations. It can be demonstrated that the continuous modelling approach can achieve plausible results and shows a large variability in runoff volume across the flood events.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WilkeAppelVinczeetal.2010,
  author    = {Wilke, Max and Appel, Karen and Vincze, Laszlo and Schmidt, Christian and Borchert, Manuela and Pascarelli, Sakura},
  title     = {A confocal set-up for micro-XRF and XAFS experiments using diamond-anvil cells},
  issn      = {0909-0495},
  doi       = {10.1107/S0909049510023654},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {A confocal set-up is presented that improves micro-XRF and XAFS experiment with high-pressure e diamond-anvil cells (DACs) In this experiment a probing volume is defined by the focus of the incoming synchrotron radiation beam and that of a polycapillary X-ray half-lens with a very long working distance, which is placed in front of the fluorescence detector This set-up enhances the quality of the fluorescence and XAFS spectra, and thus the sensitivity for detecting elements at low concentrations. It efficiently suppresses signal from outside the sample chamber, which stems from elastic and inelastic scattering of the incoming beam by the diamond anvils as well as from excitation of fluorescence from the body of the DAC},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{WiggeringSteinhardt2015,
  author    = {Wiggering, Hubert and Steinhardt, Uta},
  title     = {A conceptual model for site-specific agricultural land-use},
  series = {Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog},
  volume    = {295},
  journal   = {Ecological modelling : international journal on ecological modelling and engineering and systems ecolog},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0304-3800},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.08.011},
  pages     = {42 -- 46},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Land-use concepts provide decision support for the most efficient usage options according to sustainable development and multifunctionality requirements. However, developments in landscape-related, agricultural production schemes are primarily driven by economic benefits. Therefore, most agricultural land-use concepts tackle particular problems or interests and lack a systemic perspective. As a result, we discuss a conceptual model for future site-specific agricultural land-use with an inbuilt requirement for adequate experimental sites to enable monitoring systems for a new generation of ecosystem models and for new approaches to address science-stakeholder interactions.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ZhangWielandReicheetal.2012,
  author    = {Zhang, Zhuo-dong and Wieland, Ralf and Reiche, Matthias and Funk, Roger and Hoffmann, Carsten and Li, Yong and Sommer, Michael},
  title     = {A computational fluid dynamics model for wind simulation: model implementation and experimental validation},
  series = {Journal of Zhejiang University : an international journal ; Science A, Applied physics \& engineering : an international applied physics \& engineering journal},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Journal of Zhejiang University : an international journal ; Science A, Applied physics \& engineering : an international applied physics \& engineering journal},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Zhejiang University Press},
  address   = {Hangzou},
  issn      = {1673-565X},
  doi       = {10.1631/jzus.A1100231},
  pages     = {274 -- 283},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {To provide physically based wind modelling for wind erosion research at regional scale, a 3D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) wind model was developed. The model was programmed in C language based on the Navier-Stokes equations, and it is freely available as open source. Integrated with the spatial analysis and modelling tool (SAMT), the wind model has convenient input preparation and powerful output visualization. To validate the wind model, a series of experiments was conducted in a wind tunnel. A blocking inflow experiment was designed to test the performance of the model on simulation of basic fluid processes. A round obstacle experiment was designed to check if the model could simulate the influences of the obstacle on wind field. Results show that measured and simulated wind fields have high correlations, and the wind model can simulate both the basic processes of the wind and the influences of the obstacle on the wind field. These results show the high reliability of the wind model. A digital elevation model (DEM) of an area (3800 m long and 1700 m wide) in the Xilingele grassland in Inner Mongolia (autonomous region, China) was applied to the model, and a 3D wind field has been successfully generated. The clear implementation of the model and the adequate validation by wind tunnel experiments laid a solid foundation for the prediction and assessment of wind erosion at regional scale.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ArboledaZapataGuillemoteauTronicke2022,
