@article{WichuraJacobsLinetal.2015,
  author    = {Wichura, Henry and Jacobs, Louis L. and Lin, Andrew and Polcyn, Michael J. and Manthi, Fredrick K. and Winkler, Dale A. and Strecker, Manfred and Clemens, Matthew},
  title     = {A 17-My-old whale constrains onset of uplift and climate change in east Africa},
  series = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  volume    = {112},
  journal   = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America},
  number    = {13},
  publisher = {National Acad. of Sciences},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0027-8424},
  doi       = {10.1073/pnas.1421502112},
  pages     = {3910 -- 3915},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {Timing and magnitude of surface uplift are key to understanding the impact of crustal deformation and topographic growth on atmospheric circulation, environmental conditions, and surface processes. Uplift of the East African Plateau is linked to mantle processes, but paleoaltimetry data are too scarce to constrain plateau evolution and subsequent vertical motions associated with rifting. Here, we assess the paleotopographic implications of a beaked whale fossil (Ziphiidae) from the Turkana region of Kenya found 740 km inland from the present-day coastline of the Indian Ocean at an elevation of 620 m. The specimen is similar to 17 My old and represents the oldest derived beaked whale known, consistent with molecular estimates of the emergence of modern straptoothed whales (Mesoplodon). The whale traveled from the Indian Ocean inland along an eastward-directed drainage system controlled by the Cretaceous Anza Graben and was stranded slightly above sea level. Surface uplift from near sea level coincides with paleoclimatic change from a humid environment to highly variable and much drier conditions, which altered biotic communities and drove evolution in east Africa, including that of primates.},
  language  = {en}
}
@phdthesis{Warkus2002,
  author    = {Warkus, Frank},
  title     = {Die neogene Hebungsgeschichte der Patagonischen Anden im Kontext der Subduktion eines aktiven Spreizungszentrums},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-0000555},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2002},
  abstract  = {Das Ph{\"a}nomen der Subduktion eines aktiven Spreizungszentrums an der S{\"u}dspitze S{\"u}damerikas ist seit langem bekannt. Eine Vielzahl von geologischen Beobachtungen wurden mit diesem Ph{\"a}nomen in Verbindung gebracht, trotzdem ist der genaue Mechanismus der Beeinflussung des aktiven Kontinentalrandes weitgehend unbekannt. Die Zusammenh{\"a}nge zwischen den Subduktionsprozessen und der Entwicklung der patagonischen Anden zwischen 47\&\#176;S und 48\&\#176;S stehen im Mittelpunkt der Untersuchungen. Um eine detaillierte zeitliche Aufl{\"o}sung der zugrunde liegenden Prozesse untersuchen zu k{\"o}nnen, wurde die Entwicklung der Vorlandsedimentation, die thermische Entwicklung und die Heraushebung der Oberkruste des andinen Orogens untersucht und diese in Bezug zur Subduktion des Chile-R{\"u}ckens gesetzt. Im Bereich von 47\&\#176;30\′S wurden die synorogenen Vorlandsedimente der Santa Cruz Formation sedimentologisch untersucht. Diese fluviatilen Sedimente wurden in einem reliefarmen Vorlandgebiet durch h{\"a}ufige Rinnenverlagerung und dem Aufbau von Rinnenumlagerungsg{\"u}rteln in Kombination mit assoziierten großr{\"a}umigen {\"U}berflutungsablagerungen akkumuliert. Sie stehen in einem engen Zusammenhang mit der orogenen Entwicklung im andinen Liefergebiet. Dies spiegelt sich in dem nach oben gr{\"o}ber werdenden Zyklus der Santa Cruz Formation wider. Die magnetostratigraphischen Untersuchungen einer 270 m m{\"a}chtigen Sequenz aus der Basis der Santa Cruz Formation, die mit 329 Einzelproben aus 96 Probenpunkten beprobt wurde, ergab 7 Umkehrungen der geomagnetischen Feldrichtung. Mit Hilfe der geomagnetischen Polarit{\"a}tszeitskala (CANDE AND KENT, 1995) konnte der untersuchte Abschnitt der Santa Cruz Formation zwischen 16.2 und 18.5 Ma datiert werden. Als Tr{\"a}ger der Sedimentations-Remanenz konnten {\"u}berwiegend Pseudoeinbereichs-Magentitpartikel und untergeordnet H{\"a}matitpartikel identifiziert werden. An drei Profilen der Santa Cruz Formation wurden aus Sandsteinlagen unterschiedlicher stratigraphischer Position detritische Apatite mit Hilfe der thermochronologischen Spaltspurmethode untersucht. Die thermisch nicht r{\"u}ckgesetzten, detritischen Apatite spiegeln das Auftreten unterschiedlicher Altersdom{\"a}nen im Liefergebiet der Sedimente wider. In der Kombination mit den geochemischen Gesamtgesteinsuntersuchungen