@phdthesis{Schmitz2023,
  author    = {Schmitz, Se{\´a}n},
  title     = {Using low-cost sensors to gather high resolution measurements of air quality in urban environments and inform mobility policy},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60105},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-601053},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {180},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Air pollution has been a persistent global problem in the past several hundred years. While some industrialized nations have shown improvements in their air quality through stricter regulation, others have experienced declines as they rapidly industrialize. The WHO's 2021 update of their recommended air pollution limit values reflects the substantial impacts on human health of pollutants such as NO2 and O3, as recent epidemiological evidence suggests substantial long-term health impacts of air pollution even at low concentrations. Alongside developments in our understanding of air pollution's health impacts, the new technology of low-cost sensors (LCS) has been taken up by both academia and industry as a new method for measuring air pollution. Due primarily to their lower cost and smaller size, they can be used in a variety of different applications, including in the development of higher resolution measurement networks, in source identification, and in measurements of air pollution exposure. While significant efforts have been made to accurately calibrate LCS with reference instrumentation and various statistical models, accuracy and precision remain limited by variable sensor sensitivity. Furthermore, standard procedures for calibration still do not exist and most proprietary calibration algorithms are black-box, inaccessible to the public. This work seeks to expand the knowledge base on LCS in several different ways: 1) by developing an open-source calibration methodology; 2) by deploying LCS at high spatial resolution in urban environments to test their capability in measuring microscale changes in urban air pollution; 3) by connecting LCS deployments with the implementation of local mobility policies to provide policy advice on resultant changes in air quality. In a first step, it was found that LCS can be consistently calibrated with good performance against reference instrumentation using seven general steps: 1) assessing raw data distribution, 2) cleaning data, 3) flagging data, 4) model selection and tuning, 5) model validation, 6) exporting final predictions, and 7) calculating associated uncertainty. By emphasizing the need for consistent reporting of details at each step, most crucially on model selection, validation, and performance, this work pushed forward with the effort towards standardization of calibration methodologies. In addition, with the open-source publication of code and data for the seven-step methodology, advances were made towards reforming the largely black-box nature of LCS calibrations. With a transparent and reliable calibration methodology established, LCS were then deployed in various street canyons between 2017 and 2020. Using two types of LCS, metal oxide (MOS) and electrochemical (EC), their performance in capturing expected patterns of urban NO2 and O3 pollution was evaluated. Results showed that calibrated concentrations from MOS and EC sensors matched general diurnal patterns in NO2 and O3 pollution measured using reference instruments. While MOS proved to be unreliable for discerning differences among measured locations within the urban environment, the concentrations measured with calibrated EC sensors matched expectations from modelling studies on NO2 and O3 pollution distribution in street canyons. As such, it was concluded that LCS are appropriate for measuring urban air quality, including for assisting urban-scale air pollution model development, and can reveal new insights into air pollution in urban environments. To achieve the last goal of this work, two measurement campaigns were conducted in connection with the implementation of three mobility policies in Berlin. The first involved the construction of a pop-up bike lane on Kottbusser Damm in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the second surrounded the temporary implementation of a community space on B{\"o}ckhstrasse, and the last was focused on the closure of a portion of Friedrichstrasse to all motorized traffic. In all cases, measurements of NO2 were collected before and after the measure was implemented to assess changes in air quality resultant from these policies. Results from the Kottbusser Damm experiment showed that the bike-lane reduced NO2 concentrations that cyclists were exposed to by 22 ± 19\%. On Friedrichstrasse, the street closure reduced NO2 concentrations to the level of the urban background without worsening the air quality on side streets. These valuable results were communicated swiftly to partners in the city administration responsible for evaluating the policies' success and future, highlighting the ability of LCS to provide policy-relevant results. As a new technology, much is still to be learned about LCS and their value to academic research in the atmospheric sciences. Nevertheless, this work has advanced the state of the art in several ways. First, it contributed a novel open-source calibration methodology that can be used by a LCS end-users for various air pollutants. Second, it strengthened the evidence base on the reliability of LCS for measuring urban air quality, finding through novel deployments in street canyons that LCS can be used at high spatial resolution to understand microscale air pollution dynamics. Last, it is the first of its kind to connect LCS measurements directly with mobility policies to understand their influences on local air quality, resulting in policy-relevant findings valuable for decisionmakers. It serves as an example of the potential for LCS to expand our understanding of air pollution at various scales, as well as their ability to serve as valuable tools in transdisciplinary research.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Maass2013,