  author    = {Arboleda-Zapata, Mauricio and Guillemoteau, Julien and Tronicke, Jens},
  title     = {A comprehensive workflow to analyze ensembles of globally inverted 2D electrical resistivity models},
  series = {Journal of applied geophysics},
  volume    = {196},
  journal   = {Journal of applied geophysics},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0926-9851},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.jappgeo.2021.104512},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) aims at imaging the subsurface resistivity distribution and provides valuable information for different geological, engineering, and hydrological applications. To obtain a subsurface resistivity model from measured apparent resistivities, stochastic or deterministic inversion procedures may be employed. Typically, the inversion of ERT data results in non-unique solutions; i.e., an ensemble of different models explains the measured data equally well. In this study, we perform inference analysis of model ensembles generated using a well-established global inversion approach to assess uncertainties related to the nonuniqueness of the inverse problem. Our interpretation strategy starts by establishing model selection criteria based on different statistical descriptors calculated from the data residuals. Then, we perform cluster analysis considering the inverted resistivity models and the corresponding data residuals. Finally, we evaluate model uncertainties and residual distributions for each cluster. To illustrate the potential of our approach, we use a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to obtain an ensemble of 2D layer-based resistivity models from a synthetic data example and a field data set collected in Loon-Plage, France. Our strategy performs well for both synthetic and field data and allows us to extract different plausible model scenarios with their associated uncertainties and data residual distributions. Although we demonstrate our workflow using 2D ERT data and a PSObased inversion approach, the proposed strategy is general and can be adapted to analyze model ensembles generated from other kinds of geophysical data and using different global inversion approaches.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AgarwalGuntuBanerjeeetal.2022,
  author    = {Agarwal, Ankit and Guntu, Ravikumar and Banerjee, Abhirup and Gadhawe, Mayuri Ashokrao and Marwan, Norbert},
  title     = {A complex network approach to study the extreme precipitation patterns in a river basin},
  series = {Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science},
  volume    = {32},
  journal   = {Chaos : an interdisciplinary journal of nonlinear science},
  number    = {1},
  publisher = {American Institute of Physics},
  address   = {Woodbury, NY},
  issn      = {1054-1500},
  doi       = {10.1063/5.0072520},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2022},
  abstract  = {The quantification of spatial propagation of extreme precipitation events is vital in water resources planning and disaster mitigation. However, quantifying these extreme events has always been challenging as many traditional methods are insufficient to capture the nonlinear interrelationships between extreme event time series. Therefore, it is crucial to develop suitable methods for analyzing the dynamics of extreme events over a river basin with a diverse climate and complicated topography. Over the last decade, complex network analysis emerged as a powerful tool to study the intricate spatiotemporal relationship between many variables in a compact way. In this study, we employ two nonlinear concepts of event synchronization and edit distance to investigate the extreme precipitation pattern in the Ganga river basin. We use the network degree to understand the spatial synchronization pattern of extreme rainfall and identify essential sites in the river basin with respect to potential prediction skills. The study also attempts to quantify the influence of precipitation seasonality and topography on extreme events. The findings of the study reveal that (1) the network degree is decreased in the southwest to northwest direction, (2) the timing of 50th percentile precipitation within a year influences the spatial distribution of degree, (3) the timing is inversely related to elevation, and (4) the lower elevation greatly influences connectivity of the sites. The study highlights that edit distance could be a promising alternative to analyze event-like data by incorporating event time and amplitude and constructing complex networks of climate extremes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{BoersGoswamiGhil2017,
  author    = {Boers, Niklas and Goswami, Bedartha and Ghil, Michael},
  title     = {A complete representation of uncertainties in layer-counted paleoclimatic archives},
  series = {Climate of the past : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  volume    = {13},
  journal   = {Climate of the past : an interactive open access journal of the European Geosciences Union},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1814-9324},