der Sedimente und den petrographischen Untersuchungen der Sandsteine, die ein {\"u}berwiegend andesitisch-vulkanisch gepr{\"a}gtes Liefergebiet widerspiegeln, kann nachgewiesen werden, dass die Erosion im Liefergebiet um 16.5 Ma in tiefere, deformierte Krustensegmente einschneidet. Dies bedeutet, dass aufgrund der Denudation im andinen Orogen erste Sockelgesteinseinheiten in den Bereich der Abtragung gelangen und dass dieser Eintrag um 12 bis 10 Ma ein Volumen einnimmt, das zu signifikanten {\"A}nderungen der Gesamtgesteinsgeochemie der Vorlandsedimente f{\"u}hrt. Die thermochronologische Untersuchung von Apatiten aus rezenten topographischen H{\"o}henprofilen aus der Kernzone der patagonischen Anden im Bereich von 47\&\#176;30\′S zeigen den Beginn einer beschleunigten Heraushebung des Orogens um 7.5 Ma. Aus diesen Untersuchungen kann eine Denudationsrate im Zeitraum der letzen 7 bis 8 Ma von 600 bis 650 m/Ma abgesch{\"a}tzt werden. Die Modellierung der Apatit-Spaltspurergebnisse zeigt eine signifikante Temperaturerh{\"o}hung im Zeitraum zwischen 12 und 8 Ma um 20 bis 30\&\#176;C f{\"u}r diesen Krustenbereich, die mit der Subduktion des aktiven Chile-R{\"u}ckens in diesem Bereich der Anden in Verbindung gebracht wird. Aus den gewonnen Daten kann ein Modell f{\"u}r die Entwicklung der patagonischen Anden seit dem fr{\"u}hen Mioz{\"a}n abgeleitet werden. In diesem Modell wird die orogene Entwicklung in den patagonischen Anden auf eine erh{\"o}hte Konvergenzrate zwischen der Nazca Platte und der S{\"u}damerikanischen Platte zur{\"u}ckgef{\"u}hrt, die f{\"u}r die Heraushebung und Denudation der Anden sowie f{\"u}r die damit verbundene Entwicklung im Vorlandbereich verantwortlich ist. Diese orogene Entwicklung wird in einer sp{\"a}ten Phase durch die nordw{\"a}rts wandernde Subduktion des aktiven Spreizungszentrums des Chile R{\"u}ckens {\"u}berpr{\"a}gt und beeinflusst. Das auf der Integration von geologischen, chronologischen sowie thermochronologischen Daten beruhende Modell kann zahlreiche geologische und geophysikalische Beobachtungen in diesem Bereich der s{\"u}dlichen Anden konsistent erkl{\"a}ren.},
  subject      = {Patagonien ; Neogen ; Hebung ; Subduktion ; Anden},
  language  = {de}
}
@phdthesis{Thiede2005,
  author    = {Thiede, Rasmus Christoph},
  title     = {Tectonic and climatic controls on orogenic processes : the Northwest Himalaya, India},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus-2281},
  school      = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam},
  year      = {2005},
  abstract  = {The role of feedback between erosional unloading and tectonics controlling the development of the Himalaya is a matter of current debate. The distribution of precipitation is thought to control surface erosion, which in turn results in tectonic exhumation as an isostatic compensation process. Alternatively, subsurface structures can have significant influence in the evolution of this actively growing orogen. Along the southern Himalayan front new 40Ar/39Ar white mica and apatite fission track (AFT) thermochronologic data provide the opportunity to determine the history of rock-uplift and exhumation paths along an approximately 120-km-wide NE-SW transect spanning the greater Sutlej region of the northwest Himalaya, India. 40Ar/39Ar data indicate, consistent with earlier studies that first the High Himalayan Crystalline, and subsequently the Lesser Himalayan Crystalline nappes were exhumed rapidly during Miocene time, while the deformation front propagated to the south. In contrast, new AFT data delineate synchronous exhumation of an elliptically shaped, NE-SW-oriented ~80 x 40 km region spanning both crystalline nappes during Pliocene-Quaternary time. The AFT ages correlate with elevation, but show within the resolution of the method no spatial relationship to preexisting major tectonic structures, such as the Main Central Thrust or the Southern Tibetan Fault System. Assuming constant exhumation rates and geothermal gradient, the rocks of two age vs. elevation transects were exhumed at ~1.4 \&\#177;0.2 and ~1.1 \&\#177;0.4 mm/a with an average cooling rate of ~50-60 \&\#176;C/Ma during Pliocene-Quaternary time. The locus of pronounced exhumation defined by the AFT data coincides with a region of enhanced precipitation, high discharge, and sediment flux rates under present conditions. We therefore hypothesize that the distribution of AFT cooling ages might reflect the efficiency of surface processes and fluvial erosion, and thus demonstrate the influence of erosion in localizing rock-uplift and exhumation along southern