@article{BieneckKrahe2011, author = {Bieneck, Steffen and Krah{\´e}, Barbara}, title = {Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery is there a double standard?}, series = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence}, volume = {26}, journal = {Journal of interpersonal violence : concerned with the study and treatment of victims and perpetrators of physical and sexual violence}, number = {9}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {Thousand Oaks}, issn = {0886-2605}, doi = {10.1177/0886260510372945}, pages = {1785 -- 1797}, year = {2011}, abstract = {Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases.}, language = {en} } @misc{Spille2015, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Spille, Lea}, title = {Deciding who to blame for rape and robbery in Turkey}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-42327}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-423279}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {v, 123}, year = {2015}, abstract = {The present study investigated the attribution of responsibility to victims and perpetrators in rape compared to robbery cases in Turkey. Each participant read three short case scenarios (vignettes) and completed items pertaining to the female victim and male perpetrator. The vignettes were systematically varied with regard to the type of crime that was committed (rape or robbery), the perpetrator's coercive strategy (physical force or exploiting the victim's alcohol-induced defenselessness), and the victim-perpetrator relationship prior to the incident (stranger, acquaintance, or ex-partner). Furthermore, participant gender and acceptance of rape myths (beliefs that justify or trivialize sexual violence) were taken into account. One half of the participants completed the rape myth acceptance (RMA) scales first and then received the vignettes, while the other half were given the vignettes first and then completed the RMA scales. As expected, more blame was attributed to victims of rape than to victims of robbery. Conversely, perpetrators of rape were blamed less than perpetrators of robbery. The more participants endorsed rape myths, the more blame was attributed to the victim and the less blame was attributed to the perpetrators. Increasing levels of RMA were associated with an increase in victim blame (VB) in both rape and robbery cases, but the increase in rape VB was significantly more pronounced than in robbery VB. Increasing RMA was associated with an attenuation of perpetrator blame (PB) that was more pronounced for rape than for robbery cases, but the difference was not significant. As expected, victims of rape were blamed more when the perpetrator exploited their defenselessness due to alcohol intoxication than when they were overpowered by physical force. Contrary to the hypothesis, this was also true for robbery victims. Rape victims who knew their attacker (ex-partner or acquaintance) were blamed more than victims who were assaulted by strangers. Contrary to the hypothesis, robbery victims who were assaulted by an ex-partner were blamed more than acquaintance or stranger robbery victims. As predicted, the closer the relationship between victim and perpetrator, the less blame was attributed to perpetrators of rape while this factor had no effect on PB in robbery cases. Men compared to women attributed more blame to the victims and less blame to the perpetrators. As expected, these gender differences in blame attributions were partially mediated by gender differences in RMA: After RMA was taken into account, the gender differences disappeared nearly completely for VB and were significantly reduced in PB. The order of presentation of the vignettes and the RMA measures was systematically varied to test the causal influence of RMA on rape blame attributions. The hypothesis that RMA causes VB and PB in rape cases (as opposed to the other way around or both are caused by a third variable) was not supported. Possible reasons for this failed manipulation and its implications for the mediation model are discussed. With regard to blame attribution in rape cases, the present results match what was expected from previous studies which were mainly conducted in "Western" countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, or Germany. The present results support the notion that the victim-perpetrator relationship and the victim's alcohol consumption are cross-culturally stable factors for blame attribution in rape cases. It was expected that blame attribution in robbery cases would be unaffected by the perpetrator's coercive strategy and the victim-perpetrator relationship, but the results were inconsistent. One unexpected effect is particularly noteworthy: When the perpetrator used physical force, more blame was attributed to rape than to robbery victims, but intoxicated victims were blamed more and almost equally so for both types of crime. Perpetrators who exploited drunk victims were blamed less in both rape and robbery cases. These results contradict German results collected with the German version of the same instruments (Bieneck \& Krah{\´e}, 2011). Turkey is a Muslim country and alcohol is surrounded by a certain taboo. Possibly, the results reflect a cultural difference in that intoxicated victims are generally blamed more for their victimization and this factor is not limited to rape cases.