  doi       = {10.5194/cp-13-1169-2017},
  pages     = {12},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Accurate time series representation of paleoclimatic proxy records is challenging because such records involve dating errors in addition to proxy measurement errors. Rigorous attention is rarely given to age uncertainties in paleoclimatic research, although the latter can severely bias the results of proxy record analysis. Here, we introduce a Bayesian approach to represent layer-counted proxy records - such as ice cores, sediments, corals, or tree rings - as sequences of probability distributions on absolute, error-free time axes. The method accounts for both proxy measurement errors and uncertainties arising from layer-counting-based dating of the records. An application to oxygen isotope ratios from the North Greenland Ice Core Project (NGRIP) record reveals that the counting errors, although seemingly small, lead to substantial uncertainties in the final representation of the oxygen isotope ratios. In particular, for the older parts of the NGRIP record, our results show that the total uncertainty originating from dating errors has been seriously underestimated. Our method is next applied to deriving the overall uncertainties of the Suigetsu radiocarbon comparison curve, which was recently obtained from varved sediment cores at Lake Suigetsu, Japan. This curve provides the only terrestrial radiocarbon comparison for the time interval 12.5-52.8 kyr BP. The uncertainties derived here can be readily employed to obtain complete error estimates for arbitrary radiometrically dated proxy records of this recent part of the last glacial interval.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{PilzParolaiLeytonetal.2009,
  author    = {Pilz, Marco and Parolai, Stefano and Leyton, Felipe and Campos, Jaime and Zschau, Jochen},
  title     = {A comparison of site response techniques using earthquake data and ambient seismic noise analysis in the large urban areas of Santiago de Chile},
  issn      = {0956-540X},
  doi       = {10.1111/j.1365-246X.2009.04195.x},
  year      = {2009},
  abstract  = {Situated in an active tectonic region, Santiago de Chile, the country's capital with more than six million inhabitants, faces tremendous earthquake risk. Macroseismic data for the 1985 Valparaiso event show large variations in the distribution of damage to buildings within short distances, indicating strong effects of local sediments on ground motion. Therefore, a temporary seismic network was installed in the urban area for recording earthquake activity and a study was carried out aiming to estimate site amplification derived from horizontal-to- vertical (H/V) spectral ratios from earthquake data (EHV) and ambient noise (NHV), as well as using the standard spectral ratio (SSR) technique with a nearby reference station located on igneous rock. The results lead to the following conclusions: The analysis of earthquake data shows significant dependence on the local geological structure with respect to amplitude and duration. An amplification of ground motion at frequencies higher than the fundamental one can be found. This amplification would not be found when looking at NHV ratios alone. The analysis of NHV spectral ratios shows that they can only provide a lower bound in amplitude for site amplification. P-wave site responses always show lower amplitudes than those derived by S waves, and sometimes even fail to provide some frequencies of amplification. No variability in terms of time and amplitude is observed in the analysis of the H/V ratio of noise. Due to the geological conditions in some parts of the investigated area, the fundamental resonance frequency of a site is difficult to estimate following standard criteria proposed by the SESAME consortium, suggesting that these are too restrictive under certain circumstances.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Pilz2010,
  author    = {Pilz, Marco},
  title     = {A comparison of proxies for seismic site conditions and amplification for the large urban area of Santiago de Chile},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-52961},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {Situated in an active tectonic region, Santiago de Chile, the country´s capital with more than six million inhabitants, faces tremendous earthquake hazard. Macroseismic data for the 1985 Valparaiso and the 2010 Maule events show large variations in the distribution of damage to buildings within short distances indicating strong influence of local sediments and the shape of the sediment-bedrock interface on ground motion. Therefore, a temporary seismic network was installed in the urban area for recording earthquake activity, and a study was carried out aiming to estimate site amplification derived from earthquake data and ambient noise. The analysis of earthquake data shows significant dependence on the local geological structure with regards to amplitude and duration. Moreover, the analysis of noise spectral ratios shows that they can provide a lower bound in amplitude