@article{LutzKrahe2017,
  author    = {Lutz, Johannes and Krahe, Barbara},
  title     = {Inducing sadness reduces anger-driven aggressive behavior},
  series = {Psychology of violence},
  volume    = {8},
  journal   = {Psychology of violence},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {American Psychological Association},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {2152-0828},
  doi       = {10.1037/vio0000167},
  pages     = {358 -- 366},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Objective: The incompatible response hypothesis states that inducing incompatible emotional states mitigates the effect of situational risk factors on aggressive behavior. The current study extended this approach to situated aggression control to withdrawal-related negative emotions. We proposed that even a negative affective state can be incompatible with aggression if its basic motivational orientation counteracts the approach orientation underlying anger and aggression. Specifically, we predicted that although it is inherently negative, sadness may reduce anger-driven aggressive behavior. Method: An experiment was conducted (N = 149) in which half the participants were angered by means of a frustrating number-sequences task, whereas the other half were asked to engage in a similar but nonfrustrating task. To counteract anger-driven aggressive behavior, sadness was induced in half the participants by asking them to recall a sad personal episode. Participants in the no-sadness group recalled an affectively neutral episode. Finally, participants were asked to choose the difficulty level of the number sequences that would ostensibly be assigned to future participants, with the number of difficult sequences chosen indicating the strength of the aggressive response. Results: As predicted, the induction of sadness buffered anger-related aggressive behavior. Anger translated into aggression in the control condition but not in the sadness condition. The aggression-inhibiting effect of the experience of sadness was found to be driven by the compensating coactivation of anger and sadness. Conclusions: The results support the extension of the incompatible response hypothesis to withdrawal-related negative emotions and shed further light on the underlying processes.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KraheLutzSylla2018,
  author    = {Krahe, Barbara and Lutz, Johannes and Sylla, Isabel},
  title     = {Lean back and relax},
  series = {European journal of social psychology},
  volume    = {48},
  journal   = {European journal of social psychology},
  number    = {5},
  publisher = {Wiley},
  address   = {Hoboken},
  issn      = {0046-2772},
  doi       = {10.1002/ejsp.2363},
  pages     = {718 -- 723},
  year      = {2018},
  abstract  = {Frustration is a powerful instigator of anger-based aggression. We hypothesized that the impact of a frustration on anger and aggressive behavior is reduced in a state of feeling relaxed, which is considered incompatible with the experience of anger. Seventy-nine participants received frustrating feedback either when sitting upright or sitting in a reclined position and were then given a chance to act aggressively toward the frustrator. Feelings of anger and relaxation were assessed before and after the frustration. Participants in the reclined position felt more relaxed than those sitting upright, which indirectly predicted less aggressive behavior via lower anger. The results are consistent with theories of incompatible states and embodiment and have implications for using body-related cues to mitigate anger-based aggression.},
  language  = {en}
}