}, language = {en} } @article{BuschingLutz2016, author = {Busching, Robert and Lutz, Johannes}, title = {The Impact of Visual Stereotypes on Judgments about Rape A Reverse-Correlation Approach}, series = {Swiss Journal of Psychology = Schweizerische Zeitschrift f{\~A}¼r Psychologie = Revue Suisse de Psychologie}, volume = {75}, journal = {Swiss Journal of Psychology = Schweizerische Zeitschrift f{\~A}¼r Psychologie = Revue Suisse de Psychologie}, publisher = {Hogrefe}, address = {Bern}, issn = {1421-0185}, doi = {10.1024/1422-4917/a000178}, pages = {133 -- 140}, year = {2016}, abstract = {Fragestellung: Es soll die Qualit{\"a}t der Berichterstattung {\"u}ber Suizide und Suizidversuche in deutschsprachigen Jugendmagazinen n{\"a}her untersucht werden und Ver{\"a}nderungen der Suizidzahlen unter Jugendlichen in {\"O}sterreich nach dem Erscheinen von Berichten erfasst werden. Methodik: Suizidberichte aus f{\"u}nf großen deutschsprachigen Jugendmagazinen wurden mithilfe qualitativer Inhaltsanalyse im Hinblick auf Geschlecht, dargestellte Motive, Suizid(versuchs)methoden, positive und negative Darstellungsweisen, Schuldzuweisungen und Abweichungen von Medienempfehlungen zur Berichterstattung {\"u}ber Suizid analysiert. Die Suizidzahlen 2 Wochen vor und nach dem Erscheinen von Suizidberichten wurden verglichen. Ergebnisse: 59 Berichte wurden identifiziert. Die h{\"a}ufigste Berichterstattung zum Thema Suizid fand sich in der Zeitschrift Bravo, wobei es zu einer leichten {\"U}berrepr{\"a}sentation weiblicher Suizide und insgesamt zu einer Unterrepr{\"a}sentation von Suizidversuchen kam. Entsprechend der Epidemiologie suizidalen Verhaltens wurde Sturz in die Tiefe am h{\"a}ufigsten bei M{\"a}dchen und Erh{\"a}ngen bei den Jungen beschrieben. Bei den dargestellten Motiven zeigte sich, dass wichtige Faktoren wie psychiatrische Erkrankungen kaum Erw{\"a}hnung fanden. W{\"a}hrend Suizidentinnen h{\"a}ufig positiv dargestellt wurden, wurden Suizidenten h{\"a}ufiger negativ dargestellt. Implizite Schuldzuweisungen wurden vorwiegend den Eltern zugeschrieben. Es zeigte sich kein Hinweis auf einen Werther-Effekt nach Berichterstattung. Schlussfolgerungen: Die weitgehende Divergenz zwischen der Epidemiologie von Suizidalit{\"a}t Jugendlicher und im deutschsprachigen Raum derzeit vorherrschenden Mediendarstellungen verdeutlicht wichtige Ansatzpunkte f{\"u}r Pr{\"a}ventions- und Aufkl{\"a}rungsarbeit in der Bev{\"o}lkerung.}, language = {en} } @misc{BieneckKrahe2017, author = {Bieneck, Steffen and Krah{\´e}, Barbara}, title = {Blaming the victim and exonerating the perpetrator in cases of rape and robbery: is there a double standard?}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-402907}, pages = {13}, year = {2017}, abstract = {Research in legal decision making has demonstrated the tendency to blame the victim and exonerate the perpetrator of sexual assault. This study examined the hypothesis of a special leniency bias in rape cases by comparing them to cases of robbery. N = 288 participants received descriptions of rape and robbery of a female victim by a male perpetrator and made ratings of victim and perpetrator blame. Case scenarios varied with respect to the prior relationship (strangers, acquaintances, ex-partners) and coercive strategy (force vs. exploiting victim intoxication). More blame was attributed to the victim and less blame was attributed to the perpetrator for rape than for robbery. Information about a prior relationship between victim and perpetrator increased ratings of victim blame and decreased perceptions of perpetrator blame in the rape cases, but not in the robbery cases. The findings support the notion of a special leniency bias in sexual assault cases.}, language = {en} } @misc{WinzerKraheGuest2019, author = {Winzer, Lylla and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Guest, Philip Michael}, title = {The Scale of Sexual Aggression in Southeast Asia: A Review}, series = {Trauma, violence \& abuse}, volume = {20}, journal = {Trauma, violence \& abuse}, number = {5}, publisher = {Sage Publ.}, address = {Thousand Oaks}, issn = {1524-8380}, doi = {10.1177/1524838017725312}, pages = {595 -- 612}, year = {2019}, abstract = {Southeast Asia is one of the most dynamic regions in the world. It is experiencing rapid socioeconomic change that may influence the level of sexual aggression, but data on the scale of sexual aggression in the region remain sparse. The aim of the present article was to systematically review the findings of studies available in English on the prevalence of self-reported sexual aggression and victimization among women and men above the age of 12 years in the 11 countries of Southeast Asia (Brunei, Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam). Based on four scientific databases, the search engine Google, Opengrey database, and reference checking, 49 studies were found on sexual victimization. Of those, 32 included only women. Self-reported perpetration was assessed by only three studies and included all-male samples. Prevalence rates varied widely across studies but showed that sexual victimization was widespread among different social groups, irrespective of sex and sexual orientation. Methodological heterogeneity, lack of representativeness of samples, imbalance of information available by country, missing information within studies, and cultural differences hampered the comparability between and within countries. There is a need for operationalizations that specifically address sexual aggression occurring after the age of consent, based on detailed behavioral descriptions of unwanted sexual experiences and allied to a qualitative approach with cultural sensitivity. Data on sexual aggression in conflict settings and in human trafficking are also limited. Recommendations for future research are presented in the discussion.