for site amplification and, since no variability in terms of time and amplitude is observed, that it is possible to map the fundamental resonance frequency of the soil for a 26 km x 12 km area in the northern part of the Santiago de Chile basin. By inverting the noise spectral rations, local shear wave velocity profiles could be derived under the constraint of the thickness of the sedimentary cover which had previously been determined by gravimetric measurements. The resulting 3D model was derived by interpolation between the single shear wave velocity profiles and shows locally good agreement with the few existing velocity profile data, but allows the entire area, as well as deeper parts of the basin, to be represented in greater detail. The wealth of available data allowed further to check if any correlation between the shear wave velocity in the uppermost 30 m (vs30) and the slope of topography, a new technique recently proposed by Wald and Allen (2007), exists on a local scale. While one lithology might provide a greater scatter in the velocity values for the investigated area, almost no correlation between topographic gradient and calculated vs30 exists, whereas a better link is found between vs30 and the local geology. When comparing the vs30 distribution with the MSK intensities for the 1985 Valparaiso event it becomes clear that high intensities are found where the expected vs30 values are low and over a thick sedimentary cover. Although this evidence cannot be generalized for all possible earthquakes, it indicates the influence of site effects modifying the ground motion when earthquakes occur well outside of the Santiago basin. Using the attained knowledge on the basin characteristics, simulations of strong ground motion within the Santiago Metropolitan area were carried out by means of the spectral element technique. The simulation of a regional event, which has also been recorded by a dense network installed in the city of Santiago for recording aftershock activity following the 27 February 2010 Maule earthquake, shows that the model is capable to realistically calculate ground motion in terms of amplitude, duration, and frequency and, moreover, that the surface topography and the shape of the sediment bedrock interface strongly modify ground motion in the Santiago basin. An examination on the dependency of ground motion on the hypocenter location for a hypothetical event occurring along the active San Ram{\´o}n fault, which is crossing the eastern outskirts of the city, shows that the unfavorable interaction between fault rupture, radiation mechanism, and complex geological conditions in the near-field may give rise to large values of peak ground velocity and therefore considerably increase the level of seismic risk for Santiago de Chile.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{ForbrichKutzbachHormannetal.2010,
  author    = {Forbrich, Inke and Kutzbach, Lars and Hormann, Annabell and Wilmking, Martin},
  title     = {A comparison of linear and exponential regression for estimating diffusive CH4 fluxes by closed-chambers in peatlands},
  issn      = {0038-0717},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.004},
  year      = {2010},
  abstract  = {The closed-chamber method is the most common approach to determine CH4 fluxes in peatlands. The concentration change in the chamber is monitored over time, and the flux is usually calculated by the slope of a linear regression function. Theoretically, the gas exchange cannot be constant over time but has to decrease, when the concentration gradient between chamber headspace and soil air decreases. In this study, we test whether we can detect this non- linearity in the concentration change during the chamber closure with six air samples. We expect generally a low concentration gradient on dry sites (hummocks) and thus the occurrence of exponential concentration changes in the chamber due to a quick equilibrium of gas concentrations between peat and chamber headspace. On wet (flarks) and sedge- covered sites (lawns), we expect a high gradient and near-linear concentration changes in the chamber. To evaluate these model assumptions, we calculate both linear and exponential regressions for a test data set (n = 597) from a Finnish mire. We use the Akaike Information Criterion with small sample second order bias correction to select the best-fitted model. 13.6\%, 19.2\% and 9.8\% of measurements on hummocks, lawns and flarks, respectively, were best fitted with an exponential regression model. A flux estimation derived from the slope of the exponential function at the beginning of the chamber closure can be significantly higher than using the slope of the linear regression function. Non-linear concentration-overtime curves occurred mostly during periods of changing water table. This could be due to either natural processes or chamber artefacts, e.g. initial pressure fluctuations during chamber deployment. To be able to exclude either natural processes or artefacts as cause of non-linearity, further information, e.g. CH4 concentration profile measurements in the peat, would be needed. If this is not available, the range of uncertainty can be substantial. We suggest to use the range between the slopes of the exponential regression at the beginning and at the end of the closure time as an estimate of the overall uncertainty.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SamprognaMohorHudsonThieken2020,
