@article{GraeberKritikosSeebauer2021,
  author    = {Graeber, Daniel and Kritikos, Alexander and Seebauer, Johannes},
  title     = {COVID-19},
  series = {Journal of population economics},
  volume    = {34},
  journal   = {Journal of population economics},
  number    = {4},
  publisher = {Springer},
  address   = {Berlin},
  issn      = {0933-1433},
  doi       = {10.1007/s00148-021-00849-y},
  pages     = {1141 -- 1187},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic and the government-mandated measures to contain its spread affect the self-employed — particularly women — in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are about one-third more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. We do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, e.g., the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{AndresLauterbachJongbloedetal.2021,
  author    = {Andres, Lesley and Lauterbach, Wolfgang and Jongbloed, Janine and H{\"u}mme, Hartwig},
  title     = {Gender, education, and labour market participation across the life course},
  series = {International journal of lifelong education},
  volume    = {40},
  journal   = {International journal of lifelong education},
  number    = {2},
  publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group},
  address   = {Abingdon},
  issn      = {0260-1370},
  doi       = {10.1080/02601370.2021.1924302},
  pages     = {170 -- 189},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {In this paper, we employ a comparative life course approach for Canada and Germany to unravel the relationships among general and vocational educational attainment and different life course activities, with a focus on labour market and income inequality by gender. Life course theory and related concepts of 'time,' 'normative patterns,' 'order and disorder,' and 'discontinuities' are used to inform the analyses. Data from the Paths on Life's Way (Paths) project in British Columbia, Canada and the German Pathways from Late Childhood to Adulthood (LifE) which span 28 and 33 years, respectively, are employed to examine life trajectories from leaving school to around age 45. Sequence analysis and cluster analyses portray both within and between country differences - and in particular gender differences - in educational attainment, employment, and other activities across the life course which has an impact on ultimate labour market participation and income levels. 'Normative' life courses that follow a traditional order correspond with higher levels of full-time work and higher incomes; in Germany more so than Canada, these clusters are male dominated. Clusters characterised by 'disordered' and 'discontinuous' life courses in both countries are female dominated and associated with lower income levels.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{GraeberKritikosSeebauer2021,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Graeber, Daniel and Kritikos, Alexander and Seebauer, Johannes},
  title     = {COVID-19: a crisis of the female self-employed},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {27},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-49810},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-498108},
  pages     = {72},
  year      = {2021},
  abstract  = {We investigate how the economic consequences of the pandemic, and of the government-mandated measures to contain its spread, affect the self-employed - particularly women - in Germany. For our analysis, we use representative, real-time survey data in which respondents were asked about their situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings indicate that among the self-employed, who generally face a higher likelihood of income losses due to COVID-19 than employees, women are 35\% more likely to experience income losses than their male counterparts. Conversely, we do not find a comparable gender gap among employees. Our results further suggest that the gender gap among the self-employed is largely explained by the fact that women disproportionately work in industries that are more severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Our analysis of potential mechanisms reveals that women are significantly more likely to be impacted by government-imposed restrictions, i.e. the regulation of opening hours. We conclude that future policy measures intending to mitigate the consequences of such shocks should account for this considerable variation in economic hardship.},
  language  = {en}
}