}, language = {en} } @article{SchusterTomaszewskaMarchewkaetal.2020, author = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Marchewka, Juliette and Krah{\´e}, Barbara}, title = {Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression?}, series = {The journal of sex research}, volume = {58}, journal = {The journal of sex research}, number = {4}, publisher = {Routledge, Taylor \& Francis Group}, address = {Abingdon}, issn = {0022-4499}, doi = {10.1080/00224499.2020.1777927}, pages = {502 -- 511}, year = {2020}, abstract = {As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{SchusterTomaszewskaMarchewkaetal.2020, author = {Schuster, Isabell and Tomaszewska, Paulina and Marchewka, Juliette and Krah{\´e}, Barbara}, title = {Does question format matter in assessing the prevalence of sexual aggression?}, series = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, journal = {Zweitver{\"o}ffentlichungen der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Humanwissenschaftliche Reihe}, number = {4}, issn = {1866-8364}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-54663}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-546632}, pages = {13}, year = {2020}, abstract = {As research on sexual aggression has been growing, methodological issues in assessing prevalence rates have received increased attention. Building on work by Abbey and colleagues about effects of question format, participants in this study (1,253; 621 female; 632 male) were randomly assigned to one of two versions of the Sexual Aggression and Victimization Scale (SAV-S). In Version 1, the coercive tactic (use/threat of physical force, exploitation of the inability to resist, verbal pressure) was presented first, and sexual acts (sexual touch, attempted and completed sexual intercourse, other sexual acts) were presented as subsequent questions. In Version 2, sexual acts were presented first, and coercive tactics as subsequent questions. No version effects emerged for overall perpetration rates reported by men and women. The overall victimization rate across all items was significantly higher in the tactic-first than in the sexual-act-first conditions for women, but not for men. Classifying participants by their most severe experience of sexual victimization showed that fewer women were in the nonvictim category and more men were in the nonconsensual sexual contact category when the coercive tactic was presented first. Sexual experience background did not moderate the findings. The implications for the measurement of self-reported sexual aggression victimization and perpetration are discussed.}, language = {en} } @misc{Kluemper2021, type = {Master Thesis}, author = {Kl{\"u}mper, Hannah}, title = {From Brock to Brett}, doi = {10.25932/publishup-62329}, url = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-623293}, school = {Universit{\"a}t Potsdam}, pages = {110}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Diese Masterarbeit in der US-amerikanischen Kulturwissenschaft stellt die These auf, dass das Ph{\"a}nomen der rape culture ein soziokulturelles System gesellschaftlicher Machtstrukturen und kultureller Mythen darstellt. Basierend auf sogenannten Vergewaltigungsmythen konstituiert dieses System zudem eine Ideologie. Ziel der Arbeit ist es zu zeigen, wie diese Vergewaltigungsmythen instrumentalisiert werden, um (prim{\"a}r weiße, cis-m{\"a}nnliche) T{\"a}ter zu besch{\"u}tzen und stattdessen Betroffenen von sexualisierter Gewalt die Verantwortung zuzuweisen. So soll aufgezeigt werden, dass junge M{\"a}nner wie Brock Turner, die von patriarchalen Machtstrukturen profitieren, zu M{\"a}nnern wie Brett Kavanaugh aufwachsen, und dass diese nicht nur davon profitieren, dass die rape culture ihr {\"u}bergriffiges Verhalten entschuldigt, sondern dass sie zudem darauf gest{\"u}tzt an Machtpositionen gelangen, durch die sie als Entscheidungstr{\"a}ger diese der rape culture zugrundeliegenden Strukturen im Gegenzug aufrechterhalten k{\"o}nnen. Dabei konzentriert sich die Arbeit auf die Vergewaltigungsmythen des sogenannten Victim-Blamings und Shamings sowie der Viktimisierung von T{\"a}tern. Diese Mythen werden im Rahmen einer Analyse von Zeitungsartikeln aus dem 19. Jahrhundert herausgearbeitet und in das 21. Jahrhundert verfolgt. Basierend auf Mary Douglas' Theorie zu Reinheitsvorstellungen wird aufgezeigt, inwiefern sich nicht nur soziale Kategorien, n{\"a}mlich Geschlecht, race, sozio{\"o}konomischer Status und Alter, sondern auch die sexuelle Reinheit oder Unreinheit von Betroffenen auf die gesellschaftliche Bewertung von Vergewaltigungsf{\"a}llen