  author    = {Samprogna Mohor, Guilherme and Hudson, Paul and Thieken, Annegret},
  title     = {A comparison of factors driving flood losses in households affected by different flood types},
  series = {Water resources research},
  volume    = {56},
  journal   = {Water resources research},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0043-1397},
  doi       = {10.1029/2019WR025943},
  pages     = {20},
  year      = {2020},
  abstract  = {Flood loss data collection and modeling are not standardized, and previous work has indicated that losses from different flood types (e.g., riverine and groundwater) may follow different driving forces. However, different flood types may occur within a single flood event, which is known as a compound flood event. Therefore, we aimed to identify statistical similarities between loss-driving factors across flood types and test whether the corresponding losses should be modeled separately. In this study, we used empirical data from 4,418 respondents from four survey campaigns studying households in Germany that experienced flooding. These surveys sought to investigate several features of the impact process (hazard, socioeconomic, preparedness, and building characteristics, as well as flood type). While the level of most of these features differed across flood type subsamples (e.g., degree of preparedness), they did so in a nonregular pattern. A variable selection process indicates that besides hazard and building characteristics, information on property-level preparedness was also selected as a relevant predictor of the loss ratio. These variables represent information, which is rarely adopted in loss modeling. Models shall be refined with further data collection and other statistical methods. To save costs, data collection efforts should be steered toward the most relevant predictors to enhance data availability and increase the statistical power of results. Understanding that losses from different flood types are driven by different factors is a crucial step toward targeted data collection and model development and will finally clarify conditions that allow us to transfer loss models in space and time. <br /> Key Points <br /> Survey data of flood-affected households show different concurrent flood types, undermining the use of a single-flood-type loss model Thirteen variables addressing flood hazard, the building, and property level preparedness are significant predictors of the building loss ratio Flood type-specific models show varying significance across the predictor variables, indicating a hindrance to model transferability},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{Hudson2018,
  author    = {Hudson, Paul},
  title     = {A comparison of definitions of affordability for flood risk adaption measures},
  series = {Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change : an international journal devoted to scientific, engineering, socio-economic and policy responses to environmental change},
  volume    = {23},
  journal   = {Mitigation and adaptation strategies for global change : an international journal devoted to scientific, engineering, socio-economic and policy responses to environmental change},
  number    = {7},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {1381-2386},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11027-017-9769-5},
  pages     = {1019 -- 1038},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Risk-based insurance is a commonly proposed and discussed flood risk adaptation mechanism in policy debates across the world such as in the United Kingdom and the United States of America. However, both risk-based premiums and growing risk pose increasing difficulties for insurance to remain affordable. An empirical concept of affordability is required as the affordability of adaption strategies is an important concern for policymakers, yet such a concept is not often examined. Therefore, a robust metric with a commonly acceptable affordability threshold is required. A robust metric allows for a previously normative concept to be quantified in monetary terms, and in this way, the metric is rendered more suitable for integration into public policy debates. This paper investigates the degree to which risk-based flood insurance premiums are unaffordable in Europe. In addition, this paper compares the outcomes generated by three different definitions of unaffordability in order to investigate the most robust definition. In doing so, the residual income definition was found to be the least sensitive to changes in the threshold. While this paper focuses on Europe, the selected definition can be employed elsewhere in the world and across adaption measures in order to develop a common metric for indicating the potential unaffordability problem.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SpekkersRoezerThiekenetal.2017,