Himalayan front, rather than encompassing the entire orogen.Despite a possible feedback between erosion and exhumation along the southern Himalayan front, we observe tectonically driven, crustal exhumation within the arid region behind the orographic barrier of the High Himalaya, which might be related to and driven by internal plateau forces. Several metamorphic-igneous gneiss dome complexes have been exhumed between the High Himalaya to the south and Indus-Tsangpo suture zone to the north since the onset of Indian-Eurasian collision ~50 Ma ago. Although the overall tectonic setting is characterized by convergence the exhumation of these domes is accommodated by extensional fault systems.Along the Indian-Tibetan border the poorly described Leo Pargil metamorphic-igneous gneiss dome (31-34\&\#176;N/77-78\&\#176;E) is located within the Tethyan Himalaya. New field mapping, structural, and geochronologic data document that the western flank of the Leo Pargil dome was formed by extension along temporally linked normal fault systems. Motion on a major detachment system, referred to as the Leo Pargil detachment zone (LPDZ) has led to the juxtaposition of low-grade metamorphic, sedimentary rocks in the hanging wall and high-grade metamorphic gneisses in the footwall. However, the distribution of new 40Ar/39Ar white mica data indicate a regional cooling event during middle Miocene time. New apatite fission track (AFT) data demonstrate that subsequently more of the footwall was extruded along the LPDZ in a brittle stage between 10 and 2 Ma with a minimum displacement of ~9 km. Additionally, AFT-data indicate a regional accelerated cooling and exhumation episode starting at ~4 Ma. Thus, tectonic processes can affect the entire orogenic system, while potential feedbacks between erosion and tectonics appear to be limited to the windward sides of an orogenic systems.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{SchildgenCosentinoBookhagenetal.2012,
  author    = {Schildgen, Taylor F. and Cosentino, D. and Bookhagen, Bodo and Niedermann, Samuel and Yildirim, C. and Echtler, Helmut Peter and Wittmann, Hella and Strecker, Manfred},
  title     = {Multi-phased uplift of the southern margin of the Central Anatolian plateau, Turkey a record of tectonic and upper mantle processes},
  series = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  volume    = {317},
  journal   = {Earth \& planetary science letters},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0012-821X},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.003},
  pages     = {85 -- 95},
  year      = {2012},
  abstract  = {Uplifted Neogene marine sediments and Quaternary fluvial terraces in the Mut Basin, southern Turkey, reveal a detailed history of surface uplift along the southern margin of the Central Anatolian plateau from the Late Miocene to the present. New surface exposure ages (Be-10, Al-26, and Ne-21) of gravels capping fluvial strath terraces located between 28 and 135 m above the Goksu River in the Mut Basin yield ages ranging from ca. 25 to 130 ka, corresponding to an average incision rate of 0.52 to 0.67 mm/yr. Published biostratigraphic data combined with new interpretations of the fossil assemblages from uplifted marine sediments reveal average uplift rates of 0.25 to 0.37 mm/yr since Late Miocene time (starting between 8 and 5.45 Ma), and 0.72 to 0.74 mm/yr after 1.66 to 1.62 Ma. Together with the terrace abandonment ages, the data imply 0.6 to 0.7 mm/yr uplift rates from 1.6 Ma to the present. The different post-Late Miocene and post-1.6 Ma uplift rates can imply increasing uplift rates through time, or multi-phased uplift with slow uplift or subsidence in between. Longitudinal profiles of rivers in the upper catchment of the Mut and Ermenek basins show no apparent lithologic or fault control on some knickpoints that occur at 1.2 to 1.5 km elevation, implying a transient response to a change in uplift rates. Projections of graded upper relict channel segments to the modern outlet, together with constraints from uplifted marine sediments, show that a slower incision/uplift rate of 0.1 to 0.2 mm/yr preceded the 0.7 mm/yr uplift rate. The river morphology and profile projections therefore reflect multi-phased uplift of the plateau margin, rather than steadily increasing uplift rates. Multi-phased uplift can be explained by lithospheric slab break-off and possibly also the arrival of the Eratosthenes Seamount at the collision zone south of Cyprus.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{KoberZeilingerHippeetal.2015,