auswirken. Dar{\"u}ber hinaus zeigt die Arbeit, wie weibliche K{\"o}rper als ideologisches Schlachtfeld f{\"u}r politische und gesellschaftliche Ver{\"a}nderungen in den USA fungieren, und dass empfundene Bedrohungen des patriarchalen Status Quo im {\"o}ffentlichen Diskurs als moralische Gefahren dargestellt werden, die von weiblichen K{\"o}rpern ausgehen. Die Arbeit argumentiert, dass die rape culture von (weißem cis-) m{\"a}nnlichem Anspruchsdenken auf weibliche K{\"o}rper, aber dar{\"u}ber hinaus auch auf Machtpositionen im patriarchalen System angetrieben wird. Sie zeigt auf, wie dieses System die rape culture instrumentalisiert, um seine zugrundeliegenden Strukturen aufrechtzuerhalten, die (cis) M{\"a}nner beg{\"u}nstigen und im Gegensatz (cis) Frauen sowie andere marginalisierte und nicht-heteronormative Gruppen benachteiligen. Dies wird anhand einer Analyse des Stanford-Vergewaltigungsfalls von 2016 sowie der Kavanaugh-Anh{\"o}rung von 2018 dargestellt.}, language = {en} } @article{DworkinKraheZinzow2021, author = {Dworkin, Emily R. and Krah{\´e}, Barbara and Zinzow, Heidi}, title = {The global prevalence of sexual assault}, series = {Psychology of violence}, volume = {11}, journal = {Psychology of violence}, number = {5}, publisher = {American Psychological Association}, address = {Washington}, issn = {2152-0828}, doi = {10.1037/vio0000374}, pages = {497 -- 508}, year = {2021}, abstract = {Objective: We present a review of peer-reviewed English-language studies conducted outside the United States and Canada on the prevalence of sexual assault victimization in adolescence and adulthood published since 2010. Method: A systematic literature search yielded 32 articles reporting on 45 studies from 29 countries. Studies that only provided prevalence estimates for sexual assault in intimate relationships or did not present separate rates for men and women were excluded. All studies were coded by two coders, and a risk of bias score was calculated for each study. Both past-year and prevalence rates covering longer periods were extracted. Results: The largest number of studies came from Europe (n = 21), followed by Africa (n = 11), Asia, and Latin America (n = 6 each). One study came from the Middle East and no studies were found from Oceania. Across the 22 studies that reported past-year prevalence rates, figures ranged from 0\% to 59.2\% for women, 0.3\% to 55.5\% for men, and 1.5\% to 18.2\% for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) samples. The average risk of bias score was 5.7 out of 10. Studies varied widely in methodology. Conclusion: Despite regional variation, most studies indicate that sexual assault is widespread. More sustained, systematic, and coordinated research efforts are needed to gauge the scale of sexual assault in different parts of the world and to develop prevention measures.}, language = {en} } @article{DeSchrijverFomenkoKraheetal.2022, author = {De Schrijver, Lotte and Fomenko, Elizaveta and Krahe, Barbara and Roelens, Kristien and Vander Beken, Tom and Keygnaert, Ines}, title = {Minority Identity, Othering-Based Stress, and Sexual Violence}, series = {International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH}, volume = {19}, journal = {International journal of environmental research and public health : IJERPH}, number = {7}, publisher = {MDPI}, address = {Basel}, issn = {1661-7827}, doi = {10.3390/ijerph19074221}, pages = {19}, year = {2022}, abstract = {Background: Some (minority) groups (MGs) are more vulnerable to sexual violence (SV) exposure than others. Othering-based stress (OBS) may mediate the relationship between minority identification and SV. This study aims to assess the prevalence of SV in different MGs to explore the relationship between minority identification and SV, to investigate whether belonging to multiple MGs moderates this relationship, and to explore OBS SV moderation for different MGs. Method: Through an online survey administered to a nationally representative sample in Belgium, data was collected from 4632 persons, of whom 21.01\% self-identified as belonging to a MG (SI-Minority). SV prevalence was measured using behaviorally specific questions based on the WHO definition of SV. SI-Minority participants received an additional scale on OBS. Results: SI-Minority participants reported more SV victimization compared to the non-minorities. However, this increased risk was not moderated by minority identification but linked to the socio-demographic SV risk markers common to minority individuals. Multiple-minority participants were found more at risk of SV compared to single-minority respondents. Lesbian, gay, bisexual, pan-/omnisexual, asexual, and other non-heterosexual (LGB+) participants were found more at risk than heterosexual participants. OBS was found to be significantly correlated to SV in sexual and gender minorities and in cultural minorities. Conclusions: This study contributes to our understanding of the relationship between minority identification, OBS, and SV. Studying both specific and common SV vulnerabilities and outcomes within specific societal subgroups and the general population may inform policy makers when allocating resources to those interventions with the largest societal impact.}, language = {en} }