  author    = {Spekkers, Matthieu and Roezer, Viktor and Thieken, Annegret and ten Veldhuis, Marie-Claire and Kreibich, Heidi},
  title     = {A comparative survey of the impacts of extreme rainfall in two international case studies},
  series = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1561-8633},
  doi       = {10.5194/nhess-17-1337-2017},
  pages     = {1337 -- 1355},
  year      = {2017},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{vanzantenZasadaKoetseetal.2016,
  author    = {van zanten, Boris T. and Zasada, Ingo and Koetse, Mark J. and Ungaro, Fabrizio and Hafner, Kati and Verburg, Peter H.},
  title     = {A comparative approach to assess the contribution of landscape features to aesthetic and recreational values in agricultural landscapes},
  series = {Ecosystem Services : Science, Policy and Practice},
  volume    = {17},
  journal   = {Ecosystem Services : Science, Policy and Practice},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {2212-0416},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.ecoser.2015.11.011},
  pages     = {87 -- 98},
  year      = {2016},
  abstract  = {The importance of cultural ecosystem services in agricultural landscapes is increasingly recognized as agricultural scale enlargement and abandonment affect aesthetic and recreational values of agricultural landscapes. Landscape preference studies addressing these type of values often yield context-specific outcomes, limiting the applicability of their outcomes in landscape policy. Our approach measures the relative importance of landscape features across agricultural landscapes. This approach was applied in the agricultural landscapes of Winterswijk, The Netherlands (n=191) and the Markische Schweiz, Germany (n=113) among visitors in the agricultural landscape. We set up a parallel designed choice experiment, using regionally specific, photorealistic visualizations of four comparable landscape attributes. In the Dutch landscape visitors highly value hedgerows and tree lines, whereas groups of trees and crop diversity are highly valued in the German landscape. Furthermore, we find that differences in relative preference for landscape attributes are, to some extent, explained by socio-cultural background variables such as education level and affinity with agriculture of the visitors. This approach contributes to a better understanding of the cross-regional variation of aesthetic and recreational values and how these values relate to characteristics of the agricultural landscape, which could support the integration of cultural services in landscape policy. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SalazarFrancesKommaetal.2012,
  author    = {Salazar, S. and Frances, F. and Komma, J. and Blume, Theresa and Francke, Till and Bronstert, Axel and Bl{\"o}schl, G{\"u}nter},
  title     = {A comparative analysis of the effectiveness of flood management measures based on the concept of "retaining water in the landscape" in different European hydro-climatic regions},
  series = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences},
  volume    = {12},
  journal   = {Natural hazards and earth system sciences},
  number    = {11},
  publisher = {Copernicus},
  address   = {G{\"o}ttingen},
  issn      = {1561-8633},
  doi       = {10.5194/nhess-12-3287-2012},
  pages     = {3287 -- 3306},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {In this paper, we analyse the effectiveness of flood management measures based on the concept known as "retaining water in the landscape". The investigated measures include afforestation, micro-ponds and small-reservoirs. A comparative and model-based methodological approach has been developed and applied for three meso-scale catchments located in different European hydro-climatological regions: Poyo (184 km(2)) in the Spanish Mediterranean, Upper Iller (954 km(2)) in the German Alps and Kamp (621 km(2)) in Northeast-Austria representing the Continental hydro-climate. This comparative analysis has found general similarities in spite of the particular differences among studied areas. In general terms, the flood reduction through the concept of "retaining water in the landscape" depends on the following factors: the storage capacity increase in the catchment resulting from such measures, the characteristics of the rainfall event, the antecedent soil moisture condition and the spatial distribution of such flood management measures in the catchment. In general, our study has shown that, this concept is effective for small and medium events, but almost negligible for the largest and less frequent floods: this holds true for all different hydro-climatic regions, and with different land-use, soils and morphological settings.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{MaslinTrauthChristensen2005,
  author    = {Maslin, Mark and Trauth, Martin H. and Christensen, B.},
  title     = {A changing climate for human evolution},
  issn      = {0016-8556},
  year      = {2005},
  language  = {en}
}