  author    = {Maaß, Yvonne},
  title     = {Leuchtk{\"a}fer \& Orgelkoralle},
  series = {Epistemata : W{\"u}rzburger wissenschaftliche Schriften ; Reihe Literaturwissenschaft (852)},
  journal   = {Epistemata : W{\"u}rzburger wissenschaftliche Schriften ; Reihe Literaturwissenschaft (852)},
  number    = {852},
  publisher = {K{\"o}nigshausen \& Neumann},
  address   = {W{\"u}rzburg},
  isbn      = {978-3-8260-5833-2},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-399894},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  pages     = {540},
  year      = {2013},
  abstract  = {Leuchtende K{\"a}fer und Medusen, phosphoreszierende Meereswellen oder zu Stein erstarrende Korallen faszinierten den bisher vornehmlich als Dichter portraitierten Naturforscher Adelbert von Chamisso (1781-1838). Intensiver noch als den zoologischen und geologischen Ph{\"a}nomenen, widmete er sich der Scientia amabilis - der liebenswerten Wissenschaft von den Pflanzen. Der vielseitig Talentierte verfasste seine Reise um die Welt (1836), die bis heute als eine der stilistisch anspruchvollsten und lesenswertesten Reisebeschreibungen gilt. Diese Studie widmet sich dezidiert den naturkundlichen Studien Chamissos im Kontext der dreij{\"a}hrigen Rurik-Expedition sowie den zugeh{\"o}rigen Textproduktionen. Mit einem umfassenden Text- und Materialkorpus werden literatur- und kulturwissenschaftliche sowie wissenschaftshistorische Fragestellungen an das Werk gelegt und ertragreich beantwortet. F{\"u}r die Reiseliteraturforschung wird bisher unbeachtetes Quellenmaterial ans Licht gebracht, g{\"a}ngige Thesen werden widerlegt, Quellen anderer Besatzungsmitglieder vergleichend betrachtet. Die Studie stellt den Naturforscher Chamisso in den Fokus, ohne den Dichter auszublenden, und widmet sich Fragen der Generierung, Vernetzung und Darstellung naturkundlichen Wissens in Texten, Illustrationen und Materialien zur Expedition - sie ist insgesamt f{\"u}r die Literatur- und Geschichtswissenschaft ebenso innovativ wie f{\"u}r die interdisziplin{\"a}re Geschichte des Wissens.},
  language  = {de}
}
@misc{KnoblochSchwarzEtteetal.2011,
  author    = {Knobloch, Eberhard and Schwarz, Ingo and Ette, Ottmar and P{\´e}aud, Laura and Reich, Karin and Biermann, Kurt-Reinhard},
  title     = {HiN : Alexander von Humboldt im Netz},
  volume    = {XII},
  number    = {23},
  editor    = {Ette, Ottmar and Knobloch, Eberhard},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {1617-5239},
  doi       = {10.18443/hinvol12iss232011},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57517},
  pages     = {73},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Inhalt: - Eberhard Knobloch/Ingo Schwarz: Die Feuer von Baku - ein wiederentdeckter Brief von Alexander von Humboldt - Ottmar Ette: Alexander von Humboldt: Wissenschaft im Feld - Transareale Wissenschaftsfelder in den Tropen - Laura P{\´e}aud: Le politique, op{\´e}rateur de la construction des savoirs g{\´e}ographiques modernes: l'exemple des voyages d'Alexander von Humboldt - Karin Reich: Sternschnuppen und Erdmagnetismus, ein von Alexander von Humboldt und Carl Friedrich Gauß w{\"a}hrend der Universit{\"a}tsfeierlichkeiten in G{\"o}ttingen im September 1837 initiiertes Projekt - Kurt-R. Biermann: War Alexander von Humboldt ein „Freiherr" (oder „Baron")?},
  language  = {mul}
}
@article{Ette2011,
  author    = {Ette, Ottmar},
  title     = {Alexander von Humboldt: Wissenschaft im Feld},
  series = {Alexander von Humboldt im Netz ; international review for Humboldtian studies},
  volume    = {XII},
  journal   = {Alexander von Humboldt im Netz ; international review for Humboldtian studies},
  number    = {23},
  publisher = {Universit{\"a}tsverlag Potsdam},
  address   = {Potsdam},
  issn      = {2568-3543},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-57553},
  pages     = {9 -- 25},
  year      = {2011},
  abstract  = {Alexander von Humboldt verstand sich zwar sicher nicht als Direktor eines Museums, war aber sehr wohl der Welt der Museen, Bibliotheken und Archive nicht nur als Besucher und Leser, sondern auch als Sammler und Forscher verpflichtet. Durch seine Forschungsreisen nach Amerika und Asien vermehrte er im Verlauf eines langen Gelehrtenlebens viele Sammlungen durch eigene Sammelt{\"a}tigkeit vor Ort. Seine Feldforschung blieb dabei nicht auf naturwissenschaftliche Aspekte begrenzt, sondern bezog ganz selbstverst{\"a}ndlich auch die verschiedenartigsten kulturwissenschaftlichen Forschungsgegenst{\"a}nde mitein. Diese transdisziplin{\"a}r agierende Praxis im Feld l{\"a}sst sich zugleich als eine transareale, einzelne Areas {\"u}bergreifende und damit im Sinne von TransArea Studies aus den Beziehungen, Zirkulationen und Wechselwirkungen jenseits des bloß Territorialen sich speisende Wissenschaftskonzeption begreifen. So l{\"a}sst sich in seiner Auseinandersetzung mit der amerikanischen Tropenwelt eine doppelte transareale Relationalit{\"a}t erkennen, die einerseits intern die Tropenwelt unterschiedlicher Kontinente miteinander verbindet, andererseits aber extern die Tropen insbesondere mit den gem{\"a}ßigten Zonen in Relation setzt, um dadurch erst globale Zusammenh{\"a}nge - einschließlich der sich ver{\"a}ndernden Schneegrenzen oder der Wanderungsbewegungen der Pflanzenformen, f{\"u}r die sich die mobile Wissenschaft Humboldts in besonderem Maße interessierte - skizzieren und erl{\"a}utern zu k{\"o}nnen. Die Tropen sind f{\"u}r ihn die Zone h{\"o}chster Mannigfaltigkeit und Vielverbundenheit - oder um es mit heutigen Begriffen zum Ausdruck zu bringen: die TransArea par excellence.},
  language  = {de}
}