  author    = {Kober, Florian and Zeilinger, Gerold and Hippe, Kristina and Marc, Odin and Lendzioch, Theodora and Grischott, Reto and Christl, Marcus and Kubik, Peter W. and Zola, Ramiro},
  title     = {Tectonic and lithological controls on denudation rates in the central Bolivian Andes},
  series = {Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth},
  volume    = {657},
  journal   = {Tectonophysics : international journal of geotectonics and the geology and physics of the interior of the earth},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
  address   = {Amsterdam},
  issn      = {0040-1951},
  doi       = {10.1016/j.tecto.2015.06.037},
  pages     = {230 -- 244},
  year      = {2015},
  abstract  = {The topographic signature of a mountain belt depends on the interplay of tectonic, climatic and erosional processes, whose relative importance changes over times, while quantifying these processes and their rates at specific times remains a challenge. The eastern Andes of central Bolivia offer a natural laboratory in which such interplay has been debated. Here, we investigate the Rio Grande catchment which crosses orthogonally the eastern Andes orogen from the Eastern Cordillera into the Subandean Zone, exhibiting a catchment relief of up to 5000 m. Despite an enhanced tectonic activity in the Subandes, local relief, mean and modal slopes and channel steepness indices are largely similar compared to the Eastern Cordillera and the intervening Interandean Zone. Nevertheless, a dataset of 57 new cosmogenic 10Be and 26AI catchment wide denudation rates from the Rio Grande catchment reveals up to one order of magnitude higher denudation rates in the Subandean Zone (mean 0.8 mm/yr) compared to the upstream physiographic regions. We infer that tectonic activity in the thrusting dominated Subandean belt causes higher denudation rates based on cumulative rock uplift investigations and due to the absence of a pronounced climate gradient. Furthermore, the lower rock strength of the Subandean sedimentary units correlates with mean slopes similar to the ones of the Eastern Cordillera and Interandean Zone, highlighting the fact, that lithology and rock strength can control high denudation rates at low slopes. Low denudation rates measured at the outlet of the Rio Grande catchment (Abapo) are interpreted to be a result of a biased cosmogenic nuclide mixing that is dominated by headwater signals from the Eastern Cordillera and the Interandean zone and limited catchment sediment connectivity in the lower river reaches. Therefore, comparisons of short- (i.e., sediment yield) and millennial denudation rates require caution when postulating tectonic and/or climatic forcing without detailed studies. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{HansmanRingThomsonetal.2017,
  author    = {Hansman, Reuben J. and Ring, Uwe and Thomson, Stuart N. and den Brok, Bas and Stuebner, Konstanze},
  title     = {Late Eocene Uplift of the Al Hajar Mountains, Oman, Supported by Stratigraphy and Low-Temperature Thermochronology},
  series = {Tectonics},
  volume    = {36},
  journal   = {Tectonics},
  publisher = {American Geophysical Union},
  address   = {Washington},
  issn      = {0278-7407},
  doi       = {10.1002/2017TC004672},
  pages     = {3081 -- 3109},
  year      = {2017},
  abstract  = {Uplift of the Al Hajar Mountains in Oman has been related to either Late Cretaceous ophiolite obduction or the Neogene Zagros collision. To test these hypotheses, the cooling of the central Al Hajar Mountains is constrained by 10 apatite (U-Th)/He (AHe), 15 fission track (AFT), and four zircon (U-Th)/He (ZHe) sample ages. These data show differential cooling between the two major structural culminations of the mountains. In the 3km high Jabal Akhdar culmination AHe single-grain ages range between 392 Ma and 101 Ma (2 sigma errors), AFT ages range from 518 Ma to 324 Ma, and ZHe single-grain ages range from 62 +/- 3Ma to 39 +/- 2 Ma. In the 2 km high Saih Hatat culmination AHe ages range from 26 +/- 4 to 12 +/- 4 Ma, AFT ages from 73 +/- 19Ma to 57 +/- 8 Ma, and ZHe single-grain ages from 81 +/- 4 Ma to 58 +/- 3 Ma. Thermal modeling demonstrates that cooling associated with uplift and erosion initiated at 40 Ma, indicating that uplift occurred 30 Myr after ophiolite obduction and at least 10 Myr before the Zagros collision. Therefore, this uplift cannot be related to either event. We propose that crustal thickening supporting the topography of the Al Hajar Mountains was caused by a slowdown of Makran subduction and that north Oman took up the residual fraction of N-S convergence between Arabia and Eurasia.},
  language  = {en}
}