@article{CaliendoKritikosStier2023,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {The influence of start-up motivation on entrepreneurial performance},
  series = {Small business economics},
  volume    = {61},
  journal   = {Small business economics},
  publisher = {Springer Science+Business Media},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-022-00722-6},
  pages     = {869 -- 889},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Predicting entrepreneurial development based on individual and business-related characteristics is a key objective of entrepreneurship research. In this context, we investigate whether the motives of becoming an entrepreneur influence the subsequent entrepreneurial development. In our analysis, we examine a broad range of business outcomes including survival and income, as well as job creation, and expansion and innovation activities for up to 40 months after business formation. Using the self-determination theory as conceptual background, we aggregate the start-up motives into a continuous motivational index. We show - based on a unique dataset of German start-ups from unemployment and non-unemployment - that the later business performance is better, the higher they score on this index. Effects are particularly strong for growth-oriented outcomes like innovation and expansion activities. In a next step, we examine three underlying motivational categories that we term opportunity, career ambition, and necessity. We show that individuals driven by opportunity motives perform better in terms of innovation and business expansion activities, while career ambition is positively associated with survival, income, and the probability of hiring employees. All effects are robust to the inclusion of a large battery of covariates that are proven to be important determinants of entrepreneurial performance.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoKritikosRodriguezetal.2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Rodriguez, Daniel and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {Self-Efficacy and Entrepreneurial Performance of Start-Ups},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {61},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-57252},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-572527},
  pages     = {41},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Self-efficacy reflects the self-belief that one can persistently perform difficult and novel tasks while coping with adversity. As such beliefs reflect how individuals behave, think, and act, they are key for successful entrepreneurial activities. While existing literature mainly analyzes the influence of the task-related construct of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, we take a different perspective and investigate, based on a representative sample of 1,405 German business founders, how the personality characteristic of generalized self-efficacy influences start-up performance as measured by a broad set of business outcomes up to 19 months after business creation. Outcomes include start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, as well as growth-oriented outcomes such as job creation and innovation. We find statistically significant and economically important positive effects of high scores of self-efficacy on start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, which become even stronger when focusing on the growth-oriented outcome of innovation. Furthermore, we observe that generalized self-efficacy is similarly distributed between female and male business founders, with effects being partly stronger for female entrepreneurs. Our findings are important for policy instruments that are meant to support firm growth by facilitating the design of more target-oriented offers for training, coaching, and entrepreneurial incubators.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoKritikosRodriguezetal.2023,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Kritikos, Alexander and Rodr{\´i}guez, Daniel and Stier, Claudia},
  title     = {Self-efficacy and entrepreneurial performance of start-ups},
  series = {Small business economics},
  journal   = {Small business economics},
  publisher = {Springer Science},
  address   = {Dordrecht},
  issn      = {0921-898X},
  doi       = {10.1007/s11187-022-00728-0},
  pages     = {25},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Self-efficacy reflects the self-belief that one can persistently perform difficult and novel tasks while coping with adversity. As such beliefs reflect how individuals behave, think, and act, they are key for successful entrepreneurial activities. While existing literature mainly analyzes the influence of the task-related construct of entrepreneurial self-efficacy, we take a different perspective and investigate, based on a representative sample of 1,405 German business founders, how the personality characteristic of generalized self-efficacy influences start-up performance as measured by a broad set of business outcomes up to 19 months after business creation. Outcomes include start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, as well as growth-oriented outcomes such as job creation and innovation. We find statistically significant and economically important positive effects of high scores of self-efficacy on start-up survival and entrepreneurial income, which become even stronger when focusing on the growth-oriented outcome of innovation. Furthermore, we observe that generalized self-efficacy is similarly distributed between female and male business founders, with effects being partly stronger for female entrepreneurs. Our findings are important for policy instruments that are meant to support firm growth by facilitating the design of more target-oriented offers for training, coaching, and entrepreneurial incubators.},
  language  = {en}
}
@article{CaliendoGoethnerWeissenberger2019,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Goethner, Maximilian and Weißenberger, Martin},
  title     = {Entrepreneurial persistence beyond survival: Measurement and determinants},
  series = {Journal of Small Business Management},
  volume    = {58},
  journal   = {Journal of Small Business Management},
  number    = {3},
  publisher = {Taylor \& Francis},
  address   = {London},
  pages     = {32},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur's continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counterforces or enticing alternatives. It thus is a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and in realizing potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigated the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival, we also constructed a hybrid persistence measure capturing the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyzed the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We found that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power was concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence the dominant factors were business characteristics and personality. Finally, we showed that results were heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly unemployed founders did not differ in survival chances, but they were more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@misc{CaliendoGoethnerWeissenberger2019,
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Goethner, Maximilian and Weißenberger, Martin},
  title     = {Entrepreneurial persistence beyond survival: Measurement and determinants},
  series = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  journal   = {Postprints der Universit{\"a}t Potsdam : Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Reihe},
  number    = {3},
  issn      = {1867-5808},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-52481},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-524813},
  pages     = {34},
  year      = {2019},
  abstract  = {Entrepreneurial persistence is demonstrated by an entrepreneur's continued positive maintenance of entrepreneurial motivation and constantly renewed active engagement in a new business venture despite counterforces or enticing alternatives. It thus is a crucial factor for entrepreneurs when pursuing and exploiting their business opportunities and in realizing potential economic gains and benefits. Using rich data on a representative sample of German business founders, we investigated the determinants of entrepreneurial persistence. Next to observed survival, we also constructed a hybrid persistence measure capturing the motivational dimension of persistence. We analyzed the influence of individual-level (human capital and personality) and business-related characteristics on both measures as well as their relative importance. We found that the two indicators emphasize different aspects of persistence. For the survival indicator, the predictive power was concentrated in business characteristics and human capital, while for hybrid persistence the dominant factors were business characteristics and personality. Finally, we showed that results were heterogeneous across subgroups. In particular, formerly unemployed founders did not differ in survival chances, but they were more likely to lack a high psychological commitment to their business ventures.},
  language  = {en}
}
@techreport{CaliendoRodriguezGuio2023,
  type      = {Working Paper},
  author    = {Caliendo, Marco and Rodr{\´i}guez Guio, Daniel Felipe},
  title     = {Divergent thinking and post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes},
  series = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  journal   = {CEPA Discussion Papers},
  number    = {68},
  issn      = {2628-653X},
  doi       = {10.25932/publishup-60740},
  url       = {http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-607408},
  pages     = {58},
  year      = {2023},
  abstract  = {Divergent thinking is the ability to produce numerous and diverse responses to questions or tasks, and it is used as a predictor of creative achievement. It plays a significant role in the business organization's innovation process and the recognition of new business opportunities. Drawing upon the cumulative process model of creativity in entrepreneurship, we hypothesize that divergent thinking has a lasting effect on post-launch entrepreneurial outcomes related to innovation and growth, but that this relation might not always be linear. Additionally, we hypothesize that domain-specific experience has a moderating role in this relation. We test our hypotheses based on a representative longitudinal sample of 457 German business founders, which we observe up until 40 months after start-up. We find strong relative effects for innovation and growth outcomes. For survival we find conclusive evidence for non-linearities in the effects of divergent thinking. Additionally, we show that such effects are moderated by the type of domain-specific experience that entrepreneurs gathered pre-launch, as it shapes the individual's ideational abilities to fit into more sophisticated strategies regarding entrepreneurial creative achievement. Our findings have relevant policy implications in characterizing and identifying business start-ups with growth and innovation potential, allowing a more efficient allocation of public and private funds.},
  language  = {en}
}